cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt

dxf;lGw g+= !^(

lgb] {lzsf

cflbjf;L÷hghflt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] gLlt k|j4{g kl/of]hgf

;jf{lwsf/ © cGt/f {li6«o >d ;+u7g / g]kfnsf cflbjf;Lx?sf]dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL jlsn ;d"x ‘nfx'lg{k’ @)^%

klxnf] k|sfzg @)^%d'b|0f M g]kfn 5fkfvfgf, sf7df08f}, g]kfn

cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf k|sfzgx? ljZjJofkL k|ltlnlk clwsf/;DaGwLdxf;lGwsf] k||f]6f]sn @ cGtu{t ;~rflnt x'G5g\. k|sfzgjf6 s]xL c+z b[i6fGtlbO{ cg'dltlagf klg k'g M k|sfzg ug{ ;lsg]5. k'gM k|sfzg cGt/fli6«o >d;+u7g sfof {no, l; Pr !@!! h]g]ef @@, :jLh/n}08, jf Od]npubdroit@ilo.org. af6 cg'dlt k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsfof{no, o; sfo{sf] :jfut ub{5.

k'g k|sfzg u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ btf{ u/]sf k':tsfno, ;+3;+:yfx? jf c?k|of]ustf{x?sf] cg'dltkq hf/L u/]sf] pb]Zo d'tfljs ug{ ;Sg]5g\. s'g} klgb]zdf k'g k|sfzg u/fpg k/] www.ifrro.org af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5.

ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples No. 169:A manual (Nepali version)Kathmandu, International Labour Office978-92-2-821502-1 (print)Published in partnership with Nepal Federation of IndigenousNationalities, National Indigenous Women's Federation, NationalCoalition Against Racial Discrimination, NGO-Federation of NepaleseIndigenous Nationalities and National Network of Indigenous Women.The designations employed in ILO publications, which are inconformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation ofmaterial therein do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the International Labour Officeconcerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studiesand other contributions rests solely with their authors, andpublication does not constitute an endorsement by the InternationalLabour Office of the opinions expressed in them.Reference to names of firms and commercial products andprocesses does not imply their endorsement by the InternationalLabour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm,commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval.ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained throughmajor booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or directfrom ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are availablefree of charge from the above address, or by email: pubvente@ilo.orgVisit our website: www.ilo.org/publns

Printed by Nepal Chhapakhana, Kathmandu, Nepal

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g]kfn PsLs/0f ul/+bf lxGb" -afx'g If]qL_ nfO{ /fHosf] x/]s txdf :yflkt ug]{ /cflbjf;Lnufot cGonfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ /fHosf sfg"g, gLlt / Jojxf/n] @#*jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ cflbjf;Lx?sf] klxrfg / cl:tTj -e"ld, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg, efiff,wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|yf, k/Dk/f / cfWoflTds ljZjf;_ gfd]6 ug{] sfo{ u¥of]. o;sf]lj?4df cflbjf;Lx?n] ljutdf k6s k6s ;+3if{ ub}{ cfP. oxL ;+3if{sf sf/0f/fHon] @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkZrft\ ;+j}wflgs?kdf g]kfnnfO{ ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs/fi6«sf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u¥of]. /fHon] cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg P]g@)%* NofP/ cflbjf;Lx?sf] sfg"gL?kdf klxrfg u¥of].

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, e"ld tyf k|fs[lts;|f]tdflysf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/nfO{ /fHosf] gLlt tyf sfg"gåf/f pNn+3g u/]sf]x'gfn] To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] vfsf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g g+= !^( n] lbg;Sg]lgisif{sf ;fy cg'df]bgsf] Ph]08f cufl8 ;fl/of]. o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gn] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ u¥of].

;j{k|yd ;g\ @))$ df nfx'lg{kn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] cg'df]bgsf] cf}lrToaf/]/fli6«o :t/sf] ;]ldgf/ u¥of]. ;g\ @))% df g]kfnsf k|rlnt P]g sfg"g /cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] t'ngfTds cWoog;d]t u¥of].h;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3 / cflbjf;Lhghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgåf/f ;+o'Qm?kdf cfof]lht cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdxf;lGw g+= !^( / zflGt lgdf{0fdf /fli6«o :t/sf] ;Djfb uf]li7df k|:t't ul/of].

;g\ @))$ cui6 ( df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] ;fj{hlgs?kdfdxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg ug]{ k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/]kl5 cf}krfl/s?kdfdxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bgn] dfGotf kfof]. To:t} ;f]xL jif{ hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ug{dxf;lGw cg'udg ;ldlt (CERD) df nfx'lg{kn] k]z u/]sf] 5fof“ k|ltj]bgcg'?kdxf;lGw g+= !^( g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg ug'{k5{ egL l;kmfl/; u/]kl5 ;+o'Qm/fi6«;+3Lo :t/df cg'df]bgsf] ljifon] :yfg lnof]. ;g\ @))^ df k'g:yf{lktJoj:yflksf ;+;bn] o; dxf;lGw cg'df]bgsf] ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t u¥of].

o; dxf;lGwnfO{ lj=;+= @)^$ ebf} % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'df]bg u¥of]. o;dxf;lGwsf] k|j4{gdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ tTsfnLg Joj:yflksf;+;bsf dfggLo ;f+;bx?, CERD cg'udg ;ldltnufot cGo ;+3–;+:yfx?wGojfbsf kfq ag]sf 5g\.

dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ;/sf/, cflbjf;L tyf cGo ;/sf]/jfnx?sf] ;r]ttf /;xsfo{df dfq ;Dej x'g]5. dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bgn] cflbjf;Lx?sf] xs clwsf/nfO{k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5, / ;Dk"0f{ cflbjf;Lx?n] o;sf] hfgsf/L kfpg h?/L 5.t;y{, ;DalGwt ;a} ;';"lrt ag'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] g]kfnL efiffdf cg"lbt of]lgb]{lzsf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5.

o; lgb]{lzsfdf z'esfdgf lbg'x'g] dfggLo sfg"gdGqL g/]Gb|ljqmd g]Dafª, cflbjf;Lhghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgsf pkfWoIf lhtkfn ls/ft / dGtJo lbg'x'g] k"j{dfggLo ;f+;b ljho ;'Aafk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f}+. ;fy}, cg'jfbs ;~hoz]/rgsf ;fy} t:jL/x? pknAw u/fpg] ls/ft cfjfh kflIfsnfO{ ;d]t wGojfb 5.

;]GhL lnlgb]{zscGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gg]kfn

zflGts'df/L /fO{cWoIfg]kfnsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL jlsn ;d"x -nfx'lg{k_-k|sfzs ;+:yfx?sf] tkm{af6_g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3/fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf dxf;+3cflbjf;L tyf hghflt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdxf;+3 g]kfnhftLo e]befjlj?4 /fli6«o d~r/fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf ;~hfn

ldlt M @)^% c;f/

k|sfzsLo

z'esfdgf !

v

z'esfdgf @

u

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( ;+;f/el/sf] cflbjf;Lhghfltx?sf] nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL b:tfj]h xf].o; dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] klg @)^$ ebf} % df cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5.

o;a]nf d ljz]if u/L cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^( cg'df]bgsfnflu ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] eGg] ;+sNkk|:tfjdf ;dy{s eO{ dnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] tTsfnLg Joj:yflksf;+;bsf ;b:ox?df /f]dL uf}rg ysfnL -d':tfª_, dfggLo k|sfzaxfb'/u'?ª -sf:sL–#_ / dfggLo gj/fh ;'j]bL -Ko'7fg–@_ nfO{ ;DemgrfxG5'. jxf“x?sf] ;xof]u gePsf] eP ;f] ;+sNk k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;lsg]l:ylt lyPg.

To;sf] kl/0ffd g]kfnL cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] olt dxTjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«osfg"gL xltof/ (International Legal Instruments) k|fKt ug{] lyPgf}+.To:t} tTsfnLg Joj:yflks ;+;bsf dfggLo ;efd'v ;'jf; g]Dafªaf6pko'Qm ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t ePb]lv ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg x“'bf;Dd cg's"njftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ e"ldsf gePsf] ePklg of] sfd k"/f x'g ;xhlyPg. g]kfnL cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] jxf“k|lt klg cfef/ JoQm ug'{k5{eGg] 7fG5'.

cGtdf, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, g]kfnsf] ;xof]u / nfx'lg{ksf] ;lqmotfdfo; dxf;lGwsf] af/]df lgb]{lzsf aGg nfu]sf]df cToGt v'zL nfu]sf] 5.o;n] o; dxf;lGwsf af/]df ;/n 9+un] a'em\g / a'emfpg lgZro g} d2tk'¥ofpg]5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{5'.

ljho ;'Aafk"j{ Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;b:o@)^% h]7 @(sf7df08f}

dGtJo

3

ljifo ;"rLk|sfzsLo sz'esfdgfx?g/]Gb|ljqmd g]Dafª vlhtkfn ls/ft udGtJo M ljho ;'Aaf 3cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g s] xf]< !cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / cflbjf;L÷hghflt #cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] ;+/rgf %

sfo{If]q ^:j–klxrfg &cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ *:j–Joj:yfkg (lhDd]jf/L !)cfwf/e"t clwsf/ !!ljz]if pkfox? !#k/fdz{ !$;xeflutf !&ljsf; !(k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx? @@k|yfhlgt sfg"g @$

e"ldsf] cjwf/0ff @^e"lddflysf] clwsf/ @*k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? #!vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx? ##lj:yfkg #^k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx? $!Jofj;flos tflnd $$/f]huf/L $^:jf:Yo $*;fdflhs ;'/Iff %)lzIff %!cGtb]{zLo ;Dks{x? %^

cg'df]bg %&;'k/Lj]If0f ^)cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdf kx'“r ^#k|fljlws ;xof]u ^%

kl/lzi6x?kl/lzi6 ! M cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]dxf;lGw g+= !)& / !^( cg'df]bg ug]{ b]zx?kl/lzi6 @ M cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf cGo ;fGb{les dxf;lGwx?kl/lzi6 # M pkof]uL 7]ufgfx?kl/lzi6 $ M cg'df]bg cl3 / kl5

ª

1

lkmnf8]lNkmof3f]if0ffkq, ;g\ !($$

ljZjJofkL lbuf] zflGt;fdflhs Gofo eP dfq:yflkt ug{ ;lsG5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g ;g\ !(!( df :yfkgf ePsf] xf].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08-sfg"g agfpg]_ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6f ljz]if k|sf/sf] ;+:yf xf]. o;sf]p2]Zo gZn, lnª\u jf ;fdflhs pTklQsf] cfwf/df e]befj gul/sgljZje/sf >ldsx?sf] hLjg tyf sfd ug]{ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'/x]sf] 5. cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ul/aLljZjsf] h'g;'s} 7fp“df ePtfklg Tof] ;a}sf] ;+j[l4sf nflu vt/f x'G5eGg] dfGotf lnPsf] 5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] dxf;lGw tyf ;lGwx?nfO{ lgdf{0f ub{5, ;fy} tLdxf;lGw tyf ;lGwx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/x? / cGo kIfnfO{;xof]u ub{5. ;g\ @))& sf] cGTo;Dd cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ljleGgljifox?df cfwfl/t !** j6f dxf;lGwx? lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5. oLdxf;lGwx? sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f, ;'/lIft dft[Tj, e]befj, ;+u7g ug]{:jtGqtf tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffh:tf ljifox?;“u ;DalGwt lyP. cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7gn] ;g\ @))& df NofPsf] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] dxf;lGw df5f df/LhLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ sfo{;“u ;DalGwt dxf;lGw -g+= !**_ xf].

;g\ !(^( df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] u/]sf sfdsf nflu p;nfO{ ‘gf]a]nzflGt k'/:sf/’ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf ;+:yfx?eGbf ljz]if k|sf/sf]5, lsgls of] ;/sf/x?åf/f dfq ag]sf] 5}g. o;sf tLg ;fem]bf/x?/x]sf 5g\ M ;/sf/x?, /f]huf/bftfx? / >ldsx?.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g oL tLg ;fem]bf/x?sf] 5nkmn tyf cfk;L ;xof]uaf6ag]sf] 5. oL tLg ;fem]bf/x? cfkm\gf lg0f{ox? lng :jtGq 5g\.

;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf]. cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g;g\ !($^ df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k4ltcGtu{tsf] klxnf] ;fem]bf/L ;+:yfag]sf] lyof].

/f]huf/bftfx? >ldsx?;/sf/x?

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g s] xf]<

tLg kIf

2

!= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Dd]ng

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Dd]ngn] dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs tyf >lds;DaGwL ;jfnx?sfaf/]df ax; tyf 5nkmn ug{ d~r k|bfg ub{5. o;n] gof“ sfg"gx?agfp“b5. of] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ k|d'v c+u xf].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf !&% ;b:o /fi6«x? k|To]saf6 cGt/f{li6«o >d;Dd]ngdf rf/hgf k|ltlglwx?n] efu lnG5g\. logLx?dWo] b'O{ hgf;/sf/L k|ltlglw x'G5g\ eg] Ps÷Ps hgf /fli6«o :t/sf >lds tyf/f]huf/bftfx?sf ;+u7gaf6 k|ltlglw x'G5g\.

@= ;~rfns ;ldlt

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 ;~rfns ;ldltn] lgdf{0fub{5, / To;nfO{ ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t ub{5. ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;Dd]ngsfljifoj:t'x? lgwf{/0f ub{5. ;~rfns ;ldltn] % jif{] cjlwsf nflucGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxflgb]{zs tyf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf]rog ub{5. o;sf ;fy} ;~rfns ;ldltn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]sfof{nosf] b}lgs sfd sfo{jfxLx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ub{5.

;~rfns ;ldltdf @* ;/sf/L k|ltlglw, /f]huf/bftfx?sf !$ k|ltlglwtyf >ldsx?sf !$ k|ltlglw u/L hDdf %^ ;b:o /xG5g\.

#= cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{no

of] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfdsfo{jfxLx? ;~rfng ug]{ k|d'v lgsfosf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. of] :yfoL ;lrjfno / cGf';Gwfg tyf clen]v s]Gb|sf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. o;sf] k|d'v sfof{no :jLh/Nof08sf] h]g]efdf /x]sf] 5,/ o;sf %* j6f If]qLo tyf /fli6«o sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf tLgj6f c+ux? /x]sf 5g\.

cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gsf c+ux?

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Dd]ngjflif{s a}7s M h"g

;b:o /fi6«x? -!&%_

;~rfns ;ldltjif{sf] tLg rf]6L a}7s%^ hgf ;b:ox?

cGt/f{li6«o>d sfof{no:yfoL ;lrjfno

3

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g/ cflbjf;L÷hghflt

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g nfdf] ;dob]lv cflbjf;L÷hghflt?sf] clwsf/sf];+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg /x“b} cfPsf] 5. o;cGtu{t b'O{j6f kl/k"/sk|lqmofx? /x]sf 5g\ M

!= dfkb08 -cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g_ agfpg]@= k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{

of] sfo{ljlwsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf u|fdL0f >ldsx?sf]cj:yfsf af/]df Wofg lb“bf cflbjf;L÷hghflt?sf] ;jfnnfO{ klxnf]k6sp7fPsf] lyof]. u|fdL0f >ldsx?dWo] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf cflbjf;L÷hghflt>ldsx? lyP. ;g\ !(#^ b]lv ;g\ !(%& ;Dddf cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gn] >ldsx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg dxf;lGwx? kfl/t u¥of]. oLdxf;lGwx?dWo] s]xL cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?sf nflu ;fGble{s lyP.!

oL dxf;lGwx? >ldsx?sf] lgo'lQm, s/f/gfdf tyf hah{:tL >dh:tfljifo;“u ;DalGwt lyP.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] Jojxfl/s ;xof]u klg k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5. ;g\!(%@ b]lv ;g\ !(&@ ;Dd o;n] Nofl6g cd]l/sfdf cfkm\gf ljleGglgsfox?dfkm{t\ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof]. of] PlG8og OlG8ogcflbjf;L sfo{qmdn] @ nfv %) xhf/ cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]ljZjf; ul/G5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] sfd ug]{ qmddf cflbjf;L÷hghflt?df dfqs]lGb|t Pp6f sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf dx;"; u¥of]. of]cflbjf;L÷hghflt?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ /xg] pgLx?sf] 5'§} ljz]iftfx?nfO{;Daf ]wg ug{ lyof ]. ;g\ !(%& df cGt/f {li6«o >d ;+u7gn]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt klxnf ] cGt/f {li6«o sfg"gcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] dxf;lGw g+= !)& (Convention on Indigenousand Tribal Populations No. 107) kfl/t u¥of]. of] dxf;lGwn]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu e"lddflysf] clwsf/, >d tyf lzIffh:tfdxTjk"0f{ ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5.

hlta]nf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{ kfl/t u¥of], Tolta]nfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ‘lk5l8Psf]’ tyf sfnfGt/df d"nwf/sf cGo ;d'bfodfljno x'g] ‘c:yfoL’ k|s[ltsf ;d'bfosf] ?kdf x]l/Psf] lyof]. Tolta]nfsf]dfGotf cflbjf;L÷hghflt?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu pgLx?nfO{ /fli6«o d"nwf/df;dflxt ug'{kb{5 eGg] lyof]. of] ;lDdlns/0f cyf{t\ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{/fli6«o d"nwf/df ljno u/]/ ul/g'kb{5 eGg] lyof].

;g\ !(@) sf] bzscGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gåf/f u|fdL0f>ldsx?sf] sfdsf] cj:yfdfcfkm\gf] Wofg s]lGb|t

;g\ !(#)ha/h:tL >dnfO{ k|ltalGwtug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw -g+=@(_ kfl/t

cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;jfndf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] s;/Lsfd ug{ z'?jft u¥of]<

;g\ !(%&cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]cf lbjf;L÷hghfltx?; “u;DalGwt dxf;lGw g+= !)&kfl/t.

@& cg'df]bg, tLdWo] !( cem}klg nfu"

;g\ !(%@–!(&@cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gåf/f PG8LogOG8Log cflbjf;L;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf]g]t[Tj

;g\ !(%#cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gåf/fcflbjf;Lx? M :jtGq b]zx?dfcflbjf;Lx?sf] af“Rg] tyf sfdsf]cj:yf;DaGwL cWoog k|sflzt

! x]g'{xf];\ kl/lzi6 @

4

;g\ !(*(cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt dxf;lGwg+= !^( kfl/t;g\ @))) sf] h"nfO{;Dd !$ j6f cg'df]bg

;g\ !(*) sf] bzs

dxf;lGw g+= !)& n] ;lDdlns/0fnfO{k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] eg]/ To;sf] cfnf]rgf

;g\ !(*@cflbjf;Lx?;“u ;DalGwt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Losfo{;d"xsf] :yfkgf

t/ ;do laTb} hf“bf of] b[li6sf]0fdf k|Zg p7\g yfNof]. o;f] x'g'df d"VotofMr]tgfsf] j[l4sf ;fy} cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cflbjf;Lsfo{bnh:tf] cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df a9\bf] ;xeflutf lyof].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] of] a9\bf] r'gf}ltnfO{ ;fdgf / ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{cj:yf cfOk¥of]. ;g\ !(*% df >d ;+u7gn] ljz]if1x?sf] a}7s af]nfof].of] a}7sn] dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o u¥of]. of] ;f]dxf;lGwnfO{ cWofjlws tyf cem a9L ;fGble{s agfpgsf nflu lyof].a}7sn] lbPsf] of] ;'emfjnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;dy{g u¥of].

;g\ !(*& b]lv ;g\ !(*( ;Dd cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] dxf;lGw g+= !)&nfO{ kl/dfh{g u¥of]. of] ug]{ a]nfdf pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“uk/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyof], / cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] cfkm\gf ;+u7gx?dfkm{t\ jf/f]huf/bftf tyf >lds ;+u7gx?sf k|ltlglwx?sf ?kdf jf cfkm\gf;/sf/x?sf k|ltlglwx?sf ?kdf pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf kl/dfh{gsf] k|lqmofdf;lqmo?kdf ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP. b'O{ jif{sf] uxg 5nkmn tyf d:of}bftof/Lkl5 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;g\ !(*( sf] h"g dlxgfdfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt dxf;lGw g+= !^( (Indigenous andTribal Peoples Convention No. 169) nfO{ kfl/t u¥of].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{kl/dfh{g u/]sf] 5. o;n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] ;+s]t ub{5. dxf;lGwsf] k|d'v p2]Zo clxn]klg cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] g} /x]sf] 5, t/ of]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+:s[lt, pgLx?sf] ljlzi6 hLjg k4lt tyfpgLx?sf] k|yf k/Dk/fx?sf] ;Ddfgdf cfwfl/t 5. o;sf ;fy}cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] 5'§} klxrfgsf ;fy af“Rg kfpg] clwsf//x]sf] 5 tyf ljsf;sf] cfkm\g} af6f] tyf ultnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg]clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotfdf klg cfwfl/t 5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] To;nfO{ kfl/t u/]b]lv dxf;lGw g+= !^( n]cflbjf;L÷hghflt?sf ;DaGwdf k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o gLltut b:tfj]hsf?kdf dfGotf kfPsf] 5. ;g\ @))& ;Dd dxf;lGwnfO{ !( b]zx?n]cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g\.@

dxf;lGw g+= !)& cg'df]bgsf] nflu ca aGb ul/Psf] 5. oBlk, tL /fi6«x?h;n] dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g\, pgLx?sf nflu ;f]dxf;lGw dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg gu/];Dd sfg"gL?kdf afWosf/Lx'G5.

;g\ !(*^dxf;lGw g+= !)& kl/dfh{g ug{cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsfljz]if1x?sf] a}7s

@ x]g'{xf];\ kl/lzi6 !

;g\ !(*&—!(*(kl/dfh{g÷kfl/t ug]{ k|lqmof

5

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( d'Vou/L tLg efudf af“l8Psf]5. o;sf @% j6f cfwf/e"t wf/fx? /x]sf 5g\.

!= ;fdfGo gLltx? -wf/f ! b]lv !@_

@= j:t'ut ljifox?s_ e"ld -wf/f !# b]lv !(_v_ >ldsx?sf] lgo'lQm tyf

/f]huf/Lsf zt{x? -wf/f @)_u_ Jofj;flos tflnd, x:tsnf tyf

u|fdL0f pBf]ux? -wf/f @! b]lv @#_3_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo -wf/f @$ / @%_ª_ lzIff tyf ;~rf/sf dfWod -wf/f @^ b]lv #!_r_ cGtb]{zLo ;Dks{ tyf ;xof]u -wf/f #@_

#= k|zf;g -wf/f ##_

$= k|lqmofut k|fjwfgx? -wf/f #$ b]lv $$_

of] efu dxf;lGwsf] btf{, cg'df]bg tyf kfl/t ug]{ k|lqmof;“u ;DalGwt 5.of] kl/rofTds k'l:tsfn] kf7sx?nfO{ ;DalGwt ljifox?sf af/]df hfgsf/LlbG5.

o;sf ;fy} of] lgb]{lzsfn] dxf;lGwsf wf/fx? s'g} ljz]if kl/l:yltsfnflu s;/L ;fGble{s x'g ;Sb5g\, To;sf af/]df klg AofVof ub{5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] ;+/rgf

k|zf;g-wf/f ##_

;fdfGo gLlt-wf/f !–!@_

cfwf/e"t ljifox?-wf/f !#–#@_

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;jf]{Rr ;~rfns lgsfo(Governing body) a}7s, !% h'g @))&;fef/ M cfOPncf]

6

wf/f !=!of] dxf;lGw Ms_ :jtGq b]zsf tL hghflt?df nfu"

x'G5 hf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyfcfly{s?kn] /fli6«o ;d'bfosf cGo;d"xx?eGbf leGb} 5g\, / h;sf]ultljlwx? pgLx?sf] cfkm\g} k|yfk/Dk/f jf ljz]if sfg"g jflgodx?åf/f k"0f{ of cf+lzs?kn];~rflnt x'G5g\.

v_ cfkm\gf] /fHodfly ljho x'g' jfcf}klgj]lzs/0f x'g' jf jt{dfgsf]/fHosf] l;dfgf lgdf{0f x'g'eGbfcl3b]lv g} ;f] b]zdf jf b]zsf] s'g}ef}uf]lns e"–efudf j+zhsf cfwf/dfj;f]jf; ul//x]sf] cfwf/df cflbjf;LdflgPsf :jtGq b]zsf hgtfx?,h;sf] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL cj:yfnfO{a]jf:tf ul/Ptfklg cfkm\gf s]xL jf;a} ;fdflhs cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf/fhgLlts ;+:yfx?nfO{ sfod g}/flv/x]sf 5g\, tL ;d"xx?df nfu"x'G5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0f lnPsf] 5. cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] 5}g.o;n] cfkm"n] ;+/If0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] ;d"xx?sf] ljz]iftfx?sf af/]df dfqj0f{g u/]sf] 5.

6«fOanx?sf ljz]iftfx?df lgDglnlvt s'/fx? kb{5g\ M

k/Dk/fut hLjgk4lt

hLjgofkgsf tf}/tl/sfx?df, pgLx?sf efiff tyf k/Dk/f cflbdf/fi6«sf cGo ;d'bfox?eGbf leGg} ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4lt ePsf

cfkm\g} ;fdflhs ;+u7g tyf k/Dk/fut Jojxf/ tyf sfg"gx?

cflbjf;Lx?sf ljz]iftfx?df lgDglnlvt s'/fx? kb{5g\ M

k/Dk/fut hLjgk4lt

hLjgofkgsf tf}/tl/sfx?df, pgLx?sf efiff tyf k/Dk/f cflbdf/fi6«sf cGo ;d'bfox?eGbf leGg} ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4lt ePsf

cfkm\g} ;fdflhs ;+u7g tyf /fhgLlts ;+:yfx?

s'g} ljz]if If]qdf P]ltxfl;s?kn] lg/Gt/?kdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf]jf c? ;d"xx?n] To; 7fp“df ‘cltqmd0f’ ug'{eGbf jf To; 7fp“dfcfpg'eGbf cl3b]lv a;f]jf; ul//x]sf

P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf dxTjk"0f{ ePtfklg cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] jt{dfgcj:yfnfO{ Wofg lbG5. cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLpg] tyf sfd ug]{cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' Pp6f r'gf}lt xf], tfls cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n]pgLx?n] rfx]df ljz]if ;d"xsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/?kn] af“Rg ;s'g\.

sfo{If]q

sfo{If]q

7

o; dxf;lGw s;sf lglDt k|of]u x'G5 tyf o;sf nfeflGjt ;d"xx?sf]x'g\ Tof] yfxf kfpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5.

of] dxf;lGwn] j:t'ut tyf ljifout dfkb08 b'j}df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fnfO{ckgfPsf] 5.

j:t'ut dfkb08

dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !=! n] tf]s]sf] k|fjwfgcg'?ksf] s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xcflbjf;L jf hghflt ;d"x ePdf Pj+ tL cflbjf;L jf hghfltx?n] s'g}JolQmnfO{ :jklxrfgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] ;d"xsf] ;b:o jf ;d"xsf] ?kdf:jLsf/ u/]df jf dfGotf lbPdf o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx? nfu" x'G5.

ljifout dfkb08

s'g} JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ cflbjf;L jf hghflt ;d"xsf] ;b:osf] ?kdfk|:t't u/]df jf ;f] ;d"xn] o; dxf;lGwsf] k|fjwfgcg'?k cfkm"nfO{ cflbjf;Ljf hghflt;d"xsf] ?kdf lnPdf o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx? nfu" x'G5.

cfwf/e"t dfkb08

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( cflbjf;L jf hghflt?sf]:j–klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfkb08sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«osfg"g xf].

wf/f !=@o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx? s'g;d"xx?sf nflu nfu" x'G5g\egL lgSof]{n ug{cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]] :j–klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/e"tdfkb08sf] ?kdf lnOg]5.

