Upload
mildred-bridges
View
218
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ch. 04 Information Systems (IS)
Rev. 4: Mar., 2015
Prof. Euiho Suh
POSTECH Strategic Management of Information and Technology Laboratory(POSMIT: http://posmit.postech.ac.kr)
Dept. of Industrial & Management EngineeringPOSTECH
Contents1 Information System
2 Components of Information System
3 Technical & Behavioral Approaches to MIS
4 Role of IS
5 Types of Information Systems
6 DQ & ECQ
3
Information System (1/3)
■ Definition of System– A set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to
achieve a common set of objectives by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation processInput
• Capturing and assembling ele-ments that enter the system to be processed
Processing
• Transformation process converts input into output
4
Information System (2/3)
■ Definition of Information System– A set of interrelated components which are to collect, process, store, and distribute in-
formation to support decision making and control in an organization
Information System
Information System
5
Information System (3/3)
■ An information system performs three general activities– It accepts data from sources as input– It acts on data to process(produce) information : information generating system– The system outputs the information for the user, manager or staff member
■ Information System Process
Input of dataInput of data Information generatingInformation generating OutputOutput
Third StepFirst Step Second Step
6
Components of Information System (1/2)
A set of people, data, procedure to provide useful informa-tion
A set of people, data, procedure to provide useful informa-tion
Information SystemInformation System
Data
Procedure
Network
Communication of information
Management of activities
Decision making
People
Hardware
Software
7
Components of Information System (2/2)
Computer based loan information systems
Computer based loan information systems
Banking database
Economic database
• Fund on deposit • Loan balance • Balance financial plan• Loan portfolio
• Employment data• Economic data
Processor
Information supplied by applicant for loan• Financial status• Loan details• Employment status
■ E.g. Components of a Loan Information System
8
Technical & Behavioral Approaches to MIS
ComputerScience
OperationsResearch
Sociology
PoliticalScience
Psychology
Manage-mentScience MIS
BehavioralApproaches
Technical Ap-proaches
9
Role of IS (1/2)
View Point 1
Data Information Decision Aids Knowledge
Statistical
Analysis
Math
AnalysisReasoning
View Point 2
ExtremetopTop
Middlelow
Extreme low
EIS/ESS
DSS
IPS
TPS
OAS
ERP
View Point 3
Strategic Value
IS Expansion
H
LL H
?
?
10
Role of IS (2/2)
View Point 4
Helper A Function
Management
Marketing
Financing
Accounting
ISIS
ISIS
ISISManagement
ISIS
Marketing Accounting
Financing
Controller
ISIS
MarketingAccounting
Financing
Melting Pot
IS
MarketingAccounting
Financing
All Functions are melted
11
Types of Information Systems (1/12)
ISRecognition about Infor-
mationMotivation Purpose
TPS (Transaction Pro-cessing System)
Efficiency ComputerTo process data about transac-tions
MIS/IPS (Management Information System/ In-
formation Processing Sys-tem)
Control DatabaseTo process information (cooked data)
DSS (Decision Sup-port System)
Decision PC and
Model based
To assist managers with optimal decisions for semi-structured problems
ESS (Executive Sup-port System)
Strategic Re-source
Executive Sup-port
To assist top-level executivesUpper-level DSS
ES (Expert System) Knowledge AITo mimic the decision process of a human expert
ERP (Enterprise Re-sources Planning)
Management BPR
To integrate management infor-mation across entire organization, Vertical and horizontal integration of IS’s
Work Group Support System
CommunicationCommunica-
tionTo support group infor./decision collectively
12
Types of Information Systems (2/12)
■ 3-Axis MSS Model
Model
Data
Intelligence
IS Type = f(m, d, i)
a?
c?
b?
Ex)TPS = f(0.1, 0.9, 0)DSS = f(0.5, 0.3, 0.2)
Ex)TPS = f(0.1, 0.9, 0)DSS = f(0.5, 0.3, 0.2)
13
Types of Information Systems (3/12)
■ Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)– IS to process transactions handling mostly data with arithmetic operations such as
plus, minus, multiplication, and division– Examples) ATM, KTX Ticketing, Self Check-in Kiosk
14
Types of Information Systems (4/12)
■ Management Information System (MIS)/Information Processing System (IPS)– IS to process information (cooked data, statistically analyzed data)– Statistical analysis – Examples) POS (Point-of-sale) – What kinds of analysis are included in POS?
