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Ch. 1 Human Communication: What and Why
Types of communication
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Small Group Public Mass communication
Intrapersonal vs. Interpersonal
Intrapersonal- communicating with oneself
Interpersonal- communication that takes place between two people
Dyad- two persons interacting
Small group communication
Communication that takes place between more than two members
Group members usually communicate equally
Public communication
Communication that takes place in a large group Too large for all members to communicate equally
Mass communication
Consists of messages that are transmitted in large quantities to several people at one time
Transmitted through several sources: electronic, print, television, radio, magazines, etc.
No personal contact between sender and receiver
What needs are satisfied in your life by communicating with others?
Physical needs Identity needs Social needs Practical needs
Physical needs
Communicating with others benefits our physical health/well-being
Identity needs
We define who we are through communication with others
Impressions of who we are, are formed according to the ways in which others respond to us
Social needs
Several social needs are met through communication:
Pleasure Escape
Affection Relaxation
Inclusion Control
Practical Needs
Communication is used in order to achieve our everyday needs
-to get where we need to go
-to accomplish what we need to accomplish
-to better understand our environment and what is expected of us
What is communication competence?
The ability to communicate effectively
What is effective communication? Communication that maintains or enhances the
relationship in which it occurs
Why should we want to become more competent communicators?
More satisfying relationships In order to satisfy our human needs To get more out of life
Some interesting findings…***Several studies show that married couples that were
identified as effective communicators report more satisfying relationships than husbands and wives who are less skillful communicators
***Other studies have found that college students’ G.P.A. was positively related to their communication competence.
Studies show that even a small amount of training can greatly affect communication ability
How might you become a more competent communicator?
By taking this class By wanting to become a better communicator By continuously working toward improving your
communication skills By practicing the skills you are taught
What are the characteristics of a competent communicator?
A wide range of communication behaviors to choose from in an interaction
Ability to choose the most appropriate behavior for the situation
Ability to perform effective communication Plenty of practice as a skilled communicator
Other characteristics of competent communicators
Empathy Cognitive Complexity Self-Monitoring Commitment to the relationship
Empathy
Ability to put yourself in another’s shoes Understanding another’s perspective
Cognitive complexity
The ability to analyze the behavior of others in a variety of ways
Looking at the situation from a variety of angles (rather than just your perspective)
Self-Monitoring
Observing your own behaviors as if you are outside yourself
Imagining how others are interpreting your behaviors
Being aware of how your behaviors affect others
Commitment to the relationship
Level of commitment to a relationship determines willingness to communicate effectively
We work harder at communicating in relationships we genuinely care about
Three factors to remember when deciding on a response
The context (what is involved in the situation) Your goal (do you want this relationship to
continue positively) The other person (where is he or she coming from
and how is he or she feeling)
In Conclusion:
It is now clear that communication satisfies several human needs
It is important that we all work on our communication skills in order to have more effective relationships
Models of Communication
Linear Model Transactional Model
Linear Model
In this model communication only goes one way
How it works…
Sender – person sending the message Receiver – person receiving the
message Sender encodes a message, chooses a
channel by which to send the message, and then sends the message to a receiver who then decodes the message.
Channel – the way the message is conveyed (face- to-face, telephone, e-mail, etc.) depends on the situation
[p. 14 explains different channels and their effectiveness in specific situations]
Encode – when the sender consciously attaches meanings to symbols from feelings and ideas, creating the message sent
Decode – when the receiver interprets and creates an understanding of what the message sent means
Noise
affects the message sent by the sender may prevent the message from reaching the
receiver accurately may affect the way the receiver interprets the
message. May take place before, during and after
message is sent
Types of Noise 1. External – factors that take place outside
the receiver 2. Physiological -- biological, personal factors
that prevent the receiver from accurately interpreting and decoding the message
3. Psychological -- when forces within a person prevent he/she from having the ability to send or receive a message effectively
Environment
• Refers to our physical surroundings, or to our personal experiences and cultural backgrounds that communicators base their view of the world on.
• Our environments may influence the way we encode or decode messages.
The way we understand a message is based on several
factors: 1. How we interpret the message sent 2. Environment we come from
3. The environment we are in when the message is sent
4. The amount of noise that is present when communication takes place
Weaknesses of the linear model:
lacks an element of response, and communication is only one way.
This model assumes that all messages sent involve conscious encoding
Sometimes we send messages unconsciously without consciously encoding them
This brings us to the transactional model – which changes encoding to response
Response – takes place when the sender (consciously or unconsciously) sends a message, or when a receiver (consciously or unconsciously) responds to a message.
Transactional Model
Similar to the linear model with added elements
Represents two-way communication
In the Transactional Model… Feedback is the seen and understood
response of a receiver to a sender’s message
Both parties involved are sending and receiving messages simultaneously
Noise and environment are also elements
involved with the transactional model