:j–klxrfg

:j–klxrfg

8

;fdflhs tyf cfly{s clwsf/x? cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] clwsf/If]q x'g\. cfTdlg0f{osf] /fhgLlts cjwf/0ffsf] JofVof ug'{ o;sf]If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/sf] ljifo xf].

tyflk, dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/dfly s'g} ;Ldf jfjGb]h /fv]sf] 5}g. cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ jf kl/efliftug]{ u/L eljiodf lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gcg's"n 5.

hxf“;Dd dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] s'/f 5, o;n] :jJoj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ /cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfx? cfkm} lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/k|bfg u/]sf] 5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] lkkN; (peoples) zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] 5. dxf;lGwg+= !^( nfO{ kfl/t ug{sf nflu ePsf 5nkmnx?df oxL Pp6f zAb g}cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ hgfpgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ lg0f{oul/Psf] lyof].

‘========‘lkkN;’ (peoples) zAbn] g} k|i6;“u oL ;d"xx?sf] 5'§} klxrfgnfO{hgfp“b5, ;f] s'/fnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/“b} u/]sf] dxf;lGw -cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !^(_df dfGotf lbg kb{5 eGg] af/]df tTsfnLg ;lGwk'g/fjnf]sgstf{x? ;a}sf aLrdf cfd;xdlt ePsf] b]lvG5.’ #

# International Labour Conference, 75th Session. Partial Revision of theIndigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 (no. 107).Report VI (2), Geneva 1988, pp 12-14.

wf/f !=#o; dxf;lGwdf k|of]u ePsf] zAb‘hgtf’ (peoples) n]cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gx?df ;f]zJb;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg;Sg]clwsf/x?df s'g} klg lsl;dn]c;/ kf/]sf] dflgg] 5}g.

cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;lxtsf] :jfoQ lnDa'jfg /fHosf] dfu ub}{ls/ft ofSy'ª r'Dn'ª

9

dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ p2]Zo :j–Joj:yfkgsf zt{x?sf]lgdf{0f ug'{ xf]. :jJoj:yfkgn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgtyf eljiodfly lgoGq0f ug{ tyf cfkm\gf 5'§} ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyfJojxf/x?sf af/]df j[xt dfGotf kfpg cj;/x? k|bfg ub{5. o;sf ;fy}:j–Joj:yfkgn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] cfly{s,;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;dfly cem a9L lgoGq0f ug{ klg cj;/k|bfg ub{5.

kfgfdfsf s'gf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ;fgAnf; eGg] 7fp“sf] sf]dfsf{ -k|zf;lgs pk–ljefhg_ eGg] If]qdf s]xL dfqfdf :j–Joj:yfkgsf cj;/x?k|fKt u/]sf 5g\. ;g\ !(%# sf] P]g g+= !^ cg';f/ s'gfx?sf] e"lddf x'g]s'g} klg ljsf; kl/of]hgfnfO{ pgLx?sf] k|d'v /fhgLlts ;+:yf …s'gfdxf;efÚ n] :jLs[lt lbg'kb{5, oBlk Toxf“ /fHosf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo g};jf]{Rr k|zf;lgs clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5.$

cflbjf;Lsf] :jJoj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf ljsl;t :j?kx?dWo]sf] Pp6f pbfx/0fu|Lgn}08sf] xf]. of] u|LgNof08sf] :jzf;g (Greenland Home Rule_ ;g\!(&* df :jzf;g P]g (Home Rule Act_ kfl/t ePkZrft\ ;g\ !(&( df:yfkgf ePsf] lyof]. u|LgNof08sf OlGj6 cflbjf;Lx? OlGj6 cflbjf;Lsf;d"xx?dWo] s]xL dfqfdf :jzf;g kfpg] klxnf] ;d"x lyP.

‘oBlk u|LgNof08 8]gdfs{sf] cwLgdf /x]sf] 5, tyflk u|LgNof08 :jzf;gclwsf/Lx? cyf{t\ OlGj6 cflbjf;Lx?n] s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?dflylgoGq0f tyf tL ;+:yfx?sf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5g\. o;sf ;fy} pgLx?n]cfkm\gf] 7fp“, b]zsf] ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] cfkm\g} ;fdflhs tyf cfly{scj:yfx? / pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? cg'?k gLltx? lgdf{0f klg u/]sf5g\.’%

Sofg8fsf] pQ/ klZrd If]qdf ;g\ !((# sf] h"g dlxgfdf kfl/t ePsf];L–!#@ sfg"gsf cg';f/ g'gfe'6 gfd u/]sf] If]qsf] :yfkgf ul/of]. of]P]g ;g\ !((( sf] clk|n ! df nfu" ePsf] lyof]. g'gfe'6 If]qdfly OlGj6cflbjf;Lsf] ax'dt -sl/a () k|ltzt_ n] nf]stflGqs lgoGq0f ub{5.g'gfe'6 ;/sf/sf] :j?ksf af/]df ;xdlt ePsf] 5. of] ;xdltcg'?kz'?sf] cjlwdf OlGj6 cflbjf;LnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;a} txx?df sDtLdf %)k|ltzt /f]huf/L lbOg]5.^

:j–Joj:yfkg

:j–Joj:yfkg

k|:tfjgfcfkm" a;f]jf; ug]{ /fHosf];+/rgfleq /x]/ cfkm\gf] ;+:yf,hLjgk4lt tyf cfly{s ljsf;dflylgoGq0f /fVg] tyf cfkm\gf] klxrfg,efiff tyf wd{x?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]/ ljsf; ug]{ cflbjf;Lx?sf]rfxgfx?nfO{ dfGotf lb“b}

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{cfkm\gf] hLjgdflylgoGq0f /fVg] tyfcfkm\gf eljiosf af/]dflg0f{o ug]{ cj;/ tyfjf:tljs ;Defjgfx'g'kb{5.

:j–Joj:yfkg

4 Assies, W. J. & Hoekema, A.J. Indigenous Peoples Experienceswith Self-Government. IWGIA Document 76, Copenhagen, 1997,pp. 154-156.

5 Minority Rights Group: Polar Peoples: Self-determination andDevelopment. London. 1994, pp. 1-7.

6 IWGIA Yearbook: The Indigenous World 1997-98. Copenhagen,1998, p. 25. See also: Minority Rights Group. Polar Peoples: Self-determination and Development. London, 1994, p. 123.

10

lhDd]jf/L

lhDd]jf/Lwf/f @=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf];xeflutfdf tL ;d"xx?sf]clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ug{tyf pgLx?sf] cv08tfsf];DdfgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{;dGjosf/L tyf of]hgfa4ultljlwx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] x'g]5.

cfkm\gf] b]zsf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] clwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gug]{ ;/sf/x?sf] bfloTj x'g]5. ;/sf/x?dfly dxf;lGw k"0f{?kdf sfof{Gjogxf];\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ clGtd lhDd]jf/L klg /x]sf] 5.

;/sf/nfO{ o; sfddf ;3fpgsf nflu cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ljifox?dfs]lGb|t ljz]if ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5. To:t} u/]/ oL ;+:yfx?nfO{k|efjsf/L?kdf cfkm\gf] sfd ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]usf nflu cfjZos;|f]tx? k|bfg ug'{ klg dxTjk"0f{ 5.

ljZjsf s]xL b]zx?df pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;+:yfx?cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u sfd ul//x]sf 5g\. o;n] e|d tyf k'g/fj[lQklg lgDTofpg ;Sb5. e|daf6 hf]lugsf nflu ljleGg lgsfox?n];dGjosf/L?kdf Pscsf {; “u ;xof ]u u/ ]/ sfd ug' { kb {5.cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt ;a} kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf];'kl/j]If0f ug]{ clwsf/ ePsf] ;/sf/L] sfof{no g} oL ;a} sfdsfo{jfxLx?nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{ ;a}eGbf pko'Qm lgsfo x'g ;Sb5.

;g\ !(($ df sDaf]l8ofsf] ;/sf/n] kxf8L If]qsf dflg;x?sf] ljsf;sfnflu cGt/–dGqfno ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof]. ;f] ;ldlt kxf8L If]qsfdflg;x?sf] ljsf;sf nflu eg]/ agfOg] sfdsfo{jfxLx?sf] ;dGjo ug{lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof]. cGt/–dGqfno ;ldltsf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{t gLltlgb]{zg agfpg], ljsf; kl/of]hgfx? k|:tfj ug]{, ;/sf/sf] ljsf;kl/ifb\;“u ;Dks{ tyf ;~rf/ ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfjx? k]z ug]{h:tflhDd]jf/Lx? /x]sf lyP.&

To:t} u/]/ leotgfddf kj{tLo If]qx?sf] hftLo cNk;+Vosx?sf] ;ldltnfO{kj{tLo If]qsf dflg;x?sf] ljsf;df ;+nUg ljleGg lgsfox?sf] sfdnfO{;dGjo ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] 5. ;f] ;ldltn] ;/sf/sf] ;Nnfxsf/ c+usf]?kdf klg sfd ub{5. ;ldltsf] sfdx?df cg';Gwfg, sfg"gL ;xof]u /gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf ] sfof {Gjog Pj+ d "Nofª \sg kb{5.*

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] gLltnfO{ k|j4{gug]{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] kl/of]hgfn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cj:yfdf;'wf/ Nofpg sDaf]l8of tyf leotgfdsf b'j} ;ldltx?;“u sfd ub{5.

leotgfd / sDaf]l8ofdf h:t} c? b]zx?df klg cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu To:t} c+ux? /x]sf 5g\. o;sf] pbfx/0fsf]?kdf a|flhnsf] /fli6«o OlG8og -cflbjf;L_ k|lti7fg, sf]nlDaofsf] cflbjf;Ldfldnf;DaGwL dxflgb]{zgfno tyf d]lS;sf]sf] /fli6«o -OlG8og_ cflbjf;Lk|lti7fg 5g\.

7 Inter-Ministerial Committee for Highland Peoples' Development inNortheastern Cambodia. Report of the Regional Workshop on"Country Comparisons on Highland Peoples' Development Issues",April 8-10, 1997. Ta Prohm Environment Ltd. p. 10; Social ResearchInstitute, Chiang Mai University: Summary Report of TrainingWorkshop for the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Highland Peoples'Development, Cambodia. 1996, p. 1.

8 Official gazette, No. 29 (20-10-1998), p. 10.

11

tyflk, ;/sf/x? tyf lgsfox?n] dfq pkfox? tyf sfo{qmdx?sfaf/]df lg0f{o tyf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\. pgLx?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]k/fdz{ tyf ;xeflutfdf tL sfdx? ug'{ kb{5.

lhDd]jf/Lsf] x:tfGt/0f Mof] dxf;lGwn] tn lbOPsf tLgj6f ljifox?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]k"0f{ Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f /xg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

ljz]if Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx? -wf/f @@=#_;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo ;]jfx? -wf/f @%=!_z}lIfs sfo{qmdx? -wf/f @&=@_

oL ljifox?sf af/]df lhDd]jf/Lsf] x:tfGt/0f tadfq x'g'kb{5, hacflbjf;L÷hghfltx? cfkm}+n] Joj:yfkg tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ pko'Qm ;doxf] eg]/ lg0f{o ub{5g\. tyflk, lhDd]jf/Lsf] x:tfGt/0f eO;s]kl5 klg;/sf/x? ;a} bfloTjx?af6 eg] klG5g kfp“b}gg\. pgLx?n] ;a}sfdsfo{jfxLx? /fd|f];“u ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ tyf ltgLx?n] kof{Ktcfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu tLsfdsfo{jfxLx?sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ul//xg' kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u sfd ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf sd{rf/Lx? cf–cfkm\gf sfo{If]qx?df dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] pko'Qm sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrtug{ ;f] dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx?sf af/]df hfgsf/ x'g'kb{5. of] ljz]if u/]/dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf b]zx?sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5.

wf/f ##=!of] dxf;lGwdf plNnlvtljifoj:t'x?sf nflu lhDd]jf/;/sf/L lgsfon] ;DalGwt;d"xx?nfO{ c;/ ug]{ljifoj:t'x?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflulgsfox? jf cGo pko'Qm;+oGqx? ljBdfg 5g\ eg]/;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5. To:t} u/]/ tLlgsfox? jf ;+oGqx?;“u cfkm\gfljifoj:t'x?sf] pko'Qmsfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos;fwgx? 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrtug'{{kb{5.

lhDd]jf/L

12

cfwf/e"t clwsf/

cfwf/e"t clwsf/

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] c?n] e}m+ ;a} lsl;dsf dfgjclwsf/ tyf cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfx?sf] pkef]u ub{5g\. o:tf clwsf/ / :jtGqtfx?df:jtGqtf tyf ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/sf ;fy} :jf:Yo, lzIff cflbsf clwsf/x? klg kb{5g\. of] k'?if / dlxnf b'j}nfO{ nfu" x'G5.

wf/f #!= cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n]

dfgjclwsf/ tyf cfwf/e"t:jtqtfx? k"0f{?kn] tyflgj{fw?kdf / lagf s'g} e]befjpkef]u ug{ kfpg]5g\. o;dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx? tL ;d"xsfk'?if / dlxnf ;b:ox? b'j}dflagfs'g} e]befj nfu" x'g]5g\.

@= s'g} klg lsl;dsf] zlQm jfs/sfk k|of]u u/]/ tL ;d"xx?sf]dfgjclwsf/ tyf cfwf/e"t:jtGqtfx?, h;df o; dxf;lGwdfplNnlvt clwsf/x? klg ;dfj]z5g\, To;sf] pNfª\3g ul/g] 5}g.

13

ljz]if pkfox?

ljz]if pkfox?

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4ltx? k|foh;f] /fli6«ohg;+Vofsf cGo ;d'bfox?sf ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgk4ltx?eGbf leGgx'G5g\. To;}n] pgLx? cfkm\gf] ljz]if ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf d"No dfGotfx?sfsf/0f e]befjdf kg{ ;Sb5g\. o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k w]/ }h;f ]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ;f+:s[lts ljgfz ef]Ug' kb{5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] sdhf]/ cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wgug{ kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof]. o;n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+:yf, ;DklQ /;+:s[ltx? tyf kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljz]if pkfox? cjnDagug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+NofPsf] 5.

oL ljz]if pkfox?sf] p2]Zo cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjg:t/nfO{ /fli6«ohg;+Vofsf] cGo ;d'bfox?sf] ;dfg :t/df k'¥ofpg' tyf ;+:s[lt /k/Dk/fx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5. o;f] ubf{ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts klxrfg, k/Dk/f, k|rng tyf ;+:yfx?sf] ;Ddfg u/]/ Pj+pgLx?sf] OR5f cg';f/ ul/g' kb{5.

wf/f $=!;DalGwt ;d"xsfJolQmx?, ;+:yfx?,;DklQ, /f]huf/L, ;+:s[lttyf jftfj/0fsf];+/If0fsf nflu pko'Qmljz]if pkfox?ckgfOg]5.

wf/f $=@tL ljz]if pkfox? ;DalGwt;d"xx?sf] :jtGqtfk"j{sJoQm OR5fsf] ljkl/tx'g]5}g. ;+s6df /fhL hflt

;'b'/klZrdf~rn If]qcGtu{tsf] ;'v]{t / s}nfnLsf] ;Ldf gbL s0ff{nLsf]tL/df zbLof}+b]lv a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf /fhLx?sf] df5f dfg]{, 8'ª\uf lvofpg],e]/L sf9\g] -h+unL df}/Lsf] dx sf9\g]_, lu6\7f Eofs'/ / sGbd'n vf]Hg]nufotsfhn / h+un;“u ;Da4 k/Dk/fut k]zf / /fhL x'g'sf] df}lnstf ;dofGt/;“u}emg emg ;+s6df kb}{ uPsf] 5. s'g} ;do 3f6 -gbL tfg]{ :yn_ sf] /fhf/x]sf] uf}/jflGjt P]ltxfl;s syf cyf{t\ ldys af]s]sf /fhLx? olta]nf 3f6tfg]{ 7]Ssfaf6 ;d]t jl~rt agfOPsf 5g\. pgLx?sf] of] k]zf ;'“u/vfnuflj;sf] 3f6 tfg]{ 7]Ssfb]lv /fhLx?n] 3f6 tfb}{ cfPsf :yfg glhsagfOPsf emf]n'ª\u] k'nx?n] pgLx?sf] k]zfdf k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5. kftln“b}uPsf] h+un / ;fd'bflos jgsf] gLltn] ubf{ e]/L sf9\g], sGbd"n / lu6\7fEofs'/ vf]h]/ hLljsf rnfpg] pgLx?sf] k]zf klg ;+s6df kg{ uPsf] 5.vf]nf;“u k|ToIf ;DaGw g/x]sf hfltx?n] klg df5f dfgf{n] df5f sd x'g' /df5f dfg]{ 7]Ssf klg u}//fhLn] g} kfpg'n] pgLx?sf] df5f dfg]{ k]zf;d]t;+s6df k/]sf] 5. s0ff{nL gbLsf] cf;kf;sf ljzfn 7fp“x? cfjfb u/]/ ;f]:yfg / y/nfO{ Pp6} gfd lbP klg tL 7fp“x?dWo] ;Lldt?kdf s}nfnLsf];f]N6f / ;'v]{tsf] 3f6ufp“afx]s hfd', s'Og]h:tf 7fp“x?df pgLx?sf] Ps 3/klg 5}g. of] ;“u;“u} cw{ lkm/Gt] k|j[lQsf sf/0f ljleGg hfltx?;“sf] 3'ngug'{kg]{ jfWotfn] ubf{ klg pgLx?sf] efiff afx]s df}lnskgsf cGo ;a}kgx? w]/}h;f] cGo;“u ldl;Psf 5g\ eg] s]xL x/fO g} ;s]sf 5g\.

o:tf] cj:yfdf pgLnfO{ cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/ bfjL ug{ ;jn / ;Ifd agfp“b}pgLx?sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df kx'“r tyf lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt u/fpg] p2]Zon]/fhL zfNd ;dfhsf] ;d]t u7g u/L ;f] ;+:yfn] ;g\ @))^ b]lv tLg jif{]cNk;+Vosd'vL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul//fv]sf] 5. alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/lhNnfsf /fhLx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] of] kl/of]hgfn] /fhLx?sf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ljz]if dxTj lbP/ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lif ;xsf/L, u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/tyf s[lif jg sfo{qmdnufotsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5.

14

k/fdz{

k/fdz{k/fdz{ dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf].

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?x?sf] hLjgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ jf kfg{;Sg]pkfox?sf af/]df lg0f{o ul/“bf jf To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/“bf pgLx?n] tLpkfox? s;/L, sxf“ / lsg nfu" ug'{kb{5 To;sf af/]df cfkm\gf s'/f eGgcToGt} yf]/} dfqfdf kfp“5g\ jf cfkm\gf s'/f /fVg} kfp“b}gg\ h'g pgLx?n]ef]Ug] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of xf].

sf]nlDaofsf] p/f hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] qmddf dxf;lGw g+=!^( sf] pNn+3g x'g uPsf]n] ;f] ljifoaf/] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdfk/]sf] ph'/Lsf af/]df d"Nofª\sg ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]dxf;lGwx?sf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'emfj;DaGwL ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltn] l6Kk0fLu/]sf] lyof]. ;f] kl/of]hgfn] ODa]/]–sfl6of] cflbjf;L ;d'bfon] a;f]jf;u/]sf] clwsf+z e"–efunfO{ hndUg ug{ yfn]sf] lyof]. ;f] kl/of]hgf;DalGwt cflbjf;L;“u clu|d k/fdz{ gul/sg z'? ul/Psf] lyof]. To;}n];f] kl/of]hgf dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] wf/f ^ sf] ljkl/t lyof].

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] pgLx?;“u k/fdz{ ul/g'kg]{clwsf/nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb"df NofOlbPsf] 5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"x?nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kfg{;Sg] s'g} klg pkfox?sfaf/]df cGj]if0f jf cg';Gwfg ul/“bf, To;af/] of]hgf agfO“bf jf To;nfO{sfof{Gjog ul/“bf of] k/fdz{ ul/g' kb{5.

oL pkfox?df lgDglnlvt ljifox? ;dfj]z 5g\ M

/fli6«o ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wggof“ s[lif;DaGwL sfg"gx?e"ld clwsf/;DaGwL sfg"gx? jf e"lddflysf] clwsf/sf] sfuhkqk|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofx?/fli6«o z}lIfs jf :jf:Yo sfo{qmd tyf ;]jfx?cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ ;fj{hlgs gLltx?

o;}n] s'g} klg cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ sfg"gx? jfk|zf;lgs k|fjwfgx?nfO{ nfu" ubf{ ;/sf/x?n] tL ;d"xx?;“u v'Nnf,:ki6 tyf cy{k"0f{ 5nkmnx? ug'{kb{5.

wf/f ^=!o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{nfu" ubf{ ;/sf/n] Ms_ tL ;d"xx?nfO{ k|ToIf?kdfc;/ kfg{;Sg] sfg"gL jfk|zf;lgs pkfox?nfO{cjnDag ug]{ af/]df ;f]rfO{agfp“bf ;DalGwt ;d"xx?;“upko'Qm k|lqmofx?åf/f tyf vf;u/]/ pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwd"ns;+:yfx?sf] dfWodåf/f k/fdz{ug'{kb{5.

5nkmndf Jo:t dfemLx?t:jL/ M g]kfn dflem pTyfg ;+3

15

dxf;lGwn] ;/sf/x? tyf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf aLr 5nkmn tyfs'g} k|aGw ldnfpg ul/g] jftf{sf nflu ;+/rgf k|bfg ub{5. To:tf]5nkmn jf k/fdz{sf] p2]Zo ;Demf}tf -;dembf/L_ jf k"0f{ tyf ;';"lrt;xdltdf k'Ug' /x]sf] 5.

lgif]wflwsf/sf af/]df s] s'/f 5<

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ lgif]wflwsf/lbPsf] 5}g.

dxf;lGwn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] OR5fljkl/t s'g} klg pkfox? lnOg]5}g eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5. t/, o;sf] cy{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? ;xdtgePdf s]xL klg sfd ul/g] 5}g eGg] rflx“ xf]Og.

;g\ !(&& df Sofg8fsf] dfgL6f]jfsf kf“rj6f lqm cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?n]Pp6f 7"nf] hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0faf6 kof{j/0fLo Iflt tyf e"ldu'dfpg] cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyof]. pgLx?n] ;f] kl/of]hgfnfO{ aGbt ug{ ;s]gg\, t/ cfk\mgf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/;“u Ifltk"lt{sf] Kofs]hsf] ;xdltdfk'u]. of] ;xdltnfO{ pQ/L If]qsf] af9L;DaGwL ;xdlt eGg] ul/G5. ;f];xdltdf af9Ldf k/]sf hdLgsf] Ifltk"lt{:j?k cGo e"ldx? k|bfg ug]{k|fjwfg, jGohGt'sf] Joj:yfkgdf lqm cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg]tyf lkpg] kfgLsf] pknAwtfdflysf] lgoGq0f tyf To;sf af/]df ;'lglZrttfh:tf ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof]. (

oxf“ ;Demg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo s] 5 eg] k/fdz{ OdfGbf/Ltf;fy Pscsf{sf]lxt, d"NodfGotf tyf cfjZostfx?sf] ;Ddfg u/]/ ul/g' kb{5. k/fdz{sf]k|lqmof ;DalGwt ;d"x jf ;d'bfosf] cj:yf Pj+ rfl/lqs ljz]iftf;“uldNbf] x'g'kb{5. To;}n] ufp“sf cu'jfx?;“u pgLx?n] ga'‰g] /fi6« efiff jfcGo s'g} efiffdf cg'jfbsf] ;'ljwflagf ul/g] a}7s jf:tljs k/fdz{ x'g;Sb}g.

wf/f ^=@of] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogdful/g] k/fdz{x?OdfGbf/Ltfsf ;fy ljBdfgkl/l:ylt;“u pko'Qm x'g]u/L], k|:tfljt pkfox?df;Demf}tf jf ;xdltdf k'Ug]p2]Zon] ul/g'kb{5.

p2]Zo ;xdlt

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?dfk|ToIf c;/

k/fdz{

9 Barsh, R.L.& Bastien, K. Effective Negotiation by IndigenousPeoples. An Action Guide with Special Reference to North America.ILO, Geneva. 1997, p.110.

cflbjf;Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfx]g]{ ljz]if ;dflwIfs /f]8Nkmf] :6]eg x]ug / g]kfnsfcflbjf;Lx?aLr sf7df08f} k/fdz{

16

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] k/fdz{ ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ lgodx?sf af/]df lgDgfg';f/pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

;DalGwt ;d"xx? Ms'g} ljz]if ultljlwaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;d"xx?, h:t} s'g} cflbjf;Lsfufp“x?sf aLraf6 /fhdfu{ agfpg] of]hgf ul/Psf] 5 eg] tL ;DalGwtufp“x?nfO{ k/fdz{sf] clwsf/ x'G5. tL ufp“x?n] ;f] of]hgfsf af/]df s];f]rfO{ /fVb5g\, To;sf af/]df ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;'gfpg] cj;/lbg' kb{5. pgLx?;“u ;f] of]hgfsf ljsNkx?sf] ;'emfj klg x'g ;Sb5g\.

pko'Qm k|lqmofx? M;DalGwt ;d"xx?;“u s;/L k/fdz{ ul/G5, Tof] kl/l:yltdf lge{/ /xG5.k/fdz{ ‘pko'Qm’ x'gsf] nflu k|To]s ljz]if kl/l:yltsf] cfjZostfcg'?kx'g'kb{5. To:t} u/]/ k/fdz{ cy{k"0f{, lgisk6 tyf kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5. h:t}dfly plNnlvt k|:tfljt /fhdfu{sf] ;DaGwdf ufp“sf s]xL ;b:ox?;“udfq s'/f u/]/ k'Ub}g. ax'dtsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj gug]{ s]xL5flgPsf ;Lldt JolQmx?;“u ul/Psf] aGb a}7s ‘jf:tljs’ k/fdz{ x'g;Sb}g.

k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx? Mo;cGtu{t cu'jfx?sf] ;ef tyf ufp“;efh:tf k/Dk/fut ;+:yfx?sf;fy} ;dsfnLg ;+/rgfx? klg kb{5g\. o:tf ;+/rgfx?df ;DalGwt;d'bfo jf ;d"xx?åf/f cfkm\gf jf:tljs k|ltlglwsf ?kdf dfGotf lbOPsfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf ;+;b jf :yfgLo?kdf lgjf{lrt g]tfx? kb{5g\.o:tf] k|ltlglwTj ljleGg cj:yfdf km/s km/s x'g ;Sb5.