15
Types of Information Systems (5/12)
■ Decision Support System (DSS)– IS to support manager’s decision makings for semi-structured problems– Three components: DB/DBMS, MB/MBMS, Dialogue (DgB/DgMS)
• Eui-ho Suh and H. Hinomoto, "Use of A Dialogbase for Integrated Relational Decision Support System", Decision Support Systems, 5(3), pp. 227-286, 1989
– Examples) Investment Planning• Eui-ho Suh, Chang-kyo Suh and Nam-chul
Do, "A Decision Support System for Investment Planning on a Microcomputer", Journal of Microcomputer Application, 15(4), pp 297-311, 1992
– Examples) Make or Buy
16
Types of Information Systems - Taxonomy for DSS by Daniel Power (6/12)
■ Communication-driven DSS – To support more than one person working on a shared task– Examples) Integrated tools like Google Docs or Groove
■ Data-driven DSS or data-oriented DSS – To emphasize access to and manipulation of a time series of internal company data
and, sometimes, external data
■ Document-driven DSS– To manage, retrieve, and manipulate unstructured information in a variety of electronic
formats
■ Knowledge-driven DSS – To provide specialized problem-solving expertise stored as facts, rules, procedures, or
in similar structures
■ Model-driven DSS – To emphasize access to and manipulation of a statistical, financial, optimization,
or simulation model– To use data and parameters provided by users to assist decision makers in analyzing a
situation– Not to be necessarily data-intensive– Examples) Dicodess, an open source model-driven DSS generator.
17
Types of Information Systems (7/12)
■ Executive Information System (EIS)– To present information for top management
• To support problem/opportunity discovery and assessment• To be used for control and strategic planning
– To be multimedia systems
– To provide summary and detailed information, with the ability to “drill down” into the data
– To provide internal and external information
– To provide different time and space information
18
Types of Information Systems (8/12)
■ Executive Information System (EIS)/Executive Support System (ESS)– A type of DSS for executives
– EIS is interchangeably used with ESS, but, sometimes it is only an executive version of IPS while ESS is an executive version of DSS• Eui-ho Suh and Dae
-ho Byun, "A Builder's Introduction to Executive Information Systems", International Journal of Information Management, 14, pp. 357-368, 1994
– Examples)• Conoco’s EIS• Executive Dashboard: UA
19
Types of Information Systems - Expert System (ES) (9/12)
■ Definition– Computer-based information systems that use expert knowledge to attain high-level
decision performance in a narrowly defined problem domain– Example) MYCIN
■ Features of ES
Expertise Containing expertise that enables ES to make
expert-level decisions
Symbolic rea-soning
Containing symbolically represented knowl-edge and symbolic primary reasoning mecha-nism
Deep knowl-edge
Containing complex knowledge not easily found among nonexperts
Self-knowledge
Learning from its successes and failures as well as other knowledge sources and examining its own reasoning and providing proper explana-tions
20
Types of Information Systems - Important Concepts in ES (10/12)
■ Experts– Degrees or levels of expertise– Nonexperts outnumber experts often by 100 to 1
■ Transferring Expertise– From expert to computer to nonexperts via acquisition, representation, inferencing,
transfer
■ Inferencing – Knowledge = Facts + Procedures (Rules)– Reasoning/thinking performed by a computer
■ Rules (IF… THEN…)
■ Explanation Capability (Why? How?)– Chang-kyo Suh, Eui-ho Suh
, "Using Human Factor Guideline for Developing Expert System", Expert Systems, 10(3), pp 151-156, Aug. 1993
21
Types of Information Systems - Architecture of an ES (11/12)
Modeling of Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
ajshjaskahskaskjhakjshakhska akjsja saskjaskjakskjas
KnowledgeEngineer
KnowledgeBase(s)
InferenceEngine
Expert(s) Printed Materials
UserInterface
WorkingMemory
ExternalInterfaces
Solutions Updates
Questions/Answers
StructuredKnowledge
ControlStructure
Expertise Information
Base ModelData Bases
Spreadsheets
Knowledge
22
Types of Information Systems - ERP (12/12)
■ Enterprise Resource Planning
EIS/ESS
DSS
IPS
TPS
OAS
FIS AIS MkIS PIS
Vertical integrated, hori-zontal integrated informa-tion system
ERPLayer
Function
23
DQ & ECQ
■ 1 Six components of IS■ 2. Least or most important component. Why ?
■ 3. If one more added, what would it be ?■ 4. Explain each viewpoint
■ 5. For each case, classify it in terms of four different viewpoints. ■ 6. For each IS, classify it in terms of 3-axis MSS model
■ 7. For each IS, name the type of IS ■ 8. For each type of IS, provide your own example