;f}bfafhLsf] zlQmdxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ k/fdz{sf] clwsf/ tyfcfkm\gf b[li6sf]0fx? cleJoQm ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5. dxf;lGwn] pgLx?nfO{lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xeflu x'g] tyf To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ cj;/klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5. dxf;lGwn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfkm\gfclwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu 5nkmn tyf ;f}bfafhL ug]{ 7fp“ lbPsf]5.

k/fdz{

17

;xeflutf dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf].

cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] ult tyf ;LdfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?To;;“u ;DalGwt ;a} k|lqmofx?df k"0f{?kdf ;+nUg x'g'kb{5. s'g} klg kxnrfx] Tof] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf xf];\ jf kl/of]hgf jf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdfxf];\, To;df pgLx? z'?b]lv cGTo;Dd ;xefuL ePdfq pgLx? To;k|ltlhDd]jf/ x'g ;Sb5g\. To:tf] ePdfq pgLx? cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{scfTdlge{/tfsf] cj:yf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lqmo?kdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sb5g\.

dxf;lGwn] s'g} klg kxnsbdLdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ‘:jfldTj’ sf]cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5. of] ;DalGwt ;a} ;d"xx?df ;f] kxnsbdLsf]kmfObfx? k'u'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ xf].

;g\ !(*( df pQ/–klZrd d8fuf:s/sf] Dofgf]gufl/ef] If]qdf k|s[ltsfnflu ljZj sf]ifn] ‘dfgj–jg:kltlj1fg’ kl/of]hgf z'? u/]sf] lyof]. ;f]kl/of]hgfcGtu{t :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf] k/fdz{ tyf ;xeflutfdf PsLs[t:jf:Yo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof]. o;df k/Dk/fut hl8a'6Lx?dfcfwfl/t k/Dk/fut cf}ifwLx?nfO{ cfw'lgs cf}ifwL;“u ;+o'Qm?kdf k|of]uul/Psf] lyof]. of] kl/of]hgf cGtu{t k/Dk/fut wfdL–emf“qmL, j}B tyfcfw'lgs lrlsT;sx? ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug{ ;“u} sfdub{5g\. !) o;/L h}ljs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ljsf; sfo{qmd;“ul;h{gfTds tl/sfn] ;+of]hg ul/Psf] lyof].

;xeflutfsf tTjx? Mcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ s'g} klg kl/of]hgf, gLlt jf sfo{qmdsf]k|To]s r/0fdf ;+nUg x'g] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5.s'g} klg gLlt, sfo{qmd jf kl/of]hgfsf] th'{dfb]lv To;sf] sfof{Gjogtyf d"Nofª\sg ;a} r/0fdf ;xeflutf ug{ lbOg' kb{5.cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? lg0f{o k|lqmofsf :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf If]qLo;a} txx?df ;xefuL x'G5g\. o;cGtu{t /fhgLlts?kn] lgjf{lrtlgsfox?sf ;fy} /fli6«o Pj+ :yfgLo k|zf;lgs lgsfox? kb{5g\.;xeflutf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/fut jf k|ltlglwd"nslgsfodfkm{t\ x'G5. pgLx?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfafx]s o:tf] ;xeflutf;d'bfo aflx/af6 yf]kl/Psf ;+/rgfx?dfkm{t\ ug{ kfO“b}g.

;xeflutfsf] pbfx/0fsDaf]l8ofdf sDaf]l8ofnL If]q k'gM:yfkgf tyf k'glgdf{0f kl/of]hgf tyf/tgfsL/L lhNnf u|fdL0f ;ldltsf] ;xof]udf :yfgLo ;d"xx?sf] :jfldTjdf:yfgLo :t/sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof z'? ul/Psf] lyof]. of] sfo{qmd ufp“n]x?:jo+n] %! j6f ufp“x?df sfof{Gjog u/]sf lyP. ljsf; of]hgfx?sf] tof/Lsfnflu ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx? lhDd]jf/ lyP. :yfgLo ;xeflutfdfkm{t\ dflg;x?n]cg'ej tyf cfTdljZjf; a6'N5g\. o;n] ljsf; ultljlwx?sf] lg/Gt/tftyf lbuf]kgfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5. (ILO/UNDP: Regional Workshop Report:Information Exchange on Development Experiences with HighlandPeoples, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 17-21 November 1997. 1999, p. 12.)

;xeflutf

;xeflutf

wf/f &=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjg,cf:yf, ljZjf;, ;+:yfx? tyfcfWoflTds ;d[l4 Pj+ pgLx?n]cf]u6]sf jf k|of]u ug]{ e"lddf c;/ug]{ ljsf;sf k|lqmofx?sf af/]dfcfkm\gf k|fyldstfx? lgwf{/0f ug]{clwsf/ /xg]5 tyf oyf;So cfkm\gf]cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[ltsljsf;dfly lgoGq0f /fVg] clwsf/x'g]5. o;sf ;fy} pgLx? cfkm"nfO{k|ToIf c;/ ug{;Sg] /fli6«o tyfIf]qLo ljsf;sf nflu agfOg] of]hgftyf sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjogtyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/x'g]5.

wf/f ^=!o; dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ nfu"ubf{ ;/sf/n] Mv_ ;DalGwt ;d"xx?n] pgLx?nfO{;/f]sf/ /fVg] gLlt tyfsfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflulhDd]jf/ lgjf{lrt ;+:yf tyfk|zf;lgs Pj+ cGo c+ux?sf]lg0f{o lng] ;j} txx?df:jtGqtfk"j{s / sDtLdf klghg;+Vofsf] cGo ;d"xx?n] hlQs};xefuL x'g kfpg] dfWodx? lgdf{0fug'{kb{5.

u_ oL ;d"xx?sf] cfkm\g} ;+:yfx?tyf ultljlwx?sf] k"0f{ ljsf;sfnflu dfWodx? lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5.o;sf ;fy;fy} To;sf nflupko'Qm cj:yfdf cfjZos ;|f]tx?klg pknAw u/fpg' kb{5.

!) Quanash, N. "Biocultural diversity and integrated health care inMadagascar". In: Nature & Resources, Vol. 30, No. 1. Carnforth, UK;Pearl River, USA. 1994, p. 18.

18

;xeflutf

oL tnsf pbfx/0fx?n] blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;/sf/L gLlt lgdf{0fdfcflbjf;Lx?sf] ;xeflutfsf] ljifodfly k|sfz kfb{5g\.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] gLltnfO{ k|j4{gug]{ kl/of]hgf tyf blIf0f clk|msL ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;;DaGwLljefun] ;+o'Qm?kdf ;g\ !((* d] dlxgfdf blIf0f clk|msfdf ;+s6dfk/]sf cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?sf] ;+j}wflgs ;dfj]zLs/0f ljifos ;Dd]ngsf]cfof]hgf u¥of]. ;f] ;Dd]ngsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknlAw cflbjf;Lx? /pgLx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ blIf0f clk|msL ;+ljwfgcGtu{t ;dfg gful/ssf]dfGotf lbg] lg0f{o / sfo{of]hgf /x]sf] lyof].

;g\ !((( d] dlxgfdf vf]O;fg d~rsf] :yfkgf ul/of]. To; d~rdf @);b:ox? /x]sf 5g\, h;df # ;fg cflbjf;L, % u|LSjf cflbjf;L, $ sf]Ocflbjf;L, $ sf]/f]gf cflbjf;L / $ s]k ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf ljsf; kl/ifb\sf;b:ox? 5g\. of] d~rsf] Pp6f sfd :yfgLo ;/sf/L txx?df k/Dk/futg]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf;DaGwL ;/sf/sf] oyfl:ylt k|ltj]bgsf ljifoj:t'x?nfO{k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy} cflbjf;Lsf ljifox?df ;Nnfx lbg' /x]sf] lyof].;f] oyfl:ylt k|ltj]bgn] cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?sf] ;+j}wflgs ;dfj]zLs/0fsfnflu lgdf{0f ul/g] gof“ sfg"gsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{5.

;g\ !((^ df af]T:jfgfdf ePsf] ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw;DaGwL sfo{zfnfdfaf;fjf{ cflbjf;Lsf ;xefuLx?sf ;fy} ;/sf/, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnsf]iftyf ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf k|ltlglwx? ;xefuL lyP. ;f] sfo{zfnfsf]p2]Zo cg';Gwfg sfo{ ‘ljz]if1’ x?åf/f dfq ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rfOnfO{tf]8\g' tyf ;xeflutfn] s;/L ;zQmLs/0f ub{5 eGg] b]vfpg' /x]sf] lyof].sfo{zfnfdf ;xefuL af;fjf{ -;fg_ cflbjf;Lx?n] ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw Pj+;d:ofx?nfO{ ;fd'bflos k|lqmofsf] ?kdf klxrfg ug]{ cflbjf;Lx?sf]k/Dk/fut tl/sfsf] aLrdf /x]sf cg]sf}+ ;DaGwx?nfO{ cf}+NofPsf lyP.sfo{zfnfn] ;f+:s[lts leGgtfx?sf af/]df cem a9L ;dembf/L tyf:jLsf/f]lQmnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;3fPsf] lyof]. o;n] sfo{zfnfsf w]/} ;xefuLx?nfO{cfkm\gf]eGbf leGg ;+:s[ltx?sf af/]df cfkm"df /x]sf] gsf/fTds ;f+:s[ltslrq0f (stereotype) nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ klg ;3fPsf] lyof].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwx?sf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'emfjx?;DaGwLljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltn] d]lS;sf] ;/sf/n] z'? u/]sf] /fi6«JofkL k/fdz{k|lqmofnfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5. ;f] k|lqmofn] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL ;'wf/x?dfcflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+nUg ug]{ tyf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{;'lglZrt ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof]. oL k/fdz{x?sf] kl/0ffd:j?k b'O{j6f/fhgLlts bnx?n] ;+3Lo ;+;bnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ k|:tfjx? k]z u/].!!

!! ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1999, p. 569.

19

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf a;f]jf; u/]sf e"ldx?df xfna9\bf] dfqfdf ljsf; kl/of]hgfx? nfu" eO/x]sf] 5.

a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] bafa / lg/Gt/?kdf al9/x]sf] k|fs[lts tyf vlgh;|f]tx?sf] dfun] ubf{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf k|foh;f] ;|f]tx?dft'ngfTds?kn] wgL 7flgPsf e"ldx? ljsf; lgdf{0fstf{sf nflu a9Lcfsif{s ePsf 5g\. o;af6 cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf ;fy} pgLx?sf]e"ldx?df uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/x? kg{ ;Sb5.

o;nfO{ lgDg pbfx/0fx?n] k|i6 kfb{5g\ M

;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] z'?jftb]lv sf7sf] Jofkf/ ug]{ sDkgLx?n]dWoclk|msL If]qdf a9\bf] ?lr b]vfPsf 5g\. Sofd?gsf] 5}6f}+ k~rjifL{oof]hgfdf -!(*^–(!_ Jofkfl/s jgh+un km8fgLsf] lj:tf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxgul/Psf] lyof]. o;n] o'/f]k]nL, clk|msL tyf Pl;ofnL sDkgLx?nfO{ jgh+unkm“8fgL ug]{ sfo{sf nflu k|j]z u/fof]. kl/0ffd:j?k cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]lj:yfkg / pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cTofjZos tyfcfWoflTds ultljlwx?sf] cfwf/zLnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] jgh+unsf] ljgfzx'g k'Uof].

‘‘e"ld;DaGwL of]hgfx? agfO“bf afsf tyf afsf]nf cflbjf;L ;d"xx?n]cfkm\gf] hLjg lgjf{xsf] ;fwg jgh+un tyf e"lddflysf] clwsf/ u'dfpg]dfq geO{ Ifltk"lt{ ;d]taf6 jl~rt x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5. To:t}pgLx?nfO{ tL of]hgfsf nflu x'g] k/fdz{sf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL;d]t gu/fOg;Sb5.’’!@

;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36gkl5 klZrd ;fOa]l/ofdf Uof“; tyf t]nsf] cGj]if0f,bf]xg tyf zf]if0f ug]{ sfo{ a9]sf] 5. o;n] ubf{ sl/a ! s/f]8 *) nfvla3f xl/0f -/]gl8o/_ sf] r/g, @) xhf/ la3f df5fsf] k|hgg ug]{ e"ldtyf !)) eGbf a9L gbLx?sf] ljgfz ePsf] 5. kl/0ffd:j?k cflbjf;Lx?n]ug]{ hLjg lgjf{xsf] cy{tGq tx;gx; eO{ pgLx? a]/f]huf/, u/La tyf;fdflhs?kdf ;LdfGts[t x'g k'u]sf 5g\. 7"nf7"nf sDkgLx?n] oL If]qx?dfa;f]jf; ug]{ g]g]6\h, vGtL jf dfG;L cflbjf;Lx?;“u k/fdz{ gul/sg}lg0f{ox? lng] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\.!#

ljsf;

wf/f &=@;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] hLjg Pj+ sfdtyf :jf:Yo / z}lIfs :t/dfpgLx?sf] ;xeflutf tyf ;xof]udf;'wf/ Nofpg] sfo{ pgLx?sf] a;f]jf;/x]sf] If]qsf] ;du| cfly{s ljsf;sfnflu agfOg] of]hgfx?dfk|fyldstfsf] ljifo x'g]5. o:tf];'wf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon];DalGwt If]qx?sf] ljsf;sf nfluljz]if kl/of]hgfx? klg lgdf{0ful/g]5

wf/f @=@o; dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf]nflu ul/g] ;/sf/åf/f ul/g] sfdsfo{jfxLdf lgDglnlvt s'/fx?;dfj]z x'g]5 M-u_ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]rfxgf tyf hLjgk4lt;“u ldNbf]lsl;dn] pgLx? tyf /fli6«o;d'bfosf cGo ;d"xx?sf aLrx'g;Sg] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{sljefhgx?nfO{ lgd"{n kfg{;DalGwt ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfO{;3fpg].

ljsf;

!@!@!@!@!@ United Nations. Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples.Transnational investments and operations on the lands ofindigenous peoples. Report of the Centre on TransnationalCorporations submitted pursuant to Sub-Commission resolution1990/26. E/CN. 2/Sub. 2/1994/40. Geneva, 1994, p. 15.

! #! #! #! #! # E/CN. 4/Sub.2/1994/40.1994, p. 21. See also L'auravelt' an IIC, BulletinNo. 1, 1996.

20

ljsf;

jf:tjdf cfhsf] e"d08nLs[t jftfj/0fdf ljsf;nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g.

To;}n] ljsf; slxn] x'G5 / s;/L nfu" x'g' kb{5 eGg] k|Zg xfd|f] ;fd"/x]sf] 5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ljsf; sfo{qmddf a9L ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfnfO{k|f]T;fxg ug{] p2]Zocg'?k ljsf; kl/of]hgfx?;DaGwL lgDg dfu{bz{gx?k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M

k/fdz{ Mcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ljsf; kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf af/]dfk/fdz{ ul/g' kb{5.

;xeflutf Mcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f,sfof{Gjog tyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;xefuL u/fOg' kb{5.

cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg Mcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/f, ;f+:s[lts d"No tyf cfjZostfx?nfO{kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ a]nfdf Wofg lbOg' kb{{5.

c;/ d"Nofª\sg Ms'g} klg ljsf; sfo{qmdx? nfu" ug'{cl3 tL sfo{qmdx?sf] c;/x?sfaf/]df cWoog ul/g' kb{5. tL sfo{qmdx?sf] ;DefJo ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts, cfWoflTds tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/x?sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{sfnflu cWoogx? ul/g' kb{5.

kmfObfx? M;a} ljsf; kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf];fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' kb{5. ;fy} To:tfkl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?n] pgLx?sf] ;d[l4df xflg k'¥ofpg' x'“b}g.

ljsf; k|lqmof

;xeflutf

cfjZostf lgwf{/0f

k|fyldstfx?

lgdf{0f

ljsf; kl/of]hgf

sfof{Gjog

d"Nofª\sg

kmfObfx?d]nfDrL kl/of]hgf

d]nfDrL vfg]kfgL kl/of]hgf sf7df08f}sf] vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwg ug]{nIocg'?k lgdf{0ffwLg kl/of]hgf xf]. o; kl/of]hgfsf] ;|f]t gbLx?sf]d'xfg l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfcGt{ut cflbjf;L x\of]Ndf]x?sf] k/Dk/fut e"lddfcjl:yt 5. o; kl/of]hgfcGtu{t tLgj6f gbLx? ofªu|L, nfs]{ / d]NffDrLåf/fb}lgs %! s/f]8 ln6/ kfgL ;'?ª dfu{af6 sf7df08f} pkTosfdf NofOg]5.gbLx?df cToGt} yf]/} kfgL 5fl8g] ePsf]n] k/Dk/fb]lv df5fdf/LhLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ dfemLx?nfO{ lj:yflkt u/L ef]sef]s} kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gfu/]sf] 5. kof{j/0f / jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ k/Dk/fut tj/n] v]tL u/LcfPsf x\of]Ndf], tfdfª, u'?ª cflbnfO{ hLjg wfGg] dfWod v]tLdf k|ToIfgsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5. kl/of]hgfn] oL cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;f+:s[lts,cf:yfsf w/f]x/ ljgfz u/L jftfj/0f gi6 u/]sf] 5.

kl/of]hgfn] cWoog cg';Gwfg ubf{ cflbjf;Lx? / pgLx?sf] ;/f]sf/nfO{g;d]6]sf] dfq geO{, cflbjf;Lsf] efiff ;~rf/ ug{nfO{ afws egL gsf/fTds?kn]pNn]v u/]sf] 5. kl/of]hgfcGt{ut ;fdflhs ;'wf/ sfo{qmd (SUP) dfg;d]6]sf], pgLx?sf] cfjfh g;'lgPsf], af6f], ;8s agfp“bf u'dfPsf] hdLgsf]Ifltk"l{t{df lje]b ul/Psf] 5. ;fd"lxs cfjfh ;'Gg] ;+oGqlagf g} PlzofnLljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf kl/of]hgf xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf]n] eljiodf o;n]Toxf“sf cflbjf;Lsf] ljNnLaf7 kfg]{ lglZrt 5.

21

cu|Ld c;/ d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL cWoogx? pkof]uL ;+oGqx? x'g\. To:tfcWoogaf6 cfPsf lgrf]8x?n] s'g} klg ljsf; kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;sf/fTdskl/0ffddf k'¥ofpg of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb5g\.

a|flhnsf] e]n 8f] l/e]/f If]qdf rf/j6f hnljB't of]hgfx? agfO“bf u'/fg]cflbjf;Lsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf If]qx?df c;/ kb{5. oL of]hgfx? sfof{Gjogx'g'cl3 To;n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ kfg]{ c;/x?sf ;fy} jftfj/0fLoc;/sf af/]df klg cWoog ul/g' kb{5. cWoogsf nflu jftfj/0f;DaGwLa|flhlnog k|lti7fg lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5. ;f] k|lti7fgsf]lj?4 lth'sf] hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] cg'dlt–kq k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdfePsf clgoldttfaf/] sfg"gL sfo{jfxLnfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] x'gfn] ;f]kl/of]hgfnfO{ :ylut ul/Psf] lyof].!$ o;sf cltl/Qm a|flhnsf] ;/sf/n]cflbjf;Lsf e"ldx?df lgdf{0f x'g] hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?sf] cg'udgtyf tL kl/of]hgfx?n] cflbjf;Lx?df kfg{;Sg] ;DefJo c;/x?sf]d"Nofª\sgsf nflu bz jif]{ of]hgf cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. !%

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ljsf; k|lqmofx?sf ;Gbe{df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]lgDglnlvt clwsf/x? /x]sf]]nfO{ :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

c;/ d"Nofª\sg cWoogsf] clwsf/, of] pko'Qm eP;Dd s'g} klgof]hgfa4 sfo{qmdx? nfu" ug'{cl3 ul/g' kb{5.

s:tf] lsl;dsf] ljsf; rflxG5, ;f] af/]df lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,;fy} Tof] s;/L tyf s'g ultdf nfu" ul/g' kb{5, ;f] af/]df lg0f{oug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g'kb{5.

;xeflutfsf] clwsf/, of] :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf If]qLo :t/sf] ;fGble{sof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf ;a} r/0fx?df ;xeflu x'g kfpg] clwsf/xf].

cfkm\gf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{kfpg] clwsf/, ;fy} cfkm\g} ;+:yfx? tyf sfo{qmdx? ljsf; ug{kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;|f]tx? pknAw u/fP/;xhLs/0f ug'{kb{5.

wf/f &=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjg,cf:yf, ;+:yfx? tyf cfWoflTds ;d[l4Pj+ pgLx?n] a;f]jf; ug]{ jf k|of]uug]{ e"ldnfO{ c;/ ug]{ ljsf;sfk|lqmofx?sf af/]df cfkm\gf]k|fyldstfx?sf] lg0f{o ug]{ tyf ;DejeP;Dd cfkm\gf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts ljsf;dfly lgoGq0f /fVg]clwsf/ x'g]5. o;sf ;fy} pgLx?cfkm"nfO{ k|ToIf c;/ ug{;Sg]/fli6«o tyf If]qLo ljsf;sf nfluagfOg] of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?sf]lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf d"Nofª\sgdf;xefuL x'g]5g\.

wf/f &=#;/sf/åf/f ;DalGwt ;d"xx?sfnflu ul/g] of]hgfa4 ljsf;ultljlwx?sf ;fdflhs,cfWoflTds, ;f+:s[lts tyfjftfj/0fLo c;/x?sf]d"Nofª\sgsf nflu cfjZoscWoogx? ul/“bf tL ;d"xx?sf];xof]udf ul/g] s'/fnfO{;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5. cWoogsflgrf]8x?nfO{ To:tf ljsf;ultljlwx? nfu" ul/“bf cfwf/e"t dfkb08sf] ?kdf lng'kb{5.

ljsf;

!$ ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1996, p. 268; and ibid.,1998, p. 318.

!% ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations, Geneva, 1999, p. 440.

22

k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx?

clwsf+z cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjgdf pgLx?sf k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx?n]s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5. tL k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx? cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf];+:s[lt / klxrfgsf] lgldQ cljefHo /x]sf 5g\. ltgLx? cGo /fli6«o;d'bfox?sf] k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx?eGbf km/s 5g\. o:tf k':tf}+b]lv x:tfGt/0fePsf k|yf / k/Dk/fx?df lkt[k"hf, wfld{s jf cfWoflTds sfo{qmdx?,df}lvs k/Dk/f tyf /Lltl/jfhx? kb{5g\. sltko /Lltl/jfhx?df k|fs[ltsb]jLb]jtfx?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf j:t'x? r9fOG5. oL /Lltl/jfhx?k|s[lt;“usf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nlfu ul/G5g\.!^

sDaf]l8ofsf] pQ/–k"jL{ If]qdf ePsf] jgh+unsf] km“8fgLn] Toxf“sf kxf8L6«fOanx?sf] hLjg lgjf{xsf cfwf/nfO{ gi6 ul//x]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy},To;n] tL 6«fOanx?sf] kljq ?v tyf :yfgx? Pj+ To;;“u ;DalGwtpgLx?sf /Lltl/jfh / ljZjf;x?nfO{ klg ljgfz ul//x]sf] 5. o;n] tL6«fOanx? tyf jgh+unaLr c;Gt'ng NofOlbPsf] 5. !&

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf k/Dk/fut ;+uLt tyf g[Tox? klg pgLx?sf5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf dxTjk"0f{ cleJolQmx? x'g\. o;sf cnfjfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf efiffx? df}lvs tyf lnlvt b'j} ?kdf cGo/fli6«o ;d'bfox?eGbf k|foh;f] km/s x'G5g\. sltko oL efiffx? df}lvsOltxf; tyf k/Dk/fx?nfO{ hLljt /fVg] ckl/xfo{ dfWodsf ?kdf /x]sf5g\. tL efiffx? cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] d"n tyf klxrfgsf nflucfwf/e"t tTjx? x'g\. Sofg8fsf] df]x\jfs cflbjf;L ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwsf]zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] M

‘‘olb tkfO{ df]x\jfs cflbjf;L ;d"xsf] e"–efudf cfpg' x'G5, / ;f] l;dfgfleqs;}n] klg df]x\jfs efiff af]Nb}gg\ eg] s;/L xfdL Tof] e"–efunfO{ df]x\jfse"–efu jf e"ld xf] eg]/ eGg ;Sb5f}+<’’ !*

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] 5'§} ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fx?sf] b]Vg ;lsg]cleJoltmsf] ?kdf pgLx?sf] e]ife"iffnfO{ lng ;lsG5, h'g cGo /fli6«o;d'bfox?eGbf k|foh;f] km/s x'G5, / h;nfO{ pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf]pkof]u u/]/ tof/ ul/G5. pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf OlGj6 cflbjf;Ln] k|of]u ug]{zLnsf] 5fnf, ;fdL cflbjf;Ln] k|of]u ug]{ xl/0f -/]gl8o/_ sf] 5fnf tyfe'Tnf / af]lnleof, nfcf] tyf yfOn}08sf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k|of]uug]{ 3/a'gf sk8f /x]sf 5g\.

k|yf tyfk/Dk/fx?

wf/f @=@-v_ ;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf];fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[ltsklxrfg Pj+ pgLx?sf] k|yf,k/Dk/f tyf ;+:yfx?sf] ;Ddfgub}{ pgLx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{styf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x?sf]k"0f{ k|flKtnfO{ k|j¢{g ug]{

!^ UN. Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous Peoples andtheir Relationship to Land. Preliminary working paper by Mrs. Erica-Irene Daes, Special Rapporteur. E/CN. 4/Sub. 2/1997/17. Geneva, 1997,pp. 3-6.

!& UNDP. Highland Peoples Programme. Background Document RAS/93/13. 1997, pp. 15-18.

!* Infoe-Magazine No. 11. 1996, p. 38.

cflbjf;Lx?sf] k|yf k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/thLjg k4lt M yf? dlxnfnfO{ df5f lbP/wfg ln+b} af]6] dlxnf

23

cfdf–a'af u'dfPsf u}/cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx?sf nflu lgdf{0f ul/Psf/fHoåf/f ;~rflnt cgfyfnox? slxn]sflx“ cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx?sf]x]/rfx ug{] ‘k|efjsf/L’ dfWodsf] ?kdf dflgG5g\. tyflk, cflbjf;L÷hghfltefiff / k/Dk/fx? l;Sg gkfO{ k/Dk/fut ;d'bfox?af6 6f9f cgfyfnodfx'ls{g' kbf{ oL afnaflnsfx?sf] ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] Iflt x'g ;Sb5.

ci6«]lnofdf sl/a &) xhf/b]lv ! nfv cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx?nfO{pgLx?sf] kl/jf/af6 hah{:tL cnUofP/ u}/cflbjf;L kl/jf/x?dfgf]s/sf] ?kdf a:g afWo kfl/Psf] lyof]. oL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ‘rf]l/Psfafnaflnsf’ x?sf] ?kdf lrlgG5. o;/L ltgLx?sf kl/jf/x?af6cnUofOPsf cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx?sf ljleGg k':tfx?n] clxn] klgTo;sf] uDeL/ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, dgf]j}1flgs tyf efjgfTds c;/x?ef]lu/x]sf 5g\.

‘‘cflbjf;L afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] kl/jf/af6 hah{:tLcnUofOg] gLltx?sf] Pp6f k|d'v kl/0ffd pgLx?sf] ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwx?sf]ljgfz lyof]. oL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] ;+:s[lt, efiff, e"ld tyfklxrfgaf6 cnUofOPsf] lyof]. o;sf] p2]Zo k/Dk/fut sfg"g tyf;+:s[ltsf] pgLx?dflysf] ks8 tyf To;n] pgLx?sf] hLjgdf k'¥ofPsf]of]ubfgnfO{ sdhf]/ agfP/ To;nfO{ gi6 ul/lbg' lyof].’’ !(

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ;/sf/x?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k|yf tyfk/Dk/fx?nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if pkfox? cjnDag ug]{5g\ eg]/ pNn]vu/]sf] 5. of] o; wtL{sf] ;DkGg ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ an k'¥ofpg xf].

Kf|:tfjgfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ;f+:s[ltsljljwtf Pj+ dfgj hfltsf];fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo;Gt'ngsf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]utyf ;dembf/Ldf k'¥ofPsf] cfkm\gf]5'§} lsl;dsf] of]ubfgx?nfO{ljrf/ ub}{ -====_

wf/f $=!;DalGwt ;d"xsf JolQmx?,;+:yfx?, ;DklQ, >d, ;+:s[lt /jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fsf nflupko'Qm ljz]if pkfox?ckgfOg]5.

k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx?

!( Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Bringing themhome. Report of the National Inquiry into the Seperation ofAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families.Sydney, 1997, p. 202.

k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltdf /Db} s'n]vfgLsf tfdfªx?

24

k|yfhlgt sfg"g

k|yfhlgt sfg"gwf/f *=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?df /fli6«osfg"g tyf lgodfjnLx? nfu"ubf{ pgLx?sf] k/Dk/f jfk/Dk/fut sfg"gx?nfO{ plrtWofg lbOg]5.

wf/f *=@;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ /fli6«osfg"gL k4ltn] dfGotf lbPsfcfwf/e"t clwsf/x? tyfcGt/f{li6«o?kdf dfGotf k|fKtdfgjclwsf/x?;“u d]nvfg]u/L cfkm\gf] k/Dk/f tyf;+:yfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]clwsf/ x'g]5. of] l;4fGtnfO{nfu" ubf{ pTkGg x'g;Sg]åGåx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflucfjZos ePsf] cj:yfdfpko'Qm k|fjwfgx?sf] lgdf{0ful/g]5.

clwsf+z cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f tyf Jojxf/x? x'G5g\.oL k/Dk/f tyf Jojxf/x? g} pgLx?sf k|yfhlgt sfg"g x'g\. oL sfg"gx?jiff}{+b]lv ljsl;t ePsf x'g\, / oL sfg"gx?n] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;fdflhs;';DaGWf sfod /fVg ;3fPsf 5g\.

oL k/Dk/f tyf Jojxf/x?nfO{ nfu" ug{ clwsf+z cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]Goflos tyf k|zf;lgs lgsfo jf kl/ifb\h:tf cfkm\g} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?/x]sf x'G5g\. oL lgsfocGtu{t k|yfhlgt sfg"gx?nfO{ ;a}n] dfg"g\ eg]/;'lglZrt ug{ cfkm\g} lgod tyf lgodfjnLx? /x]sf 5g\. oL lgod tyflgodfjnLx?nfO{ kfngf gul/Pdf k|foh;f] ;hfo klg lbOG5, / k|To]spNn+3gsf] cfkm\g} k|sf/sf] ;hfo klg x'G5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f tyf k|yfhlgtsfg"g k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5. dxf;lGwn] /fli6«osfg"gx? nfu" ubf{ oL k/Dk/f tyf k/Dk/fut sfg"gx?nfO{ Wofg lbOg'kb{5 eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5.

of] k|fjwfgnfO{ d]lS;sf]df /fli6«o sfg"gdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. pbfx/0fsfnflu, d]lS;sf]sf] ;+3Lo kmf}hbf/L sfg"gcGtu{t cflbjf;Lx? ;+nUg ePsfcbfntL d'2fx?df pgLx?sf] k|yf tyf k/Dk/fx?nfO{ Wofg lbOg' kg]{k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5.@)

lkmlnlkG;df cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?nfO{ cflbjf;Lx?sf]clwsf/;DaGwL P]g !((& sf] kl/R5]b $, efu !#–@) df dfGotf lbOPsf] 5.

‘‘o;cGtu{t /fli6«o sfg"g tyf cGt/f{li6«o?kdf dfGotf k|fKtdfgjclwsf/x?;“u ldNbf] eP;Dd cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf]Goflos k4lt, åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?, zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmofx?sf;fy} cfkm\gf] cGo k/Dk/fut sfg"g tyf Jojxf/x?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ kfpg]clwsf/ ;+nUg 5.’’ @!

/fli6«o sfg"g tyf Jojxf/x?df cflbjf;Lsf k/Dk/f tyf k|yfhlgtsfg"gx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ a9\bf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;g\ !((&clk|n !–% df af]lnleofsf] ;'s/df ‘Gofosf] sfof{Gjog tyf cflbjf;Lx?’ljifos cGt/f{li6«o uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof]. ;f] uf]i7Ldf !#b]zsf GofofwLzx?n] efu lnPsf lyP. uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?n] ;+j}wflgs;'Wff/, gof“ sfg"g tyf dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] ;Gbe{leq /x]/ cflbjf;Lx?;“u;DalGwt sfg"gL k|lqmofx?sf af/]df cfkm\gf cg'ejx? cfbfgk|bfg u/]sflyP. of] To; b]zsf] Oltxf;df GofofwLz tyf cflbjf;Lsf k|ltlglwx?n]sfg"gL ljifox?df ;“u} a;]/ 5nkmn ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] klxnf] k6s xf].o:tf uf]i7Lx? Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf cGo b]zx?df klg cfof]hgf ug]{of]hgf agfOPsf] 5.

wf/f (=!/fli6«o sfg"gL k4lt tyfcGt/f{li6«o?kdf dfGotf k|fKtdfgjclwsf/x?;“u ldNbf] ePsf]cj:yf;Dd ;DalGwt ;d"xn]cfkm\gf] ;b:on] ug]{ s'g}ck/fwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ckgfpg]pgLx?sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/futljlwx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/g]5.

@) See Mexican Constitution (1991) art. 4 (b), section 52, referred to inILO: Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations Geneva. 1995, p. 398.

@! The IPRA is also known as Republic Act (RA) 8371. See IWGIA: TheIndigenous World 1997-1998. Copenhagen, 1998, p. 194.

25

k|yfhlgt sfg"g

wf/f (=@oL ;d"xx?n] kmf}hbf/L d'2fx?sf]ljifodf ckgfpg] cfkm\gf k|yfx?nfO{To:tf d'2fx? x]g]{ clwsf/L tyfcbfntx?n] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg]5g\.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ;fdgf ug]{ Pp6f ;d:of h]n ;hfo xf]. of] k|foh;f]kL8fbfoL x'G5. sltko cflbjf;Lx? s}bd} dg]{ ub{5g\. ci6«]lnofdf ;g\!(*) b]lv ;g\ !((& sf] cjlwdf sDtLdf @@) cflbjf;Lx?sf] lx/f;tdfd[To' ePsf] lyof]. oBlk, cflbjf;Lx? ci6«]lnofsf] jois hg;+Vofsf] !=$k|ltzt dfq 5g\, pgLx?sf] d[To'sf] cg'kft lx/f;tdf x'g] ;a} d[To'x?sf]cg'kftdf @% k|ltzteGbf a9L lyof]. o;sf sf/0fx?df sf/fuf/sf] v/facj:yf, :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofx? tyf cfTdxTof lyP.@@

o;n] GofofwLz, c8\8f cbfnt tyf /fli6«o k|zf;sx?n] cflbjf;L jf6«fOan ;d"xsf cleo'Qm;“u Jojxf/ ug{ ;hfosf j}slNks :j?kx?vf]Hg k|of; ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ k|i6\ofp“b5.

u|LgNof08sf] kmf}Hfbf/L sfg"g OlGj6 cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?dfcfwfl/t 5. of] cfkm\g} lsl;dsf] 5. lsgls, of] ;hfosf] cjwf/0ffdfcfwfl/t geP/ k'g:yf{kgfsf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5. Toxf“ s'g} sf/fuf/x?5}gg\, / bf]ifLx?nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kgf ug{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] ;fdflhssfd ug{ nufOG5. @#

sltko cj:yfdf cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx? /fli6«o sfg"g jf /fli6«osfg"gL k4ltsf af/]df hfgsf/ x“'b}gg\. pgLx?n] c8\8f cbfnt, ;'g'jfO{jf cGo Goflos lgsfox? cfkm"n] a'em\g g;Sg] kfpg ;Sb5g\. clwsf+zcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] sfg"gL k|lqmofdf k|of]u x'g] ;/sf/L efiff af]Ng jfk9\g hfGb}gg\. o;n] pgLx?sf nflu sfg"gL k|lqmof;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ cg'ejnfO{emg} hl6n agfOlbG5.

of] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ dxf;lGw g+ !^( n] cfjZos eP;Ddcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ c8\8f cbfnt, d'2f jf cGo sfg"gL k|lqmofx?dfcg'jfbsf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5. of] pgLx?n]sfg"gL k|lqmofx?df s] eO/x]sf] 5, Tof] a'em\g ;s'g\ ;fy} pgLx?n] cfkm\gf s'/fklg c?nfO{ a'emfpg ;s'g\ eg]/ ;'lgZrt ug{sf] nflu xf].

d]S;Lsf]df, tL ;a} d'2fx?, h:fdf jfbL, k|ltjfbL, ;fIfL jf ljz]if1n] c8\8fcbfntsf] sfdsfo{jfxLsf] efiff :k]gL; efiff kof{Kt dfqfdf a'em\g g;s]sf]cj:yfdf To:tf d'2fx?df Pp6f cg'jfbs pknAw u/fpg' kb{5.@$

gj]{sf ;fdL cflbjf;Lx? o; ljifodf cem Ps kfOnf cufl8 /x]sf 5g\.h'g If]qdf pgLx?sf] afx'Notf 5, h:t} gj]{sf] lkmgdfs{ If]q, Toxf“ ;fdLefiff gj]{nL efiffsf ;fy} ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] /fli6«o efiffsf] ?kdf /x]sf]5. To;}n] s'g} Ps ;fdL cflbjf;LnfO{ s'g} cleof]u nufOPdf p;n]rfx]df cfkm\g} ;fdL efiffdf af]Ng ;Sb5. To:tf] cj:yfdf p:fnfO{ geP/GofofwLznfO{ cg'jfbssf] cfjZostf x'g ;Sb5. @%

wf/f !)=!oL ;d"xx?sf ;b:osf nflu ;fdfGosfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;hfo tf]SbfpgLx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx?nfO{ WofglbOg]5.

wf/f !)=@sf/fuf/ jf h]n ;hfoafx]ssfcGo ;hfosf pkfox?nfO{k|fyldstf lbOg]5.

wf/f !@;DalGwt ;d"xnfO{ pgLx?sf]clwsf/x?sf] xgg x'gaf6 ;+/lIftul/g]5, / tL ;d"xn] JolQmut?kdfjf cfkm\gf k|ltlglwd"ns;+:yfx?sf dfkm{t\ cfkm\gfclwsf/x?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflusfg"gL k|lqmofx? ckgfpg;Sg]5g\. oL ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n]sfg"gL k|lqmofx?nfO{ a'em\g ;s'g\, /cfkm"nfO{ a'emfpg ;s'g\ eg]/;'lglZrt ug{ pkfox? ckgfOg]5.o;sf nflu cfjZos ePdfcg'jfbsf] Aoj:yf jf cGo s'g}k|efjsf/L dfWod ckgfOg]5.

@@ Amnesty International. Australia. Deaths in custody: how manymore?AI Index : ASA 12/04/97, Distr: SC/CO/GR. London, 1997, pp. 1-7.

@# Greenland Criminal Code, March 1954@$ Mexican Federal Code of Penal Procedure, Mexican Constutition

(1991) art. 4 (b), sections 103, 104, 105, 128 and 220.@% x]g'{xf];\ Sameloven (Saami Act) of 12 June 1987, Act No. 56, art.3-4.

26

e"ldsf] cjwf/0ff

e"ldsf] cjwf/0ffwf/f !#=!dxf;lGwsf] o; efusfk|fjwfgx?nfO{ nfu" ubf{;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf];+:s[lt Pj+ cfWoflTds d"NodfGotfsf nflu ljz]if dxTj/fVg] pgLx?n] a;f]jf; u/]sf]jf cGo lsl;dn] k|of]u u/]sf]e"ld jf e"–efu jf b'j};“usf];DaGwnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ kb{5.o;/L ;Ddfg ubf{ o;;DaGwsf] ;fd"lxs kIfnfO{ljz]if u/]/ ;Ddfg ul/g' kb{5.

clwsf+z cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx?sf] k':tf}+b]lv a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] e"ld;“uljz]if ;DaGw x'G5.

sltko cj:yfdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf df}lvsOltxf;x? e"ld;“u hf]l8Psf x'G5g\. o;sf] kljq cfWoflTds dxTj /x]sf]x'G5.

pQ/ cd]l/sfsf s]xL kj{tx? cflbjf;Lx?sf nflu kljq 5g\. h:t},dfpG6 u|fxd PkfRf], lju dfpG6]g l8g]x, ANofs lxN; Nofsf]6f / ljo/a§ blIf0fL r]o]g cflbjf;Lsf nflu OToflb. slxn]sflx“ vf]nf tyf gbLx?cflbjf;Lsf nflu kljq x'G5g\, h:t} lkmhLdf jf sf]nlDaofdf k]Ohcflbjf;Lsf nflu. To:t} slxn]sflx“ ?vx? cflbjf;Lsf nflu kljqx'G5g\, h:t} klZrd clk|msfsf 8f]uf]g tyf afDaf/f cflbjf;Lsf nflu.@^

e"ldsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|foh;f] cflbjf;Lx?n] k|of]u ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ e"–efunfO{;d]6\b5. o;n] jgh+un, vf]nf tyf gbLx?, kxf8 kj{tx? tyf ;d'b| Pj+hdLgsf] ;tx ;fy} ;txd'lgsf] e"–efunfO{ klg ;d]6\b5.

e"ldn] w]/}h;f] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+:s[lt tyf hLjgdf d'Vo e"ldsflgjf{x ub{5. e"ld cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] af“Rg] cfly{s cfwf/ tyfpgLx?sf] cfWoflTds ;+j[l4 Pj+ ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf] cfwf/ xf]. o;sf/0flkt[e"ldsf] u'dfOn] pgLx?sf] ;d'bfo tyf hftLo ;d"xsf] cl:tTjnfO{ g}vt/fdf kfl/lbG5.

‘‘sf]nlDaofdf pjf cflbjf;Lx?n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] bf]xgaf6 cfkm\gf]e"ldx? ckljq tyf gi6 ePsf] x]g'{eGbf ;fd"lxs cfTdxTof ug]{ ub{5g\.xfn} Pp6f ax'/fli6«o k]6«f]n sDkgLnfO{ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] vf]hL ug{;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df pjf cflbjf;Lx?n] dxf;lGw g+=!^( tyf sf]nlDaofsf] ;+ljwfg -!((!_ nfO{ pNn]v u/]/ sf]nlDaofsf];+j}wflgs cbfntdf lgj]bg lbPsf 5g\.’’@&

@^ Brosse, J. "The Sacred Tree". In : UNESCO Courier, No. XLII, Jan.Paris. 1989. Rappaport, J. Territory and Tradition. The Ethnohistoryof the Paez of Tierradentro, Colombia. Ph. D. Dissertation. Urbana,Illinois. 1982, pp. 316-329.UNDP. Highland Peoples Programme. Background Document RAS/93/103. Geneva, 1997, p.16. Seithel, F. Zur Geschichte der ActionAnthropology am Beispiel ausgewaehlter Projekte aus den USAund Kanada. Mainz. 1986, p. 232. Coyote 3/96, Muenchen. p. 39.

@& IWGIA. Indigenous Affairs, No.1, Jan-Feb-March 1998. Copenhagen,p. 56.

27

‘‘xfdLn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cl:tTj tyf pgLx?sf] ;a} cf:yf, k|yf,k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltx?sf] nflu pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] e"ld;“usf] ulx/f] cfWoflTdsljz]if ;DaGwsf jf/]df hfgsf/ x'g tyf To;nfO{ a'em\g ckl/xfo{ 5. ===oLcflbjf:fL÷hghfltx?sf nflu e"ld :jfldTj tyf pTkfbgsf] dfWod dfqxf]Og.=== pgLx?sf] e"ld Pp6f j:t' dfq xf]Og, h;nfO{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5.cflbjf:fL÷hghfltx?sf nflu e"ld :jtGqtfk"j{s pkef]u ug{ ;lsg]ef}lts tTj xf].’’@*

s/]g cflbjf;Lx?n] 3'DtL s[lif k4lt cg';f/ s]xL jif{x?sf nflu cfkm\gf]hdLgnfO{ af“emf] /fVg] ePsfn] To;n] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] j[l4df ;3fpk'¥ofp“b5. dfgjLo ;DaGwx?sf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf e"ld;“u cToGt}ghLssf] ;DaGw x'G5. ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?aLrsf] ;DaGwn] ;d'bfosf]s[lif pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ u/]sf] dflgG5. s/]g cflbjf;Lx?n]b]jLb]jtfx?n] s'g} klg ;f+:s[lts sfg"gx?sf] pNn+3gnfO{ ;hfo lbG5g\eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g\. o;sf] c;/ df}lb|s ;DklQsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s'g}klg rLh tyf ;'/Iffdf kb{5. To;}n] cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{b]jLb]jtfx?df cf:yf tyf ltgLx?k|ltsf] 8/n] s/]g ;d'bfosf ultljlwx?sf;fy} ;d'bfosf] e"ld tyf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lgb]{lzttyf lgoGq0f ub{5.@(

dxf;lGw g+ !^( n] e"ldsf] cjwf/0ffcGt{ut JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs b'j}kIfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5. e"ldsf] cjwf/0ffn] s'g} Pp6f ;d'bfo jf hftLo;d"xn] pkef]u ug]{ tyf To;nfO{ x]/rfx ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ e"ldnfO{ ;d]6\b5.o;n] JolQmut?kdf k|of]u ul/g] jf JolQmut :jfldTj ePsf] e"ld h:t}3/ jf jf;:yfgnfO{ klg ;d]6\b5.

e"ld ljleGg ;d'bfox? jf ljleGg hftLo ;d"xx?aLr ;+o'Qm?kdf pkef]uklg ug{ ;lsG5. o;sf] cy{ s'g} lglZrt 7fp“df a;f]jf; ug]{ s'g} Pp6f;d'bfo jf hftLo ;d"xn] cGo 7fp“sf] e"lddfly kx'‘r :yflkt ug{ kfp“b5g\,jf To; 7fp“sf] e"ld pkef]u ug{ kfp“b5g\. of] vf; u/]/ r/g, lzsf/v]Ng] / ;++sng ug]{ If]qx? tyf jgh+uNfx?sf ;Gbe{df nfu" x'G5.#)

wf/f !#=@wf/f !% / !^ df k|of]u ul/Psf]zAb ‘e"ld’ n] e"–efux?sf]cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{5, o;n]oL ;d"xx?n] a;f]jf; u/]sf] jfcGo k|sf/n] k|of]u u/]sf]If]qx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0fnfO{;d]6\b5.

e"ldsf] cjwf/0ff

@* Report by Jose R. Martinez Cobo, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection ofMinorities: Study on the Problem of Discrimination AgainstIndigenous Populations. UN Document No. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.1, paras. 196 and 197.

@( Trakansuphakon, Prasert. "Adaptation and Cultural Heritage ThroughTraditional Agriculture: A Case Study of the Karen of NorthernThailand." In: Indigneous and Tribal Peoples' Economies inTransition (working title), Project for the Promotion of ILO Policy onIndigenous and Tribal Peoples, Geneva (forthcoming).

#) Roy, C. K. Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the ChittagongHill Tracts, Bangladesh. Distr. by Jumma Peoples Network in Europe(JUPNET). 1996, pp. 26-28.

28

e"ldsf] clwsf/

e"ldsf] clwsf/dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sfIf]qx?dfly pgLx?sf] clwsf/ x'G5 eg]/ :ki6 pNn]v u/]sf] 5.

‘cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf e"ldx?’ s]x'g<of] To:tf e"ldx? x'g\, hxf“ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ljutb]lv a;f]jf;ul//x]sf 5g\, / pgLx?n] cfkm\gf k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?cg'?k pkef]utyf Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf 5g\. of] pgLx?sf] lkt[x?sf] e"ld xf]. /, of]To:tf] e"ld xf], h;nfO{ pgLx?n] cfkm\gf efjL k':tfx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{cfzf lnPsf 5g\. o;cGtu{t s'g} cj:yfdf To:tf e"ldx? klg kb{5g\,h;nfO{ pgLx?n] xfn}df u'dfPsf klg x'g ;Sb5g\.

pbfx/0fsf nflu ci6«]lnofdf cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"lddflysf] k/Dk/futclwsf/nfO{ ;g\ !((@ h"g # sf] ci6«]lnofsf] pRr Gofofnosf] dfaf]d'2fsf] lg0f{o -g+= @_ cGtu{t ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] c+usf] ?kdf dfGotflbOPsf] lyof]. Gofofnon] lgDglnlvt cj:yfdf e"lddflysf] k/Dk/futclwsf/n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] M

‘‘cflbjf;L tyf 6f]/] :6«]6 cfOn]08/sf hftLo ;d"xx?, h;n]o'/f]k]nL a;f]jf; z'? ePsf jif{x?df klg cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fute"lddflysf] ;DaGwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf, /

hxf“ pgLx?sf] e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/ ;fd|fHojfbL,cf}klgj]lzs, /fHo, If]qLo jf sdgj]Ny ;/sf/x?sf] j}wsfg"gx?åf/f cGTo ul/Psf] 5}g.’’#!

dfaf] lg0f{osf] ;Gbe{df ;g\ !((# df e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut P]g kfl/tul/of]. of] ;g\ !(($ sf] hgj/L ! df sfg"gsf] ?kdf cfof]. o;n]e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbG5, / ;+/If0f ub{5. o;cGtu{t e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/sf] bfjLsf ;DaGwdf cGo;/f]sf/jfnfx?, h:t} ufO{j:t' r/fpg] ;d"xx?, s[ifs tyf vfgLdf sfdug]{ ;d"xx?;“u 5nkmn tyf ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/ kb{5. ci6«]lnofsf]pRRf Gofofnosf] ;g\ !((^ h"gsf] ‘jLs’ lg0f{on] r/gsf] nflu ef8fdflbOPsf clwsf/ tyf e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/ b'j} ;“u} cl:tTjdf/xg;Sg] dfGotfnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. ;g\ !((* sf] e"lddflysf] k/Dk/futclwsf/nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g h'g ;g\ !((* ;]K6]Da/ #) dfsfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] lyof], To;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"lddflysf] clwsf/nfO{Jofks?kdf s6f}lt ul/lbPsf] 5.ÚÚ#@

wf/f !$=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] cfkm"n]k/Dk/fut?kn] a;f]jf; ul//x]sf]e"lddflysf] clwsf/ tyf:jfldTjnfO{ dfGotf lbOg]5.o;sf cnfjf oL ;d"xx?n] cfkm}+n]k"0f{?kdf a;f]jf; gu/]sf] t/pgLx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf cfkm\gf]hLjg lgjf{x tyf k/Dk/futultljlwsf nflu kx'“r kfPsf]e"ldsf] k|of]usf] clwsf/nfO{;+/If0f ug{ klg pko'Qmcj:yfx?df pkfox? cjnDagul/g]5. o;f] ubf{ 3'dGt] ;d"x tyf3'dGt] v]tL ug]{ ;d"xx?sf]cj:yfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5.

31 Commonwealth of Australia. Mabo. The High Court Decision onNative Title. Discussion Paper June 1993. Canberra. 1993, p. 1.

#@ See ATSIC. The Wik Decision and the Future of Native Title Rightsin Australia. Paper prepared by the Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander Commission (ATSIC) for the 15th Session of the UN WorkingGroup on Indigenous Populations, Geneva, 1997. Progrom, No. 201,1998, pp.18-22.

wf/f !&=!oL ;d"xx?n] cfkm\gf;b:ox?aLr x'g] e"ldsf]clwsf/sf] x:tfGt/0fsfnflu ckgfpg]k|lqmofx?nfO{ ;Ddfgul/g]5.

29

e"ldsf] clwsf/

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf a;f]jf; ul//x]sf e"lddflysf]clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ tL e"ldx? s'g rflx“ x'g\ Tof] yfxf x'g cfjZos5. To;}n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] e"ldsf] klxrfg ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5.of] sfd clxn] af]lnleof, a|flhn, sf]nlDaof, OSj]8/ tyf kf/fUj]nufotcGo b]zx?df klg hf/L 5.

pbfx/0fsf nflu a|flhnn] ;g\ !((^ sf] hgj/Ldf cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"ldnfO{lgSof}{n ug{ k|zf;lgs k|lqmofx?;DaGwL sfg"g g+= !&&% nfO{ kfl/tu/]sf] lyof]. o;cGtu{t clxn];Dd lgodg gul/Psf cflbjf;Lx?sf]e"ldsf] lgSof}{n ug{ lnOg] lg0f{ox?lj?4 k'g/fj]bgsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;dfj]zul/Psf] lyof]. o;cGtu{t #$ j6f If]qx?dWo] @^ j6f If]qx?cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu ;Ldfª\sg ul/Psf] 5.##

s'g} cj:yfx?df e"lddflysf] bfjLx?n] ;d:ofnfO{ lgDTofpg ;Sb5. of]cGo cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?;“u x'g ;Sb5 jf aflx/af6 cfP/ a;f]jf; ug]{JolQmx?;“u jf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;“u x'g ;Sb5.

a|flhns} pbfx/0fnfO{ k'gM x]g]{ xf] eg] /fkf];f 8f] ;f]n If]qsf] ;Ldfª\sg ug]{sfo{n] ljjfbnfO{ lgDTofpg k'u]sf] lyof]. cflbjf;L ;d"xx?n] dGqL:t/Lolg0f{o g+= *) nfO{ lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\. o;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/futIf]qnfO{ sl/a $ nfv $* xhf/ la3fn] 36fOlbPsf] 5. o;sf cnfjfcflbjf;Lx?sf] If]qdf u}/cflbjf;Lx?sf] kx'“rnfO{ ;Dej agfpgsf ;fy}cflbjf;Lx?sf @) eGbf a9L ufp“x?nfO{ ;Ldfª\sgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]5}g.#$

lkmlnlkG;df ;g\ !((& sf] cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/;DaGwL P]g Toxf“ePsf] cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;zQm cfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ff:j?k cfPsf] lyof].tyflk, cflbjf;Lx?n] a;f]jf; ug]{ If]qdf sfo{/t vfgL pBf]u;“u ;DalGwtsDkgLx?nufotsf k}/jL ug]{ ;d"xx?sf] ;lqmotfn] ubf{ ;f] P]gsf]k|fjwfgx?nfO{ sdhf]/ agfO{ lbof]. plNnlvt P]gn] cflbjf;Lx?sf] lkt[e"ldtyf If]qx?dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5. oBlk, cflbjf;Lx?n]oL e"ldx?dfly /fHosf] cu|Ld clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg'kb{5. cflbjf;Lx?n]cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut e"ldx?dflysf] clwsf/sf af/]df dfGotf kfPtfklg/fHon] tL e"ldnfO{ cflbjf;Lx?sf] Jofks ‘/fli6«o lxt’ df k|of]u ug]{clwsf/ cfkm};“u /fVg] ub{5.#%

wf/f !$=@;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xn]k/Dk/fut?kdf a;f]jf; u/]sf]e"ldx?sf] klxrfgsf] ;fy} tLe"ldx?dfly pgLx?sf]:jfldTjsf] k|efjsf/Lk|Tofe"ltnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{cfjZos sbdx? rfNg]5.

## ILO: Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations, Geneva. 1997, p. 302; and ibid.1998, pp. 316-317.

#$ Ibid.#% Degawan, Hermina, "Small-Scale Gold Mining as a Traditional

Occupation in the Cordillera, Phillipines." In: Indigenous and TribalPeoples' Economies in Transition (working title), Project to PromoteILO Policy on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Geneva (forthcoming).

wf/f !$=#;DalGwt ;d"xn] ug]{ e"lddflysf]bfjLnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fli6«osfg"gL k4ltcGtu{t kof{Ktk|lqmofx?sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5.

e"ld tyf k|fs'lts ;|f]tdfly /fhLsf]clwsf/ /x]sf] b:tfj]h b]vfp“b} s}nfnLh/}sf /fhL

30

e"ldsf] clwsf/

wf/f !&=#oL ;d"xeGbf aflx/sfJolQmx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] k/Dk/f jfpgLx?sf] sfg"gL hfgsf/Lsf]cefjsf] kmfObf p7fP/ pgLx?sf]e"ld cfkm\gf] :jfldTj jf k|of]udfkfg{af6 /f]s nufOg]5.

e"lddflysf] ljjfbx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm k|lqmof tyf ;+oGqx? /x]sf5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5.

a+unfb]zsf] lr6u+u kxf8L If]qx?df 6«fOanx? tyf ;dy/ e"–efux?af6cfP/ 6«fOanx?sf] k/Dk/fut e"ldx?df a;f]jf; ul//x]sf ;d"xx?aLre"lddflysf] clwsf/af/] åGå /x]sf] 5. o;n] oL e"ldx?dflysf] jf:tljs:jfldTjjfnfx?nfO{ lj:yfkg ul/lbPsf] 5. ;g\ !((& l8;]Da/ @ dfa+unfb]zsf] ;/sf/ / hgPstf kf6L{aLr ePsf] zflGt ;Demf}tfn] oLbfjLx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6«o e"ld cfof]usf] :yfkgfdf hf]8 lbPsf]5.#^ ;f] cfof]u ;g\ @))) sf] km]a|'j/L;Dd :yfkgf ePsf] lyPg.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjgdf e"ldn] v]Ng] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfnfO{ dfGotflb“b} dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] pgLx?sf] e"ld;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ljz]if pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. o;df lgDg tTjx?;dfj]z 5g\ M

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] e"ld;“usf] ljz]if ;DaGwnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{

e"lddflysf] k/Dk/fut, JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs :jfldTjnfO{ dfGotflbOg'kg]{

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut If]qx?nfO{ klxrfg ug'{kg]{cfjZostf

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut e"ldx?nfO{ lgDg sfo{x?af6;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5

s_ cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/fut If]qx?df ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx?sf]cg'dltlagf cfkm\gf] JolQmut kmfObfsf nflu k|j]z ug]{ sfo{,pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf a|flhndf ofgf]dfdL cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"–efudfbtf{ gePsf ;'g vfgL ;+rfng ug]{x?sf] k|j]z.#&

v_ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] e"ldnfO{ hfnem]n jf cGo j]OdfgLk"0f{tl/sfx? ckgfO aflx/af6 cfPsfx?n] x8Kg] k|of; u/]df.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfkm\gf]] k/Dk/fcg'?kcfkm\gf] e"ld Ps k':tfb]lv csf]{ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf]pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.

#^ ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1998 p. 313. See alsoIWGIA. Indigenous Affairs, No. 1, 1998, p. 50.

#& ILO Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1995, p. 288 ; andibid., 1996, p. 267 ; and ibid.,1998, p. 316.

wf/f !*;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] e"lddfly x'g]lagfcg'dlt k|j]z, cltqmd0f jfk|of]unfO{ /f]Sg kof{Kt sfg"gL;hfox?sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5, /;/sf/n] To:tf ck/fwnfO{ /f]SgcfjZos pkfox? cjnDagug]{5.

31

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx? cfkmgf] k/Dk/fut 1fgk4ltx?sf sf/0fcfkm\gf] e"lddf /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] k|of]u, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fug{ ;Ifd ePsf 5g\.

w]/}h;f] b]zx?df cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx?n] a;f]jf; ug]{ If]qx? h}ljsljljwtfdf wgL /x]sf 5g\. pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf a|flhnsf] cd]hg gbLj/Lk/L /x]sf jgh+unnfO{ lng ;lsG5.

3fgfdf jftfj/0fljb\x?n] kljq jgh+unx?df b'n{e k|hfltx? kQf nuPsfs5g\. To; 7fp“df ;g\ !((% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lzIff, lj1fg tyf;f+:s[lts ;+u7gsf] kl/of]hgf z'? ul/Psf] lyof]. To;sf] p2]Zojftfj/0fljb / cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ;+o'Qm?kdf sfo{ ub}{ tLjgh+unx?sf] lj:tf/ Pj+ ;+/If0f jl/k/Lsf] If]qdf klg ug'{ /x]sf]lyof].#*

Sofg8fsf] g'gfe'6 ;Dem}ftfn] OlGj6 cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ g'gfe'6 If]qdf e"ld,hn tyf jGohGt'sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ k|bfg ub{5.o;sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efudf ;|f]tsf] ljsf;sf] c;/nfO{ d"Nofª\sgug]{ clwsf/ klg k|bfg ub{5.#(

xjfO{df Toxf“sf] ;d'b| lsgf/dflysf] ;fj{hlgs kx'‘r;DaGwL lg0f{on] xjfO{sfcflbjf;Lx?nfO{ lgDglnlvt clwsf/ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

‘‘…olb xjfO{sf cflbjf;Lx?n] s'g} If]qdf k/Dk/fb]lv g} e]nf x'g] u/]sf]jf ;f] If]q wfld{s sfo{ x?sf nflu k|of]u u/L cfPsf] b]vfpg ;s]df ;f]k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] jf vt/fdf kfg{ ;Sg]

wf/f &=$;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf];xof]udf pgLx?n] a;f]jf;ul//x]sf] e"–efusf] jftfj/0fnfO{;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug{ pkfox?cjnDag ug]{5.

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?

#* Schaaf, T. "Sacred Groves. Environmental Conservation Based onTraditional Beliefs". In: UNESCO, World Decade for CulturalDevelopment 1988-1997. Culture and Agriculture Orientation Texts,CLT/DEC/PRO-1995. Paris, 1995, p. 43.

#( Assies, W.J. & Hoekema, A.J. Indigenous Experiences with Self-Government. IWGIA Doc. 76, Copenhagen, 1994, p.181.

$) IWGIA. Indigenous Affairs. No. 1, 1998, p. 21.

cflbjf;Lx?n] Joj:yfkg u/]sf b:tvt jg;+v'jf;ef lhNnfdf lj=;= @)!# ;Dd jgh+un Joj:yfkg ug{ b:tvth+un k|0ffnL Jofks?kdf k|rlnt /x]sf] lYfof]. o; k|s[ofcGtu{tjgh+undflysf] lgoGq0f Joj:yfkg / xsef]u cflbjf;Lx?df /x]sf]lyof]. jgh+unsf] ;|f]t tyf jGohGt'sf] ;Gt'lnt kof{j/0f cg's"n /xg]u/L ;d"bfox?n] /fO{ k|0ffnLcGtu{t Joj:yfkg u/]sf lyP. o; k|0fnLdf;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ jgnfO{ ;Ldfª\sg 9'·f uf8]/ uy]{, h;nfO{ 9'·faf“Wg] elgGYof]. ;f] jgaf6 sf7kft lbgnfO{ /fO{ lhDdfjfnaf6 k"hL{ lbgkYof{]. lj?jf nufpg] ofddf ;a} ldn]/ ?v lj?jf nufpg] tyf Jojl:yt?kn]k|of]u ul/GYof]. s;}nfO{ klg jgh+unsf k}bfj/sf] cefj lyPg. ha o:tfjgnfO{ lghL jgh+un /fli6«os/0f ug]{ P]g, @)!# cg';f/ ;/sf/Ls/0ful/of], ta ;a} jg nfk/jfxL?kn] s6fg u/L ljgfz eP/ uof].

;|f]t M 8Da/ nf]xf]?ª

32

wf/f !%=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] e"lddf/x]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?dflysf]pgLx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ljz]if?kn] ;+/lIft ul/g]5.of] clwsf/ cGtu{t To:tf;|f]tx?sf] k|of]u, Joj:yfkgtyf ;+/If0fdf tL ;d"xx?sf];xefuL x'g] clwsf/ kb{5.

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] g]ef8f / Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf d?e"ldx?df kfOp6]efiff af]Ng] cflbjf;Lx? xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv al;/x]sf 5g\. pgLx?sf nflulk/fld8 tfn dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5. pgLx? ;f] tfndf df5fdfg]{ tyf hLjg lgjf{xsf cGo ultljlwx?sf nflu k/Dk/fut?kdf lge{//x]sf 5g\. ;doqmddf ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] u}/cflbjf;L s[ifsx?nfO{ ;f]7fp“df cfslif{t ug]{ of]hgfx?sf ;fy} ;f] tfnsf] jl/k/Lsf] e"ld ko{6gtyf pBf]usf nflu k|of]u ul/gfn] kfgLsf] pkof]u tyf k|b"if0fdf j[l4 x'gk'uL tfnsf] df5fsf] ;+Vofdf b|"tultdf x|f; cfof].

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ul/g] cy{tGqx?sf] cfwf/k | fs [ lts ; | f ]tx?sf ] pkef ]u tyf To;dflysf ] kx ' “r xf ] .cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cl:tTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ pgLx?;“u ;DalGwtlgDglnlvt ljifox?sf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos 5 M

!_ pgLx?sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? /@_ oL ;|f]tx?nfO{ pkef]u, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ pgLx?sf]

k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?.

lk/fld8 tfnsf] ljgfznfO{ ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lbPsf] sf/0fn] tfnsf] ljgfzx'g uof] egL kfOp6] cflbjf;Lsf] 6«fOan kl/ifb\n] ;+3Lo ;/sf/dfly d'2fxFNof]. pgLx?sf] of] bfjLk|lt GofofwLz ;xdt eO{ kfOp6]sf] tfn tyf To;;“u;DalGwt kof{j/0fnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos sbdx? rfNg GofofwLzn] ;/sf/nfO{cfb]z lbP. 6«ls gbLsf] hnfwf/df /x]sf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? / kfOp6]?aLr;do ;dodf ePsf 5nkmnsf qmddf cflbjf;Lx?sf] kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fsfsf/0f pgLx? ;f] If]qsf] ‘ljsf;’ jf ‘k|ult’ sf] g} ljkIfdf 5g\ eGg] ;f]rc?df kg{ uPsf] lyof]. 5nkmnsf] qmd rln/x]sf] ;dodf eLif0f v8]/L kg{ uof],h;n] dflg;x?nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf kof{j/0fk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k'glj{rf/ug{ afWo agfof]. 5nkmnsf] qmddf /fHo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? kof{j/0fsf];+/If0fsf nflu kfgL Joj:yfkgsf of]hgfx? nfu" ug{ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ afWoeP. ;f] sfg"gdf :ki6;“u 6«fOan ;d"xx?;“usf] k/fdz{ df tfnsf] kfgLJoj:yfkg ul/g' kg]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] s] eG5< dxf;lGwn] cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?nfO{cfkm\gf] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?dfly clwsf/ /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5.o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt s'/fx? kb{5g\ M

;|f]tx?sf] pkef]u, Joj:yfkg tyf ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/,

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] cGj]if0f tyf bf]xg ug{'cl3 k/fdz{sf] clwsf/,

cGj]if0f tyf bf]xgaf6 x'g] c;/x?sf af/]df cWoogsf] clwsf/,

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] bf]xg tyf pkef]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx? k|fKt ug]{clwsf/,

o:tf ultljlwx?n] kfg]{ Ifltx?sf nflu ;/sf/af6 Ifltk"lt{kfpg] clwsf/.

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?

hLljsf pkfh{gsf] nflu h+unaf6 k|fKt;fdu|Lx?

33

vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?

vlgh jfcGo ;|f]tx?/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] k|foh;f] cj:yfx?df /fHonfO{ dfq vlgh tyf cGo;|f]tx?dflysf] :jfldTj k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5. To;}n] /fHonfO{ cfkm\gfsfg"gx?cGtu{t /x]/ oL ;|f]tx? bf]xg ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZos k/]df To;7fp“af6 hf] sf]xLnfO{ klg lj:yfkg ug]{ sfg"gL clwsf/ k|fKt dxf;lGw g+=!^( sf] dfly plNnlvt wf/f !% n] of] cj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5.tyflk, ;f] wf/fn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ oL ;|f]tx?sf] bf]xgdf cfkm\gf]s'/fx? /fVg] cj;/ klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5.

ha cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf] e"–efudf vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?sf]bf]xg ul/G5, ta To;n] uDeL/ jftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng, k|b"if0f tyf :jf:Yo;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDTofp“5. To;sf] cnfjf cfly{s sl7gfO{ klg Nofp“b5.

pbfx/0fsf] nflu lkmlnlkG;df vfgL pBf]un] :jf:Yo ;d:of, lj:yfkgtyf hdLgd'lgsf] kfgLsf] txdf kl/jt{g NofOlbPsf] 5. o;sf ;fy}To;n] Ouf]/f]y cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"lddf k|f0f3fts kmf]xf]/x? klg y'kfl/lbPsf]5.$!

gfOh]l/ofsf] gfOh/ 8]N6fdf k]6«f]nsf] Jofkf/Ls cGj]if0f tyf bf]xgn]cf]uf]gL ;d'bfodf uDeL/ jftfj/0fLo tyf gsf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/0ffdx?NofOlbPsf] 5. k]6«f]nsf] kfOk tyf 6\ofª\sLaf6 x'g] t]nsf] r'xfj6n] gbL,vf]nf tyf s[lif e"ldnfO{ k|b"if0f ugf{sf ;fy} hgfj/ tyf af]6la?jfx?nfO{dfl/lbPsf] 5. af6f] agfpg tyf k]6«f]nsf] kfOkx? la5\ofpg jgh+unx?sfl6Psf 5g\. o;n] cf]uf]gL ;d'bfosf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ul/g]cy{tGqnfO{ ljgfz ul/lbPsf] 5. kof{j/0fLo k|b"if0fn] Ifo/f]u tyfZjf;k|Zjf;sf / k]6sf /f]ux?h:tf uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDTofpgk'u]sf] 5. gfOh]l/ofdf k]6«f]n pBf]u ;~rfng ug{] qmddf cf]uf]gL ;d'bfo;“uk/fdz{ ul/Psf] lyPg, ;fy} pgLx?n] k]6«f]n pBf]uaf6 s'g} kmfObfx? klgk|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\.$@

wf/f !%=@olb s'g} cj:yfdf vlgh jfhdLgd'lgsf] ;|f]tx?sf] :jfldTj jfe"lddf /x]sf cGo ;|f]tx?dflysf]clwsf/ /fHodf lglxt /x]df;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf] e"lddf/x]sf ;|f]tx?sf] cGj]if0f jfbf]xgsf nflu NofOg] s'g}sfo{qmdnfO{ z'? ug'{ jf cg'dltlbg'cl3 tL ;d"xx?sf] lxtx?nfO{afwf k'¥ofpg] 5 jf 5}g / k'¥ofpg]eP slt dfqfdf k'¥ofp“b5, Tof]yfxf kfpg ;DalGwt ;d"x;“uk/fdz{ ug]{ k|lqmofx?sf] lgdf{0fug]{5. ;DalGwt ;d"xn] ;DejeP;Dd To:tf sfo{qmdaf6 x'g]kmfObfx?df ;xeflutf hgfpg]5g\,/ To:tf sfo{qmdaf6 x'g;Sg] s'g}gsf/fTds c;/sf] plrtIfltk"lt{ klg kfpg]5g\.

$! United Nations. Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples.Transnational investments and operations on the lands ofindigenous peoples. Report of the Centre on TransnationalCorporations submitted pursuant to Sub-Commission resolution1990/26. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1994/40. 1994, p. 25.

$@ Society for Threatened Peoples. Arbeitsdokumentation: Ogoni inNigeria. Gottingen, 1995. See also IWGIA: The Indigenous World1996-1997, Copenhagen. 1997, p. 259.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? / jg tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwg;“u Hofb} glhssf] ;DaGw 5

34

vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] e"ldaf6 s'g} sDkgLn]vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?sf] bf]xg ug{ rfx]df s] x'g' kb{5<

o; ;Gbe{df klxnf] l;4fGt k/fdz{ xf].w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df ;/sf/nfO{ hdLgd'lgsf ;|f]tx?dflysf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ x'g] ePsf]n] oL ;|f]tx? bf]xgug]{ clwsf/ s'g} sDkgLnfO{ ;/sf/n] a]Rg klg ;Sb5. o;/L a]r]tfklg ;/sf/nfO{ dxf;lGw g+= !^( sfl;4fGtx? nfu" tyf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|yd lhDd]jf/L eg] /x]sf] x'G5. sDkgLn] ;|f]tx?sf] vf]hL tyf cGj]if0fug'{cl3 g} c;/ kg]{ ;d'bfo;“u k/fdz{ ug'{ kb{5, lsgls To:tf] vf]hL tyf cGj]if0f cfkm}df xflgsf/s klgx'g ;Sb5.

k/fdz{ ug]{ a]nfdf ;DalGwt cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] cfkm\gf lrGtf tyf;/f]sf/x? JoQm ug{ kfpg' kb{5.

olb cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] bf]xg ug]{ sfo{ grfx]df To;sf sf/0fx? lbg ;Sb5g\.o:tf sf/0fx?df jftfj/0fLo ljgfz, k|b"if0f, :jf:Yo ;d:ofx?, hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ul/g] cy{tGqsf]cfwf/ u'Dg' cflb OToflb x'g ;Sb5g\.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf cg';f/ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{cGj]if0f tyf bf]xgaf6 x'g] kmfObfx?df ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5. To:t} u/]/

pgLx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] clwsf/ klg /x]sf] 5.oBlk, cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ dxf;lGw g+= !^( cGtu{t ;|f]tsf] bf]xgnfO{ /f]Sg] jf To;dfly lgif]wflwsf/k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5}g. tyflk, pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/x?nfO{ sDkgL;“usf] 5nkmnx?df ;f}bfafhLsf]c:qsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\. oL 5nkmnx?dfkm{t\ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] sDkgLx?nfO{ jftfj/0fLoIfltnfO{ sd ug{ tyf kl5 uP/ jftfj/0fnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{ cfkm\gf k|ljlwx?nfO{ k|of]u ug{ nufpg;Sb5g\. s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf Pscfk;sf] lxtsf nflu ;Demf}tfdf k'Ug ;ls“b}g, / kl/of]hgfx? TolQs}TofluG5g\. t/ o;f] ubf{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] s'g} kmfObf gkfpg] klg x'g ;Sb5.

35

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] e"lddf /x]sf]vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?sf] cGj]if0f jf bf]xg ul/g'cl3 k/fdz{sf] clwsf//x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5. ;fy} kmfObfdf ;xefuL x'g] / Ifltk"lt{ kfpg]clwsf/ klg pgLx?nfO{ /x]sf] 5.

;g\ !((# df gj]{nL ;/sf/n] ;fdL cflbjf;Lx?sf If]qdf vlghx?sf]cGj]if0f ug]{ cg'dlt l/of] l6G6f]–lh+s gfds ax'/fli6\o sDkgLnfO{ lbof].o;sf af/]df ;fdL ;+;b -;fdLx?sf] lgjf{lrt /fli6«o lgsfo_ tyf ;fdLcflbjf;Lx?;“u k/fdz{ ul/Pg jf pgLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbOPg. o;kl5;fdL ;+;b tyf ;fdLx?sf] ljleGg lxt ;d"xx?n] klxnf] sfdsf] ?kdfgj]{nL ;/sf/nfO{ ;f] cg'dlt lkmtf{ lng cg'/f]w u¥of]. t/, pgLx? o;df;kmn x'g ;s]gg\. To;kl5 ;fdL kl/ifb\ tyf ;fdL ;+;bn] l;w} sDkgL;“us'/fsfgLx? yfNof]. pgLx? sDkgL;“u Pp6f clnlvt ;xdltdf k'u], h;cg';f/ ;fdL ;+;bsf] ;xdltlagf ;fdLx?sf] e"lddf vfgL;DaGwL s'g} klgsfdx? sDkgLn] ug{ gkfpg] eof].$#

sf]nlDaofsf PDa]/f]–sfl6of] ;d'bfon] l/of] l;g' gbLdf hnljB't kl/of]hgflgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] p/f{ P;= P= sDkgLsf lj?4 ;kmntfk"j{s sfg"gLsfo{jfxL u¥of]. sf]nlDaofsf] ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] ;f] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngug]{ cg'dltnfO{ kl/of]hgfaf6 ;|f]tdfly x'g] Ifltsf] Ifltk"lt{ gu/];DdtTsfnsf] nflu kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ /f]Sg] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5.lsgls, Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf gu/L kl/of]hgf ;~rfng u/]df ;|f]tx?eljiodf pknAw gx'g] u/L x/fP/ hfg ;Sb5.$$

vlgh jf cGo ;|f]tx?

$# Henriksen, J.B. Betenkning om Samink Parlamentarisk Samarbeid.Nordisk Samisk Institutt. Kautokeino, 1995.

$$ Progrom, No. 201, 1998, p. 7.

36

lj:yfkg

lj:yfkgcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu lj:yfkg Pp6f ;+j]bgzLn ljifo xf].cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? ‘ljsf;’ jf ‘k|ult’ sf gfddf w]/}rf]6L lj:yflktx'g k'u]sf 5g\. of] k|foh;f] vlgh pBf]u, af6f] tyf hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?sf]lgdf{0faf6 ePsf] 5.

ef/tdf ;/bf/ ;/f]j/ af“w tyf phf{ kl/of]hgfn] xhf/f}+ 6«fOanx?nfO{lj:yfkg ul/lbPsf] 5. of] af“w pgLx?sf] k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgfsfkof{Kt pkfox?lagf g} lgdf{0f ul/Psf]] 5. kl/of]hgfn] kfg]{ o:tf gsf/fTds;fdflhs c;/x? ljZj a}+sn] ;f] kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfly{s ;|f]t pknAwu/fpg aGb ug'{sf sf/0fx?dWo] ;fdflhs d"No klg Pp6f lyof].$%

lrlndf ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] jftfj/0fLo sfof{non] ;g\ !((& sf]h"gdf /fNsf] af“w kl/of]hgfnfO{ :jLs[tL lbPsf] 5. of] kl/of]hgf afof]laof]gbLdf agfOg] ;ft hnljB't kl/of]hgfx?dWo] bf];|f] /x]sf] 5. of] kl/of]hgfn];ftj6f k]x'Gr] ;d'bfox?nfO{ c;/ k'¥ofp“b5, kl/0ffd:j?k ;ft;o JolQmx?cfkm\gf] k'Vof{}nL e"ldaf6 a;fO“ ;/fO{ ug{ afWo agfPsf] 5. of] kl/of]hgflgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 gf} xhf/ Ps8 s[lif e"ld tyf jgh+un 8'afgdf kg]{ /o;n] k]x'Gr] ;d'bfosf] e"lddf >ldsx?sf] Jofks cfk|jf;gnfO{ cg'dltlbP/ cGtTjuTjf pgLx?sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljgfz u/]sf] 5.$^

s]Gofdf r/g;DaGwL ultljlwx?n] jftfj/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofPsf], /fd|f];“u e"ldJoj:yfkg gu/]sf] egL cf/f]k nufOG5. tyflk, oL cf/f]kx?sf] v08g ug]{kof{Kt k|df0fx? /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ Wofg eg] lbOPsf] 5}g. e"ld;DaGwLsfg"gx? Ps} 7fp“df a;f]jf; ug]{ ;d"xx?k|lt ;sf/fTds tyf 3'dGt];d"xx?sf lj?4 k"jf{u|xL /x]sf 5g\. ufO{j:t'x?sf] r/gnfO{ ;fdfGotof‘vfnL’ e"ldsf ?kdf x]l/G5, o;nfO{ a;f]jf; jf ljsf; ultljlwsf nflupko'Qm /x]sf] dflgG5. ;g\ !($% sf] /fli6«o lgs'Gh;DaGwL cWofb]zcGtu{ts]Gofdf /fHon] lzsf/ v]Ng] lgs'~h tyf ;+/lIft If]qx? :yfkgf ug{ 7"nf]If]qkmnsf] e"ld cfkm\gf] cwLgdf kf¥of]. oLdWo]sf s]xL lgs'~hx?n] df;fO;d'bfosf] e"ld pkef]u k4ltnfO{ gi6 ul/lbPsf 5g\. o;n] pgLx?nfO{cfkmgf] hLjgk4ltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg pko'Qm gx'g] If]qx?df lj:yflktul/lbPsf] 5. r/g If]qdf lge{/ hg;+Vofsf] j[l4n] pgLx?sf] pkef]usfnflu pknAw e"lddf b|"t ultdf sdL NofO/x]sf] 5. o;n] pgLx?sf] k/Dk/futhLjgk4ltdf x|f; NofOlbPsf] 5.$&

s'g} s'g} cj:yfdf lj:yfkg ;/sf/L gLlts} Pp6f c+usf] ?kdf /x]sf]x'G5. o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf a+unfb]zsf] lr6u+u kj{tLo If]q, k"jL{l6df]/, nfcf]; jf leotgfdnfO{ lng ;lsG5.

$% $) xhf/eGbf a9L k|efljt kl/jf/x?dWo] ;g\ !((& ;Dd Ps rf}yfOnfO{ dfq k'gjf{;u/fOPsf] lyof]. x]g'{xf];\ ILO: Report of the Committee of Experts on theApplication of Conventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1995,p. 289. 1996, p. 268. 1997, p. 307.

$^ Abyala News, Vol.10, No. 4, 1997, pp. 25-29.$& Abdi Umar. "Study on Pastoralists and the Case of the Massai of

Kenya." In: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples' Economies in Transition(working title). Project for the Promotion of ILO Policy on Indigenousand Tribal Peoples, Geneva (forthcoming).

s'n]vfgL hnljB't kl/of]hgfn] lj:yflkt;fg'sfG5f ?Daf 6'sLsf] pHofnf]df

37

lj:yfkg

nfcf];sf] w]/}h;f] If]qx?df lxn 6«fOj -Toxf“sf cflbjf;L_x?nfO{ ;dy/ e"–efux?df kof{Kt ;xof]ulagf jf ;+qmd0fsf nflu rflxg] pkfox?lagf g}k'gjf{; u/fOPsf] 5. of] k'gjf{;sf] k|lqmofn] tL ;d"xx?df :jf:Yo tyf vfB;'/Iff;“u ;DalGwt cg]sg ;d:ofx?nfO{ lgDTofPsf] 5. Toxf“sf ;d"xx?n]vfg]s'/f tyf cf}ifwLsf k/Dk/fut ;|f]tx? u'dfpgsf ;fy} pgLx?df ;dy/e"–efux?df ul/g] v]tLkftLsf nflu cfjZos ;Lkx? klg x'“b}g.$* s'g}cj:yfdf k'gjf{; ul/Psf ;d"xx? cfkm\gf] k'gjf{; If]qx?;“u ;Gt'i6 x'“b}gg\,/ pgLx?n] km]l/ k'gjf{;sf nflu 5nkmnx? ub{5g\. pgLx?nfO{ sd;ndf6f] jf sd;n ;+/rgf ePsf] b'u{d If]qdf k'gjf{; u/fOPsf] x'g;Sb5.o:tf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt lhNnf :t/sf jf :yfgLo clwsf/Lx?;dIfk'gjf{;sf] rfxgf JoQm ug{ ;lsG5. t/, o:tf] w]/}h:ff] cj:yfx?df pgLx?sf]cg'/f]wnfO{ k"j{lgof]lht p2]Zox?cg'?k tyf k'gjf{;nfO{ ;dGjo ug]{of]hgfx?cg'?k gePsf] egL :jLs[t gug]{ ul/Psf] 5.$(

lj:yfkgsf] csf]{ Pp6f pbfx/0f a+unfb]zsf] sKtfO hnljB't kl/of]hgfxf]. o;n] ;g\ !(%( / !(^! sf] aLrdf lr6u+u kj{tLo If]qsf] Ps nfvcflbjf;Lx?nfO{ lj:yflkt ul/lbof]. o;sf ;fy} ;f] kl/of]hgfn] tLcflbjf;Lx?n] v]tLkftL ug]{ kf“r efusf] b'O{ efu hdLgnfO{ 8'afgdfkfl/lbof].%) of] af“w kl/of]hgfn] lj:yflkt w]/}h;f] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf ;/sf/sf] k'gjf{; gLltsf] kl/0ffd:j?k lr6u+ukj{tLo If]qdf u}/cflbjf;L kl/jf/x?nfO{ klg a;f]jf; ug{ NofOPsf]n]km]l/ klg a;fO“;/fO{ ug{ afWo eP. cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ufp“x?df5\of;ld; eO{ a:g afWo kfl/of].%!

cfkm \g f ] k/Dk/fut e "–efuaf6 lj:yflkt x 'g 'n ] w ]/ }h;f ]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjgk4lt, ;d[l4 tyf ;f+:s[lts klxrfgdfuDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/ kfb{5. Pl/hf]gfsf l8g]x cflbjf;Lx? cfkm\gf]e"ldaf6 lj:yflkt eP/ /]l8of] ljls/0f kbfy{x?åf/f k|b"lift If]qdf k'gjf{;ug{ afWo eP. kl/0ffd:j?k pgLx?n] clxn] uDeL/ :jf:Yo :fd:ofx?ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5. pgLx?dWo] w]/}h;f]sf] k/Dk/fut e"ldx?af6 6f9f/x]/ af“Rg g;Sg] x'gfn] d[To';d]t eO;s]sf] 5.%@

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] ?kdfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] e"ldx?af6 x6fOg]5}g eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5.

$* UNDP. Highland Peoples Programme. Background DocumentRAS/93/103. Geneva, 1995, pp. 5-12.

$( Yves Goudineau (ed.). Resettlement and Social Characteristics ofNew Villages: Basic Needs for Resettled Communities in the LaoPDR. Vol.1, UNESCO/UNDP, Vientiane, 1997, p. 19.

%) McCully, P. Silenced Rivers. The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams.London, New Jersey, 1996 (Second impression 1998), p. 71.

%! Roy, C.K. Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the ChittagongHill Tracts, Bangladesh. Distr. by Jumma Peoples Network in Europe(JUPNET), 1996, pp. 59-66.

%@ Johnson, S. & Budnik, D. Wir werdenuberleben. Gesprache mitindianischen Stammeesaltesten. Munchen, 1996, pp. 51-56.

wf/f !^=!o; wf/fsf lgDglnlvtcg'R5]bx?df plNnlvtcj:yfx?df afx]s ;DalGwt;d"xx?nfO{ pgLx?n] a;f]jf;ul//x]sf e"ldx?af6 x6fOg]5}g.

38

lj:yfkg

olb cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ k'gjf{; ug{'k/]df of] ckjfbsf] ?kdf dfqul/g'kb{5. of] k'gjf{; gu/Lsg gx'g] cj:yfx?df dfq ul/g'kb{5.

o:tf] k'gjf{;sf] cj:yfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpgdxf;lGw g+= !^( n] s]xL lglZrt cfwf/e"t sbdx?af/] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

;DalGwt ;d"xx? k'gjf{;df ;xdt 5g\ ls 5}gg\ To;af/] pgLx?nfO{;f]lwg' kb{5. k'gjf{; ;a} ;fGble{s tYo tyf tYofª\sx?af/] :ki6tyf b'?:t hfgsf/L k|fKt ePkl5 dfq ul/g' kb{5.

:jtGq tyf ;';"lrt ;xdlt eg]sf] s] xf]<:jtGq tyf ;';"lrt ;xdlt eg]sf] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] lj:yfkgsf]cy{ tyf kl/0ffdx?sf af/]df k"0f{?kn] a'em'g\ eGg] xf]. o;sf ;fy}pgLx?n] k'gjf{;nfO{ :jLsfg'{ tyf To;k|lt ;xdlt hgfpg' eGg] klg xf].

olb cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] k'gjf{;k|lt ;xdlt ghgfPsf] cj:yfdfk'gjf{; cfjZos eP dxf;lGw g+= !^( n]] lgDglnlvt k|lqmofut sbdx?nfO{ckgfpg'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

;DefJo ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ M cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] cfkm\gf;/f]sf/x?nfO{ pko'Qm k|lqmofadf]lhd cleJoQm ug]{ cj;/ kfpg'kb{5. of] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ jf cg';Gwfgåf/f jf kl/l:ylt ;'xfp“bf]cGo ljz]if ljlwx?dfkm{t\ klg x'g ;Sb5.

lkmtf{ hfg kfpg] clwsf/ M cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?n]ljutdf cfkm\gf] e"ld 5f]8\g'kg]{ sf/0f j}wflgs gx'g] ljlQs}cfkm\gf] e"lddf kms{g] clwsf/ x'G5. pbfx/0fsf nflu o'4 jfk|fs[lts ljklQsf] cj:yfdf pgLx? o'4 jf k|fs[lts ljklQsf]cGTo ePkl5 cfkm\gf e"ldx?df kms{g ;Sb5g\.

k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgf M olb cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? e"ld 8'jfgdfk/L cfkm\gf e"ldx?df kms{g;Sg] cj:yf gePdf lj:yflkt ;d"xx?sf]k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu clgjfo{ of]hgfx? agfpg' kb{5.

;dfg u'0f ePsf] e"ld M ha cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ k'gjf{;u/fOG5, ta pgLx?n] u'dfPsf e"ldx?sf] u'0f a/fa/sf] e"ld k|bfgul/g' kb{5. To:t} pgLx?nfO{ cfkm"n] u'dfPsf e"lddfly hltsfg"gL clwsf/ lyof], Tolt g} -jf To;eGbf a9L_ clwsf/ k|bfgul/g' kb{5. To;}n] s'g} Pp6f JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf s[lif e"ldx?/x]sf] ePdf p;nfO{ To:t} lsl;dsf] e"ld k|bfg ul/g' kb{5. olbtL e"ldx?dfly p;sf] sfg"gL clwsf/ /x]sf] ePdf p;nfO{ ljsNksf]?kdf lbOPsf] e"ldx?dfly klg sfg"gL clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5. olb cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] rfx]df e"ldjfkt cGo lsl;dsf]Ifltk"lt{ k};f jf cGo s'g} rLhnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\.

Ifltk"lt{ M cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k'gjf{;af6 k'Ug] Ifltsf] nfluk"0f{ Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ x'G5. o:tf] IfltcGtu{t 3/ jf;DklQ u'dfpg' tyf jftfj/0f kl/jt{gaf6 x'g] :jfYo;DaGwL uDeL/gsf/fTds c;/h:tf ljifox? kb{5g\.

wf/f !^=@ckjfbsf] ?kdf oL ;d"xx?nfO{x6fpg jf k'gjf{; ug{ cfjZos7x/fOPdf, To; cj:yfdf pgLx?sf]:jtGq tyf ;';"lrt ;xdltdf dfqk'gjf{; u/fOg]5. olb ;xdlt kfpgg;lsPdf /fli6«o sfg"g tyflgodfjnLx?åf/f :yflkt pko'Qmk|lqmofx? cjnDag u/]/ dfq To:tf]k'gjf{; ul/g]5. o:tf] k|lqmofcGtu{tpko'Qm eP;Dd, ;DalGwt ;d"xsf]k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTjsf] cj;/k|bfg ug]{ u/L ul/g] ;fj{hlgs;'g'jfO klg kb{5.

wf/f !^=#k'gjf{; ug'{kg]{ sf/0f ;dfKt x'g]lalQs} oL ;d"xx?nfO{ ;Dej eP;Ddcfkm\gf k/Dk/fut e"ldx?df kms{g]clwsf/ x'g]5.

wf/f !^=$;xdltdf lgwf{/0f eP cg';f/ kms{ggkfPsf] cj:yfdf jf ;xdlt g}gePsf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt;d"xx?nfO{ pko'Qm k|lqmofx?sf]dfWodåf/f cfkm"n] ljutdf a;f]jf;ul//x]sf e"ldx?sf] Ifltk"lt{:j?ksDtLdf klg ToxL u'0f tyf sfg"gLdfGotf a/fa/sf] e"ld, pgLx?sf]jt{dfg cfjZostfx? tyf eljiosf]ljsf;nfO{ k"lt{ ug{sf nflu pko'Qmx'g] u/L k|bfg ul/g]5. olb ;DalGwt;d"xx?n] Ifltk"lt{sf] ?kdf k};f jfcGo s'g} ljsNknfO{ :jLsf/ u/]dfpgLx?nfO{ pko'Qm k|Tofe"ltx?sf;fy ;f] Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ul/g]5.

wf/f !^=%k'gjf{; u/fOPsf JolQmx?nfO{ pgLx?n]u'dfPsf j:t' jf pgLx?nfO{ k'Ug uPsf]Ifltsf] k"0f{ Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5.

39

lj:yfkg

k'gjf{;sf] k|lqmof

;a} ;fGble{s tYox?sf af/]df hfgsf/L

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]k'gjf{;sf nflu

:jtGqtfk"j{s ;xdlt x'g'

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? k'gjf{;k|lt;xdt gx'g'

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{x?-jf cGo k|lqmofx?_ ckgfOg'

k'gjf{; ckjfbsf] ?kdf dfq x'G5

kms{g kfpg] clwsf/;Dej eP;Dd

k'gjf{;n] pko'Qm k|lqmofx?nfO{cjnDag ub{5

o;cGtu{t p:t} u'0f tyf sfg"gLdfGotf kfPsf

e"ldsf] k|fjwfg kb{5g\

;a} cj:yfdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] Iflt jf xflgsf] nfluIfltk"lt{ k|bfg ul/g' kb{5

40

gu/L gx'g] cj:yfdf ul/Psf] k'gjf{;sf] Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ul/“bf ;DalGwt;d"xx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;+nUgtfdf kf/bzL{ tyf ;xeflutfd"ns tl/sfn] ul/g'kb{5.

o; ;Gbe{df Pp6f /f]rs pbfx/0f >Ln+sfsf] jflgofnf–P§f] -jgh+undfcfl>t ;d"xx?_ ;“u ;DalGwt 5. ;g\ !(*# df aflgofnf–P§f]n] a;f]jf;u/]sf] jgh+unnfO{ dfb'? cf]of /fli6«o lgs'~h agfOof], / pgLx?nfO{cfkm\gf] e"ldaf6 x6fP/ lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ (Buffer) If]q tyf k'g:yf{lktufp“x?df k'gjf{; u/fOof]. o;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k pgLx?sf] vfglkgdfkl/j{tg eof] / pgLx?dWo] w]/} dw'd]x, tf}n a9L x'g' tyf pRr /Qmrfkh:tf/f]ux?sf] lzsf/ x'g k'u]. o;af6 s]xLsf] d[To' klg x'g k'Uof].

w]/} jif{kl5sf] k}/jL tyf 5nkmnx?kl5 ;g\ !((& sf] h"gdf dfb'? cf]of/fli6«o lgs'~hn] k'¥ofPsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g / ha/h:tLul/Psf] ;DdLlns/0fsf] c;/x?sf af/]df cWoog ug{ / jflgofnf–P§f];“u k/fdz{ ug]{ p2]Zon] Pp6f ;/sf/L k|ltlglwd08n pgLx?sxf“k'Uof]. To;kl5 ;g\ !((& sf] l8;]Da/df >Ln+sfsf] /fi6«kltn] jflgofnf–P§f]nfO{ jgh+un lkmtf{ ug]{ cfkm\gf] ;/sf/sf] gLltsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs?kdf3f]if0ff u/]. o; ;Gbe{df jflgofnf–P§f]n] jgh+undf lkmtf{ hfgsf nflu;/sf/;“u 5nkmnx? z'? u/]. oL 5nkmnx?df jgh+unsf] cToflwsbf]xg / zf]if0f tyf cj}w k|j]zaf6 hf]lug lgod sfg"g tyf ;'/IffTdspkfo cjNfDag ug]{ ljifox? ;dfj]z lyP. ;fy} lgs'~hsf] Joj:yfkgdfjflgofnf–P§f]sf] ;xeflutfsf] s'/f klg /x]sf] lyof].%#

lj:yfkg

%# x]g'{xf];\ Wanniyala-Aetto Speech at UN Working Group on IndigenousPopulations Fourteenth Session. July 1996 (On file with the UN).Information received from Wiveca Stegeborn, anthropologist workingfor the Wanniyala-Aetto. See also UN: Report of the Working Groupon Indigenous Populations on its Fifteenth Session.E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/14. 1997, p. 14.

s'n]vfgL hnljw't cfof]hgfn] lj:yflkt cflbjf;Ldsjfgk'/df ;~rflnt s'n]vfgL hnljw't cfof]hgf @)#$ ;fndf z'? ePsf]xf]. o; cfof]hgfn] s'n]vfgL / dfv{' If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ tfdfª hfltnfO{ lj:yflktu/]sf] 5 h;dWo] sfG5L uf]n] Ps kb{l5g\. pgsf] hLljsf]kfHf{gsf] dfWodsf]?kdf ( /f]kgL hUuf, cfof]hgfn] clwu|x0f u¥of]. pgn] d'cfAhf jfkt hDdf ?!%,))).– dfq kfOg\. ;f] cfof]hgfn] nfdfrf}/, ls6gL, a'9fe~Hofª, a'9Lrf}/ ufp“tyf cGgafnL, d7, dlGb/;d]t 8'afgdf kf/L bxdf kl/0ft ul/lbof].

cfof]hgfdf s'g} kx'“r gx'gsf ;fy} s'g} kmfObf klg k|fKt ePg. aQLafNgsf nflu s'g} ;x'lnot lbOPg. o; If]qsf hgtfnfO{ Ps k|ltztn]ljh'nLdf 5'6 lbg] elgPtfklg cfZjf;gdf g} ;Lldt /x\of]. :yfgLocflbjf;Lx?sf cg';f/ kl/of]hgfn] pgLx?sf] ;j{:jx/0f u/]sf] 5.

o; cfof]hgfn] #)) eGbf a9L 3/w'/Lx? lj:yflkt u/]sf] 5. t/ cfof]hgfn]ufp“nfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;'ljwf, ;x'lnot / /f]huf/L lbPsf] 5}g. cfof]hgfaf6k|efljt ufp“sf :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO{ cfof]hgfsf] s'g} klg Joj:yfkg / gLltlgdf{0f txdf ;+nUg u/fOPsf] 5}g, To:t} cfof]hgf ;'? ug{eGbf klxn] :yfgLojfl;Gbfx?;“u s'g} lsl;dsf] ;xdlt lnOPsf] lyPg.

41

k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?

k/Dk/futcy{tGqx?k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx? cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfly{s hLjg lgjf{xsfcfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\. tL cy{tGqx? jftfj/0f;DaGwL lj:t[t 1fgdfcfwfl/t 5g\. To:t} tL cy{tGqx? e"ldx?nfO{ x]/rfx ug]{ tyf pkof]uug]{ k':tf}+b]lvsf] cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut cg'ejaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\. lzsf/v]Ng], j:t'x? :f+sNfg ug]{, hfn xfGg], df5f dfg]{, r/g, 3'DtL s[lif k4lt,sk8f a'Gg] tyf sf7sf] sfdh:tf k/Dk/fut cfly{s ultljlwx? ;d'bfodfcfwfl/t 5g\. w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df oL ultljlwx? hLljsf]kfh{gsf Psdfq;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\.

pQ/L yfONof08sf] s/]g cflbjf;Lsf] 3'DtL s[lif k4lt v]tLkftL ug]{Pp6f k'/fgf] tl/sf xf]. o;cGtu{t lglZrt 7fp“df 3'DtL k4ltsf] cfwf/dfv]tLkftL ul/G5. s'g} ;do Ps 7fp“df dfq v]tLkftL ul/G5, / cGo7fp“x?nfO{ ltgLx?n] pTkfbsTj k'gM k|fKt ug{ ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] af“emf]5fl8G5. To;kl5sf] jif{df ljutdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;dosf nflu v]tLkftLgnufPsf] 7fp“df v]tLkftL ul/G5. To:t} qmdzM cGo 7fp“x?df klgv]tLkftL ul/G5. v]tLkftL ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf afnLx? nufOG5, h;sf]leGgfleGg} sf6\g] jf l6Kg] ;do x'G5. o;n] jif{el/ g} kl/jf/sf]cfjZostfx?nfO{ k"lt{ ub{5.

o:tf] 3'DtL s[lif k4lt Pl;ofsf] sDaf]l8of, a+unfb]zsf] lr6u+u kj{tLoIf]q tyf nfcf];x?df klg k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5. o;nfO{ slxn]sflx“jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] xflgsf/s eg]/ cfnf]rgf tyf b'?T;fxg klgul/Psf] 5. tyflk, o;sf ;dy{sx?n] o:tf] s[lif k4lt lbuf] ePsf]atfp“b5g\. o:tf s[lif k4lt ckgfOPsf 7fp“x? dfq k|foh;f] dlnnf] /pTkfbgzLn /lx/xg] tyf tL 7fp“x? clxn];Dd IfoLs/0f gePsf] tYon]k|i6 kfb{5.%$

%$ ILO/UNDP. Regional Workshop Report: Information Exchange onDevelopment Experiences with Highland Peoples, Chiang Mai,Thailand, 17-21 November 1997. 1999, Annex 9.

k/Dk/fb]lv wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf cfo cfh{gsf nflu clwsf+zcflbjf;Lx?n] /S;L agfpg] ub{5g\

42

k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?

dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] wf/f @#=! sf] k|fjwfgx?cg'?k gfldljofdf ljleGg;+:yfx?n] k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?nfO{ alnof] agfpg tyf k|j4{g ug{;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljsf;k|lt nlIft Pp6f kl/of]hgfdf ;xsfo{ u/]sf5g\. o;/L sfd ug]{ ;+:yfx?df, cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7gsf] gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ kl/of]hgf, ;xsf/L tyf cGo :jcfh{gsf;+u7gx?dfkm{t\ ;d"xx?nfO{ :jfjnDag agfpg ;3fpg] cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gsf] cGt/–If]qLo sfo{qmd (INDISCO), blIf0fL clk|msL ljsf;tyf k/fdz{ ;+:yf (CRIAA) / blIf0fL clk|msfdf cNk;+Voscflbjf;Lx?;DaGwL sfo{ ;d"x (WIMSA)x? kb{5g\.

lbuf]?kdf ;~rflnt 8]leN; Sn kl/of]hgfn] cf}iflwsf nflu 8]leN;Snsf] af]6lj?jfx?sf] v]tL ug{ k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf v]tLkftLsf ljlwx?sf]k|of]u ub{5. of] kl/of]hgf n}l·s ;r]tgf j[l4 ug]{ kl/of]hgfsf] :yfgLoJoj:yfkgnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] / :yfgLo cfo cfh{g tyf ;fd'bflos Ifdtfclej[l4 sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ tflnd pknAw u/fpg] ljifodf s]lGb|t/x]sf ] 5. of ] sfo{qmd dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf ] k| fjwfgcg'?kcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut k|ljlw tyf ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx?nfO{Wofgdf /fVb} pgLx?sf] cfly{s :jfjnDagsf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbg] k|s[ltsf]5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx? ljleGg tTjx?af6 vt/fdfk/]sf 5g\. o:tf tTjx?df e"lddflysf] clwsf/af6 lj:yflkt x'g' tyfu'dfpg' / pkNfJw e"lddf sdL cfpg' tyf To;sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfpg'h:tfs'/fx? kb{5g\. ;fy} o;cGtu{t slxn]sflx“ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] pkof]utyf To;dflysf] kx'“rnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ / ahf/ cy{tGqsf dfu tyf bafjh:tfljifox? klg kb{5g\.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tx?sf]cfwf/ tyf pknAwtflagf ;f+:s[lts tyf cfly{s?kn] ;+s6df kb{5g\.ljZjsf w]/}h;f] 7fp“x?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] e"ld olt sd ePsf]5 ls tL e"ldx?sf] lbuf] k/Dk/fut pkof]u c;Dej x'g k'u]sf] 5. o;n]ubf{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? hdLgnfO{ af“emf] /fVg] cjlwnfO{ 36fP/ cfkm\gf;|f]tx?sf] cTolws bf]xg jf zf]if0f ug{ jf cTolws?kdf /;folgs dnk|of]u u/L gub] afnLsf] v]tL ug{ jf ko{6gh:tf] j}slNks cfocfh{gsf;|f]tx?sf] vf]hL ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\.

lkmlnlkG;sf] Oafnf]O ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kf{hgsf] k/Dk/fut ;|f]t ;fgf]:t/df ul/g] ;'g vfgL tyf s[lif /x]sf] 5. ;f] ;d'bfodf vfgLsf] sfd;fd'bflos ultljlwsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof], / cefjsf] ;dodf ;f] ;d'bfosfwgLdfgL JolQmx?n] ;DklQsf] ljt/0f ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf ;a}nfO{ vfgfv'jfpg] ck]Iff ul/GYof]. ;f] If]qnfO{ ;g\ !(@) sf] bzsdf vfgL;DaGwLljleGg sDkgLx?sf nflu v'Nnf ul/of]. o;/L pgLx?sf] If]qdf cGo7fp“x?sf JolQmx?sf] k|j]zn] ubf{ Oafnf]O ;d'bfo lj:tf/} k};fd'vL x'“b} uP.kl/0ffd:j?k ;'g cfk;df af“8kmf“8 ug]{ / ;DklQsf] a/fa/ ljt/0f ug]{‘;fufcf]s k|0ffnL’ h:tf pgLx?sf sltko ;dtfd"ns ;fdflhs ;+:yftyf k|0ffnLx? x/fpg k'u].

wf/f @#=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] x:tsnf, u|fdL0f tyf;d'bfodf cfwfl/t pBf]ux? / lzsf/v]Ng], df5f dfg]{, hfn xfGg] tyf j:t'x?;+sng ug]{h:tf hLjg lgjf{xsf nfluul/g] cy{tGq Pj+ k/Dk/futultljlwx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] ;+:s[lt tyfcfly{s :jfjnDag Pj+ ljsf;sf]lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ tTjx?sf]?kdf dfGotf lbOg]5. ;/sf/x?n] oL;d"xx?sf] ;xeflutfdf / pko'Qm eP;Ddo:tf ultljlwx?sf] ;'b[l9s/0f tyfk|j4{gnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{5.

wf/f !$=!;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] cfkm"n] k/Dk/fut?kn]a;f]jf; ul//x]sf] e"lddflysf] clwsf/ tyf:jfldTjnfO{ dfGotf lbOg]5. o;sf cnfjfoL ;d"xx?n] k"0f{?kdf a;f]jf; gu/]sf t/pgLx?n] k/Dk/fut?kdf cfkm\gf] hLjglgjf{x tyf k/Dk/fut ultljlwsf nflukx'“r kfPsf] e"ldsf] k|of]usf] clwsf/nfO{;+/If0f ug{ klg pko'Qm cj:yfx?dfpkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5. o;f] ubf{ 3'dGt];d"x tyf 3'dGt] v]tL ug]{ ;d"xx?sf]cj:yfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5.

wf/f !(/fli6«o s[lif sfo{qmdx?n] ;DalGwt;d"xx?sf nflu lgDglnlvt ljifox?df/fli6«o ;d'bfosf cGo ;d"xx? a/fa/sf]Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\ Ms_ ;fdfGo hLjgofkgsf cfjZostfx?nfO{k"lt{ ug{ oL ;d"xx?;“u cfjZos e"ldgePdf jf pgLx?sf] ;DefJo hg;+Vofj[l4sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ yk e"ld k|bfg ug]{Joj:yf.v_ oL ;d"xx?sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf e"ldsf]ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos ;|f]tx?sf]Joj:yf.

43

o;df ;g\ !((! sf] ;fgf :t/sf] vfgL;DaGwL P]g tyf ;g\ !((% sf]vfgL;DaGwL P]gn] yk ;d:ofx? lgDTofOlbPsf] 5. oL P]gx?n] ;fgf:t/sf] vfgL;DaGwL sfdx?df /f]s nufp“b5g\, / k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x?sf]lg/Gt/tfnfO{ lgif]w ub{5g\. ;g\ !((% sf] P]gn] vfgL;DaGwL sDkgLx?nfO{bf]xg tyf cGj]if0fsf nflu 7"nf e"–efux? v'Nnf ul/lbPsf] 5. To:t} u/]/;f] P]gn] vfgL;DaGwL sDkgLx?nfO{ kfgLdflysf] clwsf/ tyf kx'“rsf]clwsf/ klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5. oL ljifox?df ;g\ !((! sf] P]gn];;fgf vfgL pBdLx?dfly aGb]h nufPsf] lyof].%%

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] lgDg s'/fx?df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 M

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+:s[lt tyf cfly{s :jfjnDagsf]lg/Gt/tfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ?kdf pgLx?sf] k/Dk/futcy{tGqx?sf] dxTj.

cflbjf:fL÷hghfltx?sf] ljz]if 1fg, ;Lk tyf k/Dk/futk|ljlwx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut cYf{tGqx?sf] cfwf/e"t TfTjsf]?kdf dfGotf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?nfO{ pgLx?sf];xeflutfdf alnof] agfpg'kg]{ tyf k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] hLjglgjf{xsf] dfWodsf ?kdfkof{Kt e"ld k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut cy{tGq lbuf]?kdfsfod /fVg tyf ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd agfpg cfjZos cfly{s tyfk|ljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf.

o;sf] cy{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] cfkm\gf] k/Dk/futultljlwx? dfq ;~rfng ug{ kfp“b5g\, / pgLx?n]hLjglgjf{xsf cGo dfWodx? vf]hL ug{ kfp“b}Gfg\ eGg] xf]<xf]Og, cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut ultljlwx?sf] dxTjdfly hf]8lbg' eg]sf] pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ;d'bfoeGbf aflx/ sfdsf] vf]hL ug{ jf gof“cfly{s cj;/x? ckgfpg kfp“b}gg\ eGg] xf ]Og. o;sf] cy{cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf k/Dk/fut ultljlwx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] cy{tGqtyf ;+:s[ltsf] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ c+usf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg' xf]. dxf;lGwg+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cy{tGq tyf ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5.

k/Dk/fut cy{tGqx?

wf/f @#=@;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] cg'/f]wsf]cfwf/df pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut k|ljlwtyf ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfx? ;fy} lbuf]tyf ;dtfd"ns ljsf;sf] dxTjnfO{Wofg lb“b} ;Dej eP;Dd Toxf“ pko'Qmk|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfgul/g]5.

%% Degawan, Hermina. "Small-Scale Gold Mining as a TraditionalOccupation in the Cordillera, Philippines". In: Indigenous and TribalPeoples' Economies in Transition (Working Title). ILO, Geneva(forthcoming).

44

Jofj;flos tflnd

Jofj;flostflndcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf afnjflnsfx?nfO{ pgLx?sf a'af–cfdf, afh]–ah}tyf cu'jfx?n] lzsf/ v]Ng], df5f dfg]{ tyf sk8f a'Gg]h:tf k/Dk/fut;Lkx? l;sfp“b5g\. Pp6f k':tfb]lv csf]{ k':tfdf x:tfGt/0f ul/g] oL;Lkx? kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] k|d'v dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\.

cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf abln“bf] kl/l:yltcg'?k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg'kg]{ cfjZostfn]k|foh;f] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] cfly{s :jtGqtfdf 7"nf] bafa kfb{5.lzsf/ v]Ng], j:t'x? ;+sng ug]{, r/g jf s[lifh:tf k/Dk/fut /f]huf/Lx?k|foh;f] pgLx?sf kl/jf/ jf ;d'bfonfO{ af“Rg ckof{Kt x'G5g\. o:tf]k|fylds k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?, h:t} jgh+un cflbsf]] sdL tyf af“sL /x]sfo:tf ;|f]tx?dflysf] kx'“r gkfpg] ;d:ofn] ubf{ x'G5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut cfly{s cfwf/ / hLjglgjf{xsflqmofsnfkeGbf km/s hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cGo ;Lldt ljsNkx?ckgfpg afWo x'g] qmd a9\b} uPsf] 5.

o:tf] cj:yfdf Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx? cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'g;Sb5g\. Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx?sf] p2]Zo k'?if / dlxnf b'j}nfO{ljz]lifs[t ;Lk, tflnd lbg] / k|fKt 1fgnfO{ hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu k|of]uug{;Sg] agfpg' xf].

tyflk, bL3{sfnLg ;kmntfsf nflu o:tf Jofj;flos tflnd sf{oqmdx?ljz]if?kdf ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] cfjZostfcg'?k lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5. tLsfo{qmdx?df ljutsf /f]huf/Lsf k4ltx? tyf ;d'bfosf] rfl/lqsljz]iftfx? ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ j}slNks cfocfh{g;DaGwL ;Lkx? k|bfg ug]{nIo lnPsf tflnd sfo{qmdx? pgLx?sf] ljz]if cj:yf;“u d]n vfg] u/Llgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5. ;fy} tL sfo{qmdx?n] pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut 1fgnfO{klg Wofgdf /fVg' kb{5. pbfx/0fsf nflu ufO{j:t' r/fpg] sfddf ;+nUg;d'bfon] w]/} ;+Vofdf v]nf}gfx? pTkfbg ug{ l;sfpg] sfo{qmdeGbf t/sf/Ls;/L pTkfbg ug]{ tyf a]Rg] eGg] ljifo;“u ;DalGwt s[lifhGo tflndsfo{qmdaf6 a9L kmfObf lng ;Sb5g\.

a+unfb]zsf] lr6u+u kj{tLo If]qdf sKtfO{ hnljB't kl/of]hgfaf6 lj:yflktcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfo cfh{gsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf e"O“s6x/ tyfsfh'h:tf kmnkm"n v]tLx? cKfgfpg k|f]T;fxg ul/of]. kmnkm"n v]tL jfTo;sf] a]rlavg;“u ;DalGwt kof{Kt tflndlagfsf] of] sfo{qmdn] ;sf/fTdskl/0ffdx? Nofpg ;s]g. k/Dk/fut?kdf wfgsf] v]tL ug]{ oL cflbjf;Lx?cfkm\gf cy{tGqsf] cfwf/lagf jf cfocfh{gsf] a}slNks ;|f]tlagf af“RgafWo eP.%^

wf/f @@=!Jofks?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g]Jofj;flos tflnd sfo{qmdx?df;DalGwt ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf]:j]lR5s ;xeflutfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{pkfox? ckgfOg]5.

wf/f @@=@;~rfng ul/Psf Jofj;flostflnd sfo{qmdx?n] ;DalGwt;d"xx?sf] ljz]ifcfjZostfx?nfO{ k"lt{ ug{g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/x?n] oL;d"xx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ljz]iftflnd sfo{qmd tyf ;'ljwfx?k|bfg ug]{ ljifo ;'lglZrttf ug'{kb{5.

%^ Roy, C.K. Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the ChittagongHill Tracts, Bangladesh. Distr. by Jumma Peoples Network in Europe(JUPNET), 1996.

cflbjf;Lx? k/Dk/fut l;k, 1fg / k|ljlwdf wgL5g\, nfKrfåf/f lgld{t ;fdu|Lx?;fef/ M Pgsf8{

45

af]lnleofdf ‘;f+:s[lts ;'wf/ tyf 3/]n' sk8f pBf]usf] ljsf;;DaGwLsfo{zfnf kl/of]hgf kf“r jif{sf] cjlwdf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof]. ;f] kl/of]hgfsf]nIo af]lnleofsf] kj{tLo If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ #) j6f hfnSjf / tf/fa'sf];d'bfox?sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' lyof]. of] kl/of]hgf tL;d'bfox?df s'g} ;dodf Jofks?kdf k|rlnt sk8f pTkfbg ug]{ k/Dk/futk]zfdf cfwfl/t lyof].’ t/ ;doqmddf of] k|rngdf sdL cfPsf] lyof],tyflk To; kl/of]hgf k/Dk/fut u'0f tyf ;+u7gdf ;'wf/ NofO{ nfu"ul/Psf] lyof]. kl/of]hgf;“u ;DalGwt lg0f{o k|lqmofx?df ;d'bfox?k"0f{?kdf ;xefuL eP ;fy} kl/of]hgfdf k'/fgf] k':tfx?sf] 1fg o'jfx?nfO{dfu{bz{g ug{ k|of]u ul/of]. o;n] kl/jf/x?sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/Nofpgsf ;fy} hfNfSjf / tf/fa'sf] ;d'bfox?sf] lg/Gt/ cwf]ultdf /x]sf];f+:s[lts tTjx?nfO{ k'ghL{jg klg lbof].%&

o;}n] s'g} klg sfo{qmdn] pknlAwd"ns /f]huf/L tyf cfly{s :jlge{/tfsf]cfkm\gf] nIox? k|fKt ug{ To;n] ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]u tyf ;xdltk|fKt ug{ ;Sg'kb{5. To:t} u/]/ sfo{qmdnfO{ nfdf] cjlwsf nflu ;DalGwt;d"xx?;“usf] k/fdz{df of]hgf agfP/ sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5.

cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] s'g} klg ;Lkd"ns tflndsfo{qmdn] lgDglnlvt tTjx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 M

Tof] pgLx?sf] rfl/lqs ljz]iftfx?df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5.

To;n] pgLx?sf] cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5. o;sf nflucWoogx?åf/f pgLx?sf] cj:yfsf] d"Nofª\sg tyf tflndsfljifox?sf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5.

Tof] pTkfbgd"ns x'g'kb{5 / To;n] cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx?nfO{cfly{s?kdf :jlge{/ x'g ;3fpg' kb{5.

cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx? tflnd of]hgfsf] lgdf{0fb]lv sfof{Gjogtyf d"Nofª\sgsf] ;a} txx?df ;+nUg x'g' kb{5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ;DalGwt ;d"xx?n] rfx]df o:tf tflnd tyf sfo{qmd;d"xx?nfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L lj:tf/} x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5.

dxf;lGwsf] clGtd p2]Zo cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOanx? cfkm}n] g} ;Dk"0f{tflnd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog tyf ;~rfng u?g\ eGg] xf]. tyflk, ha;DdpgLx? cfkm" o;sf] nflu tof/ ePsf] dx;"; ub}{gg\, ta;Dd ;/sf/dfg} Jofj;flos tflnd lbg] lhDd]jf/L /xG5.

Jofj;flos tflnd

%& ILO. Building on Culture to Face Changing Realities: The Jalq'asand Tarabucos Story. Geneva, 1994.

wf/f @@=#s'g} klg ljz]if tflnd sfo{qmd;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] cfly{s,jftfj/0fLo, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[ltscj:yf Pj+ Jojxfl/scfjZostfx?df cfwfl/t x'g]5. o;;DaGwdf ul/g] s'g} klg cWoog;DalGwt ;d"xsf] ;xof]udf ul/g]5, /;f] ;d"x;“u To:tf sfo{qmdsf] ;+u7gtyf sfof{Gjogsf af/]df k/fdz{ul/g]5. ;Dej eP;Dd / oL;d"xx?n] rfx]df To:tf tflndsfo{qmdx?sf] ;+u7g tyf;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lj:tf/} tL;d"xx?n] g} lng]5g\.

Pp6} ?vaf6 8'ª\uf agfpg] cflbjf;L k|ljlw

46

/f]huf/L

/f]huf/Lcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut sfdx? ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fy}pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] ljz]if kl/l:ylt cg's"n /x]sf 5g\. o;sf ;fy}pgLx?sf] sfddf k|foh;f] alnof] ;fd"lxs tTj klg ljBdfg /x]sf] 5. b|'tultdf ab\ln/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? k|foh;f]hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut ;d'bfox?eGbf aflx/ sfd vf]HgafWo ePsf 5g\.

kf/fUj]df ;g\ !(%) ;Dd Pg;]S6 cflbjf;Lx?sf] e"ld gof“ hUufwgLx?sf]cwLgdf kl/;s]sf] lyof]. To;kl5 Toxf“ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ufO{j:t' kfng ug]{sfd z'? ul/of]. o;n] ubf{ h+unL hgfj/x? lj:yflkt eP, / Pg;]S6cflbjf;Lsf] lzsf/ v]Ng] If]qdf sdL cfof]. o:tf] cj:yfdf Pg;]S6cflbjf;Lsf nflu Jofkfl/s :f+:yf jf s[lif kmfd{sf nflu ;:tf] dHfb'/ x'g]/ rsf]{ zt{df ;fx';“u C0f lng] afx]s ljsNk lyPg. o; k|sf/sf]C0f;DaGwL Joj:yf cGo b]zx?df klg kfOg] u/]sf] 5.%*

dxf;lGw g= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?nfO{ ljBdfg /fli6«o>d sfg"gåf/f k|efjsf/L?kdf ;+/If0f gul/Psf] cj:yfdf pgLx?sf];+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf]5. dxf;lGwsf] p2]Zo cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?k|lt x'g] e]befjnfO{/f]Sg' tyf pgLx?nfO{ cGo >ldsx?h:t} Jojxf/ ul/of];\ eg]/ ;'lgZrtug'{ /x]sf] 5.

w]/}h:tf] cj:yfdf cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xsf] sfd ug]{ cj:yf tyfpgLx?sf] lgo'lQmsf] cj:yf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d dfkb08x?eGbfw]/} tn 5. pbfx/0fsf] nflu k]?df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljz]if1sf];ldltn] cflbjf;Lx?dfly ul/g] ha/h:tL >d Jojxf/x?af/] pNn]vu/]sf] 5. Toxf“ cN6f] psfofnL eGg] 7fp“df a;f]jf; ug]{ ‘cf;flgGsf’;d'bfo ljleGg k|sf/sf ha/h:tL >d ug{ afWo agfOPsf 5g\. o;dWo];a}eGbf rngrNtLsf] ?kdf C0f df]rgsf nflu agfOPsf a“w'jf dhb'/x?/x]sf 5g\. o:tf dhb'/x? s[lif, ufO{j:t' kfng tyf jgh+un km“8fgL ug]{sfddf s]lGb|t /x]sf 5g\.%(

wf/f @)=!;/sf/n] /fli6«o sfg"g tyflgodfjnLx?leq /x]/ / ;DalGwt;d"xsf sfdbf/x?sf] lgo'lQm tyfsfd ug]{ cj:yfsf] k|efjsf/L;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljz]ifpkfox? ckgfpg]5. o:tf ljz]ifpkfox? ;a} sfdbf/x?sf nflueg]/ NofOPsf ;fdfGo sfg"gx?n];DalGwt ;d"xsf sfdbf/x?sf]k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f ug{ g;s]sf]xb;Dd ckgfOg]5.

wf/f @)=@;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xsfsfdbf/x? tyf cGo sfdbf/x?sfaLr x'g] e]befjnfO{ /f]Sg x/;Dej;a} s'/f ug]{5. o;cGtu{t ljz]ifu/]/ lgDg ljifox? kb{5g\ Ms_ sfd, h;cGtu{t ;Lkd"ns/f]huf/L klg kb{5, df lgo'lQm ;fy}kbf]Gglt tyf k|ultsf pkfox?kb{5g\v_ ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg Hofnfu_ :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]u,k]zfut ;'/Iff tyf :jf:Yo, ;a};fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ;'ljwfx? tyfcGo ;DalGwt k]zfut ;'ljwfx?tyf cfjf;;DaGwL ;'ljwf3_ ;+3–;+u7gsf] clwsf/ tyf ;a}k|sf/sf] sfg"gL?kdf j}w 6«]8o'lgog ultljlwx?sf] :jtGqtf;fy} /f]huf/bftf jf /f]huf/bftfsf;+u7gx?;“u ;fd"lxs ;xdltdfk'Ug] clwsf/

%* IWGIA & Anti-Slavery International. Enslaved Peoples in the 1990's.Indigenous Peoples, Debt Bondage and Human Rights. IWGIADoc.83, Copenhagen, 1997, p.156.

%( For examples of other countries see also ILO: Report of the Committeeof Experts on Application of Conventions and Recommendations.Comments on the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), Geneva.1998 ( pp. 99-137), and 1999 (pp. 106-154).

47

/f]huf/L

cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOan ;d"xx?nfO{ e]befjjf6 ;+/If0f ug{ dxf;lGw g+!^( n] lgDglnlvt cj:yfx?sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

cflbjf;L tyf 6«fOan >ldsx?nfO{ pgLx?n] sfdsf] vf]hL ubf{ jfsfdsf] nflu cfj]bg ubf{ e]befj ul/g' x'“b}g. o:tf] sfddf zf/Ll/s>db]lv dflyNnf] tx;Ddsf] sfd ;a} kb{5g\. k'?if tyf dlxnfn];dfg cj;/x? kfpg' kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?nfO{ ;dfg sfdsf nflu c?eGbf sdHofnf lbOg' x'“b}g. of] Go"g cfo ePsf sfdx?sf] ;Gbe{df dfq nfu"x'g'x'“b}g.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] >dsf] zf]if0f x'g]cj:yfdf sfddf nufOg' x'“b}g. of] vf; u/]/ df};dL, cf+lzs jfcNksfnLg / cfk|jf;L >ldsx?, h:t} afnLgfnL p7fpg] ofddfsfd ug]{ >ldsx?sf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ x'G5. k'?if tyf dlxnf>ldsnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/g' kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?nfO{ ;+3–;+u7g vf]Ng] jf To;df ;xefuLx'g] tyf 6]«8 o'lgogsf ultljlwx?df ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ x'G5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?n] >ldsx?sf] clwsf/ tyf e}k/Lcfpg] ;d:ofx?sf af/] ;xof]usf] vf]hL ug]{ tl/sfx?sf] hfgsf/Lk|fKt ug{'kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt >ldsx?nfO{ :jf:Yodf uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/kfg]{ cj:yfdf pgLx?nfO{ cfjZos ;fjwfgLsf pkfox?sf af/]df/fd|f];“u hfgsf/L gu/fOsg sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g. pgLx?n];a} cj:yfdf :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs ;]jfx? kfpg' kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf] sfd ug]{ cj:yfnfO{ cg'udg ug]{ lg/LIf0f;]jfx? dxf;lGw g+= !^( åf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08x? k"/f ePsf 5g\ ls5}gg\ eg]/ lglZrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\. pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lg/LIf0f;]jfx?sf] k|of]hgsf nflu a|flhndf tNnf] :t/sf]] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf cToflwskg]{ ph'/Lx?sf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug{ 3'DtL lg/LIf0f 6f]lnx?sf] :yfkgful/Psf] 5. ^)

wf/f @)=#cjnDag ul/Psf pkfox?n] oLlgDglnlvt s'/fx? ;''lglZrt ug]{5g\ Ms_ ;DalGwt ;d"xsf sfdbf/x?,h;cGtu{t s[lif jf cGo /f]huf/Ldf;+nUg df};dL, cNksfnLg jf cf+lzstyf cfk|jf;L s[lif sfdbf/x? / ToxLIf]qsf >d 7]sbf/x?n] /f]huf/L lbPsfsfdbf/x? kb{5g\. tL ;a} sfdbf/x?n]cGo :yfgLo sfdbf/x? em}+ /fli6«osfg"g tyf Jojxf/x?åf/f lbOPsf];+/If0f k|fKt ug]{5g\. ;fy} tL>ldsx?nfO{ >d sfg"gcGtu{tsfclwsf/x?sf af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/L Pj+pgLx?nfO{ cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx? /pknAw pkrf/sf dfWodx?sf af/]dfklg hfgsf/L lbOg]5.v_ oL ;d"xsf sfdbf/x?nfO{:jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/scj:yfx?df sfddf nufOg] 5}g. o:tf]vf; u/]/ ls6\gfzs jf cGoxflgsf/s kbfy{x?sf] k|efj ePsf]7fp“df sfddf nufOg] 5}g.u_ oL ;d"xsf sfdbf/x?nfO{ha/h:tL sfddf nufOg] 5}g.o;cGtu{t a“w'jf >d tyf cGolsl;dsf C0fdf]rg;“u ;DalGwtafWosf/L >dx? kb{5g\.3_ oL ;d"xsf sfdbf/x?n] k'?if tyfdlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg cj;/ tyf;dfg Jojxf/ k|fKt ug]{5g\, / o}fgzf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f kfpg]5g\.

wf/f @)=$dxf;lGwsf] o; efusf k|fjwfgx?kfngf ePsf 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrtug]{ p2]Zon] ;DalGwt ;d"xsfsfdbf/x?n] Hofnfbf/L >ldssf]?kdf sfd ug]{ If]qx?df kof{Kt >dlg/LIf0f ;]jfx? :yfkgf ug{ ljz]ifWofg lbOg]5.

^) ILO: Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1997, p. 304.

48

:jf:Yo

:jf:Yocflbjf;Lx?sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL cjwf/0ffn] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;':jf:Yojf /f]uaf6 6f9f /xg] eGg] dfq geO{ c? a9L ljifonfO{ ;d]6\b5. ;f]cjwf/0ffn] dl:tis, z/L/ tyf cfTdfaLrsf] ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf / k|s[lt;“u;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg ;d]6\b5.

k'vf}{nL e"ldaf6 lj:yflkt x'g', cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut e"ld u'dfpg', jftfj/0fLoljgfz, k|b"if0f tyf kmf]xf]/d}nfh:tf tTjn] :jf:Yo k|efljt x'G5. k/Dk/futcf}iflwx?;“u aflxl/of tTjx?n] NofPsf] vfgL pBf]uaf6 x'g] k|b"if0f, SofG;/,P8\; / cf0fljs k|b"if0fh:tf gof“ la/fdLx?sf] nflu s'g} pkrf/ x'“b}g.

a|flhndf cflbjf;Lx?sf e"ldx?df j}wflgs?kn] btf{ gePsf ;'g pTvggdfsfd ug]{ >ldsx?sf] k|j]zn] gof“ /f]ux? NofPsf] 5. ofgf]dfldcflbjf;Lx?dWo]sf @! k|ltzteGbf a9L JolQmx?sf] dn]l/of, Zjf;k|Zjf;sf/f]ux?, Ifo/f]u / ;fy;fy} ;'g lgsfNg k|of]u ul/g] /;fogsf] k|b"if0f tyfcflbjf;L dlxnfx?nfO{ u/fOg] ha/h:tL j]Zofj[lQaf6 x'g] /f]ux?af6d[To' ePsf] 5. Toxf“ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? / cfk|jf;L ;'g vfgLsf>ldsx?aLr lx+;fTds åGåsf 36gfx? ePsf 5g\. a|flhnsf] ;/sf/sf]cfkm\g} cg'dfgx?n] klg olb tTsfn} ;sf/fTds sbdx? grfn]df ofgf]dfldcflbjf;Lx? l5§} g} nf]k x'g]5g\ eg]/ b]vfPsf 5g\.^!

w]/}h;f] b]zx?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] :jf:Yo:t/ /fli6«o :jf:Yosf]:t/eGbf lgs} tn /x]sf] 5.

‘‘pgLx?df jfn d[To'b/ u}/cflbjf;Lx?eGbf a9L 5, af“Rg] cfo' yf]/} 5 /pgLx? /f]ux?af6 a9L k|efljt 5g\.’’^@

^! ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1995, p. 289; and ibid.,1997, p. 305.

^@ United Nations. Health and Indigenous Peoples. Note by theSecretariat. Geneva. E/CN.4/Sub.2. AC /1997/4, p.1.

wf/f @%=@:jf:Yo ;]jfx? oyf;So;d'bfodf cfwfl/t x'g]5g\. oL;]jfx?sf af/]df ;DalGwt;d"xsf] ;xsfo{df of]hgfagfOg]5 tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5/ oL ;]jfx?n] ;DalGwt ;d"xsf]cfly{s, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts cj:yfx?sf ;fy}pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut /f]syfd /emf/km"ssf ljlwx? tyfcf}iflwx?nfO{ Vofndf /fVg]5g\.

s'n'ª gfS5f]ªx? k/Dk/fut pkrf/ klg u5{g\;fef/ M Pglhcf] kmf]lgg

49

:jf:Yo

;g\ !((& sf] gf]e]Da/df pQ/L c:6]«lnofsf] s's6fpgdf cflbjf;L o'jfx?sf]:jf:Yo;DaGwL Pp6f ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof]. Toxf“ ;xefuLcflbjf;L k|ltlglwx?n] cfkm\gf ;d'bfox? ;fdflhs /f]ux?sf] a9L dfqf,nfu"kbfy{ b'Jo{;g, of}ghGo lx+;f, s}bL hLjg, a]3/jf/ / cfTdxTofsf;fy;fy} afn d[To' tyf dw'd]xaf6 kLl8t /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP. ^#

;f ] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL xjfOsf Pshgf cflbjf:fL k|ltlglwn]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut vfgf pgLx?sf] :jf:Yosf nfludxTjk"0f{ ePsf] pNNf]v u/]sf lyP. t/, 36\bf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf sf/0fk/Dk/fut vfgf sd dfqfdf kfpg yflnPsf ] 5. o;n ]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] :jf:Yo tyf e"ldaLr ghLssf] ;DaGw 5 eGg]b]vfp“b5. Go"lhNof08df 6]g'O cflbjf;Lx?n] cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fut e"ldx?sf]k'gk|f{lKtdf cfwfl/t Pp6f ;kmn :jf:Yo k4ltsf] :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\.^$

dxf;lGw g++ !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ubf{lgDglnlvt s'/fx? dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

tL ;]jfx? ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5.

ltgLx? k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo k4ltsf] kl/k"/s x'g' kb{5 / To:tfk4ltnfO{ ;d]6\g' kb{5.

tL ;]jfx?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;s[o?kdf ;+nUg u/fOg'kb{5.

:yfgLo JolQmx?nfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ tyf pgLx?n] rfx]dfTo;sf] lhDd]jf/L lng tflnd lbOg' kb{5.

;/sf/n] cGo gful/snfO{ h:t} cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ tL:jf:Yo ;]jfx?sf nflu ;|f]tx? k|bfg ug'{ kb{5.

dxf;lGwsf] clGtd nIo cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? jf ;d'bfox? tof/ ePsf]cj:yfdf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L tyf lgoGq0f pgLx?nfO{ x:tfGt/0fug'{ /x]sf] 5.

:jf:Yo ;]jfx?nfO{ dfq Psn?kdf /flvg' x'“b}g. To;nfO{ cGo pkfox?,h:t} cfjf; ;'ljwf, kfgLsf] cj:yf / ;/;kmfO tyf sfdsf] cj:yfdf;'wf/;“u hf]l8g' kb{5. lsgls, oL ;a} cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] :jf:Yodfc;/ kfg]{ tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\.

wf/f @%=!;/sf/n] ;DalGwt ;d"xx?n] pgLx?n]k|fKt ug{;Sg] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] :t/sf]zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yo k|fKtug{ ;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] kof{Kt:jf:Yo ;]jfx?sf] pknAwtfnfO{;'lglZrt ug]{5 jf ;DalGwt;d"xx?nfO{ cfkm\g} lhDd]jf/L tyflgoGq0fdf To:tf ;]jfx? lgdf{0f ug{tyf k|bfg ug{ ;|f]tx? pknAwu/fpg]5.

^# IWGIA. Indigenous Affairs, No.1, 1998, p. 21.^$ Ibid.

wf/f @%=#:jf:Yo ;]jfn] :yfgLo :jf:Yosfo{stf{x?sf] tfnLd tyf/f]huf/LnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]5, /cGo :t/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfl;tsf]alnof] ;DaGwnfO{ sfod /fVb}k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jfdf s]lGb|tx'g]5.

wf/f @%=$o:tf] :jf:Yo ;]jf b]zdf ljBdfgcGo ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf;f+:s[lts pkfox?;“u ;dGjoub}{ k|bfg ul/g]5.

50

;fdflhs ;'/Iff

;fdflhs ;'/Iffw]/}h;f] b]zx?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ;]jfx?k"0f{?kdf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\. o:tf ;]jfx?df a]/f]huf/, j[4, /f]uL tyfckfª\usf nflu sfo{qmdx? kb{5g\. o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0fdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;/sf/L ;j]{If0fx?df ;dfj]z gx'g] cNkljsl;t b'u{d 7fp“x?df a;f]jf;u/]sf]n] x'g;Sb5. o;sf] cy{ tL ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?n] pgLx?sf];fdflhs cj:yfnfO{ /fd|f];“u ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5}gg\ eGg] klg x'g;Sb5.w]/}h;f] cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf JolQmx? cf}krfl/s /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf sfdub}{gg\, pgLx? df};dL, cf+lzs jf cNksfnLg / cfk|jf;L >ldssf ?kdfsfd ub{5g\ jf pgLx? :j/f]huf/ x'G5g\.

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ /fd|f];“u ;]jfk'¥ofpg ;s'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{ dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] lgDglnlvts'/fx? cfjZos ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;dfj]zug]{ p2]Zon] lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf

oL sfo{qmdx?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ljz]if cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wgug'{kg]{ cfjZostf

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu cGo gful/sx? em}+ ;fdflhs;'/Iffsf ;]jfx?dfly ;dfg kx'“rsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{cfjZostf

wf/f @$;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf Joj:yfx?;DalGwt ;d"xx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{qmlds?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5, / ;f];]jf lagfe]befj pgLx?df nfu"ul/g]5.

cflbjf;L a[4 a[4fx? ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]cfzfdf

51

lzIff

lzIffcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf lzIff k4ltx? cfkm\g} cjwf/0ff, Oltxf; tyf;f+:s[lts d"No–dfGotfx?df cfwfl/t 5g\. oL cjwf/0ff, Oltxf; tyf;f +:s [ lts d "No–dfGotfx? cGo k4ltx?eGbf km/s 5g\ .cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] lzIff k4ltcGtu{t lzsf/ v]Ng], hfn xfGg] tyfsk8f a'Gg]h:tf ;Lkx? l;Sg] s'/fx? kb{5g\. oL s'/fx? ;fdfGotofljBfnosf sfo{qmdx?df ;dfj]z ul/“b}gg\. yfONof08sf] Pp6f kxf8LIf]qsf] 6«fOan ;d"xsf] cu'jfsf] zAbdf M

‘‘lzIff eg]sf] ljBfnodf dfq x'“b}g. lzIff xfdL jl/kl/sf]] jftfj/0fdfx'G5. jgh+unx? klg xfd|f lzIfs x'g ;Sb5g\.’’ ^%

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ b]zsf cGo gful/sx? em}+/fli6«o lzIff k4ltaf6 kmfObf lng] ;dfg clwsf/ /x]sf] x'G5 eg]/pNn]v u/]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy} cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] nflu agfOPsflzIff sfo{qmdx?df lgDglnlvt tTjx? ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5 M

;DalGwt cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;s[o ;xeflutfdf lzIffsfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ljz]if cfjZostfx?sf] ;Daf]wg

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;f+:s[lts d"No–dfGotf, Oltxf; tyfk/Dk/fx?sf] ;Ddfg

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] efiffx?sf] k|of]u tyf Jojxf/nfO{ jlnof]agfpg' tyf k|j4{g ug{' /

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cGo gful/sx? ;/x ;dfg :t/sf]lzIff kfpg] cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf

^% Bangkok Post, 2 July 1997. "Right in his own backyard".

wf/f @^;DalGwt ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n]sDtLdf klg /fli6«o ;d'bfosf cGo;b:ox?;/x lzIffsf ;a} txdfcj;/x? k|fKt ug{ ;s'g\ eg]/;'lglZrt ug{ pkfox? cjnDagul/g]5.

wf/f @&=!z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf ;]jfx?;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] ;xof]udfpgLx?sf ljz]ifcfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5g\.oL z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf ;]jfx?n]pgLx?sf] Oltxf;, 1fg, k|ljlwx?tyf d"No k4lt Pj+ pgLx?sf];fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[ltsrfxgfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{5g\.

dft[ efiff cWoog ub}{ wgs'6fsf cflbjf;L÷hghflt ljBfyL{x?

52

lzIff

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] efiffx?sf] ;+/If0ftyf k|j4{g ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5. cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] gLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ kl/of]hgfn] tfGhflgofsf]lk+uf];\ d~r;“u sfd u/]/ dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ ls:jflxnL efiffdfcg'jfb u¥of]. of] k"jL{ clk|msL /fHox?df a;f]jf; ug]{ cflbjf;L ;d"xx?sf]k|of]usf] nflu ul/Psf] lyof]. clxn] ;f] kl/of]hgfn] sDaf]l8ofnL ;/sf/sf]kj{tLo If]qsf ;d"xx?sf] ljsf;sf nflu :yflkt cGt/–dGqfno ;ldlt;“usfd u/]/ dxf;lGw vd]/ efiffdf cg'jfb ul//x]sf] 5. of] dxf;lGwnfO{cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu a9L ;'ud agfpg xf]. To:t} dxf;lGw nfcf]efiffdf klg cg'jfb eO/x]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy} kl/of]hgfn] af/fj|fOu tyfxfhfj] efiffdf dxf;lGwsf s]xL >Jo Sof;]6x? agfPsf] 5. o;sf] p2]Zodxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] k|rf/–k|;f/sf nflu lnlvt k/Dk/f gePsf df}lvsk/Dk/fdf lge{/ ;d"xx?nfO{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug'{ xf].^^

kl/of]hgfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo afnsf]if;“u sfd u/]/ Sofd?gsf afsf;d'bfo, h;nfO{ lkUdL klg elgG5, pgLx?sf] af/]df Pp6f cWoogeO/x]sf] 5. oL afsf jf lkUdLx?n] Tof] 7fp“sf] pi0f–If]qLo jgh+unx?sf]ljutb]lv Joj:yfkg ul//x]sf 5g\. of] cWoogn] pgLx?sf] cj:yfsf]d"Nofª\sg ug'{sf ;fy} lkUdL efiffdf pgLx?sf clwsf/x?sf af/]df;"rgf klg pTkfbg ug]{5.

To:t} csf]{ Pp6f sfo{qmd df]/Ssf]df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5. Toxf“ To:tf];"rgfnfO{ a/a/ efiffdf tof/ ul/“b}5. To;n] ;DalGwt ;d"xx?nfO{ pgLx?sf]clwsf/ tyf cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] tl/sfx?af/] hfgsf/L lbG5.

dn]lzofdf cflbjf;Lx?sf] k/Dk/fut lzIff k4lt cf}krfl/s lzIff k4lteGbflgs} km/s 5. ;fdfGotof ljBfnosf] lzIffnfO{ cflbjf;Lx?sf] hLjgk4lt tyf pgLx?sf] k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltcg'?k cg's"n agfpg ;lsPsf]5}g, tyflk ;/sf/n] cflbjf;Lsf k/Dk/fx?nfO{ k|ultsf] afwssf] ?kdflrlqt ug]{ ;f]rfOdf kl/j{tg Nofpg clxn] Toxf“sf ljleGg u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx?;“u ldn]/ sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. o;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf]k/Dk/fut 1fgsf] dxTjdfly hf]8 lbG5. pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ;g\ !((& dfcl3 NofOPsf] cflbjf;Lsf efiffx?;“u ;DalGwt ‘ljBfyL{sf] cfkm\g} efiff’gLlt /x]sf] 5. of] dn]lzofsf] ;afxfsf] k]gfdkf+u lhNnfdf cflbjf;LljBfyL{x?nfO{ sf8fhg efiff k9fpg z'? ul/Psf] lyof]. of] gLltn] cflbjf;LljBfyL{x?sf] lzIffsf] Ps efusf] ?kdf cflbjf;Lx?sf] efiffsf] dxTjnfO{:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5.^&

^^ clxn];Dd dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cem a9L ;'ud agfpg] p2]Zon] ljleGg efiffx?df cg'jfbul/Psf] 5. oL efiffx?df kf]r'{u]nL, yfO{, v;–g]kfnL cflb kb{5g\.

67 Lasimbang, Jannie. "Participatory Arrangements and the Future ofTraditional Occupations in Relation to Contemporary FrameworkPolicy." In: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples' Economies in Transition(Working title). ILO, Geneva (forthcoming).

wf/f @*=#;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] efiffx?sf]ljsf; tyf k|of]unfO{ ;+/If0ftyf k|j4{g ug{ pkfox?cjnDag ul/g]5g\.

53

lzIff

;g\ !(*@ b]lv !(*$ aLrsf] cjlwdf d]S;Lsf]sf] cf]S;sfsf cflbjf;Lx?n]efiffzf:qLx?sf] ;xof]udf Pp6f ljz]if z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; u/]sflyP. of] sfo{qmdsf] k|d'v nIox?df ldS;] efiffdf ;fIf/tf k|j4{g ug'{,ldS;] efiffsf] j0f{dfnf ljsf; ug'{ / Gofo tyf :jf:Yoh:tf If]qx?dfljsf;sf nflu ;3fpg' /x]sf] lyof]. sfo{qmdsf ljifoj:t'x?n] ;d'bfosfcu'jfx?sf] 1fg, ldS;] ul0ft tyf s[lif k4ltsf ;fy} ;fd'bflos e"ld:jfldTjnfO{ arfpg sfg"gL tflndh:tf ljifox?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof].sfo{qmddf ldS;] cflbjf;Lx?n] ;xeflutf hgfpgsf ;fy} cfkm\gf ljrf/x?klg /fv]sf lyP. sfo{qmd ;g\ !((* sf] h"nfO{;Dd ;~rfng ePsf]lyof]. ^*

s'g} ;dodf w]/}h;f] b]zx?df cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] efiffk9\g tyf n]Vg l;Sgsf nflu s'g} ;'ljwfx? pknAw lyPg. s'g}cj:yfdf t pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] efiff af]Ng klg k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof].clxn] klg a+unfb]z tyf yfONof08h:tf s]xL b]zx?df oxL cj:yfljBdfg /x]sf] 5. kl/0ffd:j?k w]/}h;f] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] efiffx?nf]k eO;s]sf jf eO/x]sf 5g\.^(

xfn cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?aLr cfkm\gf] efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{cfjZostfaf/] r]tgf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5. To:t} pgLx?df cfkm\gf] efiffdflzIffsf] z'?cft ug'{kg]{ dfu klg al9/x]sf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu k|m]Gru'ofgfdf sfnLgf ;d'bfodf n]vg k4lt lgdf{0f ug{ sfd z'? ul/Psf] 5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;+:s[lt tyf klxrfgdf efiffn] v]Ng] k|d've"ldsfnfO{ Wofg lb“b} dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] b'O{j6f d'Vo tTjx?df hf]8lbPsf] 5 M

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] efiffx?nfO{ ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug'{kg]{cfjZostf

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf afnaflnsfx?n] cfkm\g} efiffx?df k9\gtyf n]Vg l;Sg'kg]{ cfjZostf

^* Robles Hernandez, S "Our Experience in Popular Education". In: King,L. (Ed). Reflecting Visions. New Perspectives on Adult Education forIndigenous Peoples. Hamburg, 1998, pp.136-139.

^( x]g'{xf];\ ;g\ !((* sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cflbjf;Lx?;DaGwL sfo{ ;d"xsf] ;f]x|f}+ a}7sdfcflbjf;L tyf slanfO{ ;d"xsf k|ltlglwx?åf/f lbOPsf jQmAox? M (On file with theUN). See also King, L.,1998, p.125.

wf/f @*=!;DalGwt ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx?nfO{Jojxfl/s eP;Dd pgLx?sf] cfkm\g}cflbjf;L efiffdf jf pgLx?sf];d"xn] ;a}eGbf Jofks?kdf k|of]uug]{ efiffdf k9\g n]Vg l;sfOg]5 /lzIff lbOg]5. of] ;Dej gePsf]cj:yfdf ;DalGwt lgsfon] of]p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{pkfox? kQf nufpg ;DalGwt;d"x;“u k/fdz{ ug]{5.

wf/f @*=@;DalGwt ;d"xx?n] /fli6«o efiff jfb]zsf] s'g} Pp6f ;/sf/L efiffdfbIftf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ug{;s'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflukof{Kt pkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5.

lzIFfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ clwsf +z cflbjf;Lafnaflnsfx?

54

lzIff

wf/f @(;DalGwt ;d"xx?k|ltnlIft lzIffsf] p2]ZopgLx?sf afnaflnsfx?nfO{cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf / /fli6«o;d'bfodf k"0f{?kdf / ;dfgtj/n] ;xefuL x'g ;3fpg]p2]Zon] ;fdfGo 1fg tyf;Lkx? k|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] 5.

z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf If]qx?df ljz]if ljBfnox?sf]:yfkgfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5g\. o:tf ljBfnodf /fli6«o efiff tyfcflbjf;L jf 6«fOanx?sf efiffx? b'j}df k9fpg] ul/G5. o:tf] cGt/–;f+:s[lts låeflifs sfo{qmdx?sf] nIo cflbjf:fL÷hghflt afnaflnsfx?n]]cfkm\gf] efiff, ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fx?sf ;fy} /fli6«o lzIff k4ltsfljifox? klg l;s'g\ eGg] xf]. o;n] tL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ /fli6«o hLjgdfk"0f{?kdf ;xefuL x'g ;3fpgsf ;fy} cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt tyf ;Dkbfx?sf]af/]df klg 1fg lbG5.

cnf:sfdf Toxf“sf] efiff cfof]un] låeflifs lzIff z'? u/]sf] 5. o;n]cflbjf;Lsf efiffx?nfO{ k'ghL{jg lbPsf] 5.&)

;g\ !(** b]lv af]lnleofsf] u'/fgL If]qdf låeflifs cGt/–;f+:s[ltslzIff kl/of]hgf ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5. u'/fgL ;d'bfosf];ef of] kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf?kdf ;+nUg ePsf]lyof]. o;sf] p2]Zo pgLx?sf] cg'ej tyf ljrf/x?df cfwfl/t lzIffk|bfg ug{' tyf pgLx?sf cfjZostfx?sf] ;Daf]wg xf];\ egL ;'lglZrtug'{ /x]sf] lyof]. pgLx?sf cfjZostfx?dWo] Pp6f cfjZostf lzIffu'/fgL tyf :k]gL b'j} efiffdf k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] lyof]. låeflifslzIffsf] z'?cft ePkl5 a'af–cfdfx?n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?df :k]gL efiffaf]Ng] JolQmx?sf] ;fd'Gg] cfkm\gf] u'/fgL efiff af]Ng nfh dfGg] tyf xLgtfdx;'; ug]{ efjgfsf] cGTo ePsf] kfP. To:t}, pgLx?sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n]ljBfnosf] lzIffnfO{ a9L dg k/fPsf] klg kfP. of] kl/of]hgfsf] k|ultn]Ps Jofks :t/sf] ;fIf/tf cleofgsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|]l/t u¥of]. o;sf]p2]Zo u'/fgL efiff k9\g' tyf n]Vg' dfq geP/ u'/fgL Oltxf;nfO{ k'ghL{ljtug'{, cfkm\gf] klxrfgnfO{ alnof] agfpg' tyf /fhg}lts p2]Zox?nfO{ k|fKtug'{ klg /x]sf] lyof]. &!

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] s'g} sfo{qmd z'? eO;s]kl5 To;sf] Joj:yfkg tyflgoGq0f qmlds ?kn] pgLx?n] rfx]sf] cj:yfdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?dfx:tfGt/0f ul/g' kb{5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5. o;n] ubf{ cGTodf uP/ tLcflbjf;L÷hghfltx? cfkm}+ g} cfkm\gf z}lIfs sfo{qmd tyf k4ltx?sfnflu k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\. of] s'/fnfO{ ;Dej agfpg ;DalGwt ;/sf/n]cfjZos cfly{s ;xof]u tyf ;|f]tx? k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos 5.

wf/f @&=@;DalGwt ;Ifd lgsfon] z}lIfssfo{qmdx?sf] ;~rfngsf]lhDd]jf/L pko'Qm eP;Ddqmlds?kn] ;DalGwt ;d"xx?nfO{lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ p2]Zon];d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] tflndsf ;fy}z}lIfs sfo{qmdx?sf] lgdf{0f tyfsfof{Gjogdf tL ;d"xx?sf];+nUgtf ;'lglZrt ug]{5.

&) Rasmussen, H & Sjoerslev, I. "Culture and Indigenous Rights". In:UNESCO: World Culture Report. Paris, 1998, p. 87.

&! Lopez, L.E. "Capacity Building: Lessons learnt from the LiteracyCampaign of the Assembly of the Guarani People of Bolivia." In:King, L. (Ed.): Reflecting Visions. New Perspectives on AdultEducation for Indigenous Peoples. Hamburg, 1998, pp. 149-154.

55

lzIff

Go"lhNof08df cflbjf;L dfcf]/L ;d'bfosf lzIfsx?, z}lIfs ;+u7gx?tyf ;/sf/ ldn]/ Pp6f a[xt tyf ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] dfcf]/L lzIff /0fgLltsf]ljsf; ul//x]sf 5g\. o;cGtu{t dfcf]/Lx? Go"lhNof08sf gful/s /cflbjf;L klg ePsfn] o; bf]xf]/f] e"ldsfnfO{ dfGotf lb“b} b'O{j6f ;dfgfGt/z}lIfs /0fgLlt ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 M -!_ dfcf]/Lx?s} lgoGq0fdfdfcf]/L ;+:s[lt tyf k/Dk/fx?df cfwfl/t :jtGq lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug'{. -@_ dfcf]/L lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o lzIff k4ltdf PsLs[t u/L u}/dfcf]/L JolQmx?hlQs} dfcf]/Lx? klg ;dfg lzIffsf] :t/df k'Ug ;s'g\ egL ;'lglZrtug'{. &@

b'/fu|xx? x6fpg'

c;lxi0f'tf k|foh;f] 1fgsf] sdLn] ubf{ x'G5. ax'hftLo ;dfhdf Pscsf{sf ;+:s[lt tyf hLjg k4ltx?sf] af/]df l;s]/ jf hfgsf/L k|fKtu/]/ Pscsf{sf leGgtfx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{, To;k|lt ;lxi0f'tf b]vfp“b}zflGtk"j{s tyf d]nldnfkk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;“u} af“Rg ;Sb5g\.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf ;+:s[ltx?sf af/]dfu}/cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5. of]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] hLjg k4ltnfO{ ;xL?kdf lrq0f ug]{ tyf To;sf]af/]df ;"rgf lbg] k|sfzg, lnlvt ;fdu|L, rnlrq tyf k|bz{gL h:tfdfWodx?dfkm{t\ ug{ ;lsG5.

sf]:6fl/sfdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] :k]gL;s efiff tyf cflbjf;Lsfb'O{j6f efiffx? -la|a|L / sfa]sf/_ sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf]lyof]. oL sfo{qmdsf b'O{j6f p2]Zox? /x]sf lyPM

-!_ cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ ;fGble{s /fli6«o sfg"gx? tyf sf]:6fl/sfn]cg'df]bg u/]sf] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' /

-@_ u}/cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+:s[ltsf] af/]df ;"rgf tyfhfgsf/L u/fpg'. &#

wf/f @&=#o;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] ;DalGwt;d"xx?sf] cfkm\g} z}lIfs ;+:yf tyf;'ljwfx? :yfkgf ug]{ clwsf/nfO{dfGotf lbg]5. o;sf nflu tL z}lIfs;+:yf tyf ;'ljwfx?n] ;DalGwtlgsfon] tL ;d"xx?;“usf] k/fdz{df:yflkt u/]sf Go"gtd dfkb08x?nfO{kfngf ug'{kg]{5. o:tf ;+:yf tyf;]jfx? :yfkgf ug{sf nflu pko'Qm;|f]tx? pknAw u/fOg]5.

wf/f #!/fli6«o ;d'bfosf ;a} If]qx?dftyf vf; u/]/ oL ;d"xx?;“uk|ToIf?kdf ;Dks{df /x]sf ;d'bfotyf Joltmx?df oL ;d"xx?k|ltljBdfg x'g ;Sg] k"jf{u|xnfO{lgd"{n kfg{] p2]Zon] z}lIfspkfox? cjnDag ul/g]5g\. o;p2]Zosf nflu Oltxf;sfkf7\ok':ts tyf cGo z}lIfs;fdu|Lx?n] ;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf];dfh tyf ;+:s[ltx?sf af/]dfGofok"0f{, ;xL tyf ;"rgfd"nslrq0fx? k|:t't u?g\ eg]/;'lgZlrt ug{ k|of;x? ul/g]5g\.

&@ NZEI. Te Rui Roa. Report from Te Reo Areare to Hui-a-Tau 1997.New Zealand, 1997, p. 3

&# Chacon Castro, R. Informe sobre el desarrollo del proyecto depromocion por radio de los derechos indigenas y del Convenio 169de la OIT. San Jose, Costa Rica, 1997, p. 2 (on file with ILO).

56

cGtb]{zLo;Dks{x?s]xL cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? /fli6«o l;dfgfåf/f ljeflht ePsf 5g\ /cfh leGgfleGg} b]zx?df a:b5g\. h:t}, ;fdLx? lkmgNof08, gj]{, :jL8]gtyf /l;ofdf a:b5g\. s/]gx? pQ/L yfONof08 / Dofgdf/sf s]xL e"–efux?df a:b5g\. s'gfx? sf]nlDaof / kgfdf tyf ;fgx? af]T;jfgf,gfldlaof tyf blIf0f clk|msfdf a:b5g\.&$

oL dfly plNnlvt ;a} cflbjf;Lx? PseGbf a9L b]zdf a;f]jf; u/]klgpgLx? Pp6} ;d"x x'g\ / pgLx?sf] Pp6} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg /x]sf] 5.pgLx?sf nflu ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s ;DaGwx?/fli6«o l;dfgfx?df uP/ /f]ls+b}gg\. o:tf] lsl;dsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wgug{sf nflu dxf;lGw g+= !^( n] ;/sf/x?n] leGgfleGg} b]zx?df a;f]jf;ul//x]sf oL ;d"xsf ;b:ox?n] Pscsf{;“u ;Dks{ ug{ ;s'g\ tyf:jtGqtfk"j{s l;dfgf jfl/kfl/ cfjthfjt ug{ ;s'g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrtug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5. o;sf nflu ;/sf/x?n] b'O{ kIfLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o;Demf}tfx? ug{ ;Sb5g\.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf cGtb{]zLo ;+u7gx?

o;sf ;fy}, /fli6«o l;dfgfåf/f ljeflht w]/} cflbjf;Lx?sf] cfk\mg}cGtb]{zLo ;+u7gx? 5g\. o:tf ;+u7gx?df OlGj6 w|'jLo ;Dd]ng (ICC),;fdL kl/ifb\, yfONof08sf] cGt/kj{tLo ;d"xx?sf] lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt;“u;DalGwt ;+3 (IMPECT) / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+u7g(COICA) nufot 5g\.

&$ See maps in IWGIA: The Indigenous World. Copenhagen, 1998.

cGtb]{zLo ;Dks{x?

wf/f #@;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o l;dfgfåf/f5'6\ofOPsfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf aLrsf];Dks{ tyf ;xof]u, h;cGtu{tcfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts,cfWoflTds tyf jftfj/0fLoIf]qnufotsf ultljlwx? kb{5g\.;/sf/n] To:tf ;Dks{ tyf;xof]usf] ;xhLs/0fsf lgldQpko'Qm pkfox? cjnDag ug]{5.o:tf pkfox?df cGt/f{li6«o;Demf}tfx?sf] dfWodaf6 ckgfOg]pkfox? klg kb{5g\.

k/Dk/fut?kdf df5f dfg{ 5]Sb}g dflem, /fhL / af]6]x?nfO{ /fHosf] ;Ldfgfn]

57

cg'df]bgs'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d tyf :j}lR5ssfo{ xf]. cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf x:tfIF/ u/]/ ;/sf/n] ;f] sfg"gdf /x]sfljifoj:t'x?sf af/]df cfkm\gf] ;xdlt hgfp“b5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ;/sf/ tyf cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7gaLr 5nkmn tyf ;xof]usf] k|lqmofsf] z'?jft xf]. of] k|lqmofsf]nIo /fli6«o sfg"g tyf Jojxf/x? dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgcg'?k x'g\ eg]/;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;“u} ldn]/ sfd ug{' xf].

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf dxf;lGwx? cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx?h:t} cfkm\gf c;xdltsf a'“bfx? /fVb} cg'df]bg ug{ kfO“b}g. ltgLx?nfO{k"0f{?kdf :jLsf/ ul/g' kb{5. To;}n] ;/sf/, >lds, /f]huf/bftf /cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?n] dxf;lGwsf ;a} k|fjwfgx?sf jf/]df hfgsf/L/fVg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5.

dxf;lGw g+ !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{'cl3 ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf tyf >lds;+u7gx? h:tf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf k/Dk/fut ;fem]bf/x? ;fy};DalGwt cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf aLr 5nkmn ug{' pko'Qm x'G5.oL k|d'v kIfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO“bf dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogdf pgLx?sf];xeflutf cem /fd|f];“u ;'lglZrt x'G5.

cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf] cj:yf b]zcg'';f/ km/s km/s /x]sf] 5.To;}n] Pp6} k|sf/n] ;a} 7fp“df sfd ug{ ;ls“b}g. slxn]sflx“cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ c;/ ug]{ /fli6«o sfg"g tyf gLltx?df kl/jt{gug{' kb{5 jf /fli6«o sfg"g tyf gLltx?nfO{ dxf;lGwsf] cg'?k agfpggof“ sfg"gx? Nofpg' kb{5. pbfx/0fsf nflu dxf;lGw Gf+ !^( nfO{cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 af]lnleof tyf d]S;Lsf] b'j} b]zn] cflbjf;Lx?sf]cl:tTj tyf pgLx?sf] /fHosf] jx'hftLo tyf ax';f+:s[lts :j?knfO{:jLsfb}{ cfkm\gf ;+ljwfgx?df ;+zf]wg u/]. &%

&% Tomei, M. & Swepston, L. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: A Guideto ILO Convention No. 169. Geneva, 1996, p. 4.

cg'df]bg

wf/f #&of] dxf;lGwsf] cf}krfl/scg'df]bgsf] btf{sf] lgldQcGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{nosf]dxflgb]{zsnfO{ hfgsf/Lu/fOg]5.

wf/f #*=!of] dxf;lGw cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gsf dxflgb]{zs;dIFcg'df]bgsf nflu btf{ ePsf;b:o /fi6«x?sf nflu dfqafWosf/L x'g]5.

58

cg'df]bg

s'g} ;/sf/n] dxf;lGw Gf+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ ;f]rfO{ /fVb5 / To;af/]df ;DalGwt kIfx?;“u 5nkmn ub{5. To; b]zsf] ;+;b\n] cGt/f{li6«o;lGw ;Demf}tfnfO{ /fli6«o sfg"gsf] Ps efu agfpgsf nflu cg'df]bgug{'kg]{ x'g ;Sb5. To;}n] ;+;b\ jf cGo ljwflosL ;+:yfsf] ;xdltvf]Hg'kg]{ x'g ;Sb5. of] ;xdlt k|fKt eO;s]kl5 ;f] b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fLlgsfo ;/sf/n] klg ;f] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{' kb{5.

cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof M

;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gnfO{ kqfrf/ u/L cfkm"n]dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] / cfkm" dxf;lGwsf] kIfw/ePsf] hfgsf/L lbG5.

cf}krfl/s btf{ M kq k|fKt eO;s]kl5 cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn]cg'df]bgnfO{ btf{ ub{5 / cGo ;b:o /fi6«x?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fp“b5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] cg'df]bgsf] ;"rgf kfPsf] Ps jif{kl5dxf;lGw ;DalGwt b]zdf nfu" x'G5, cyf{t\ ;f] b]z dxf;lGwsf]kIfw/ x'G5.

btf{ ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 ;/sf/n] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogaf/]cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gnfO{ klxnf] k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kb{5. of] Psjif]{ cGtl/d cjlw ;/sf/nfO{ /fli6«o sfg"g tyf Jojxf/x?dxf;lGwcg'?k 5g\ eg]/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lbOPsf] ;do xf].To;kl5 bf]>f] k|ltj]bg b'O{ jif{kl5 k7fpg' kb{5.

o;kl5 dxf;lGw g+ !^( sf af/]df cfjlws k|ltj]bg k7fpg];do ;fdfGotof k|To]s kf“r jif{df xf]. tyflk, olb cj:yf uDeL/ePdf / To;sf] uDeL/tfk"j{s cg'udg ug{' k/]df cGo ykk|ltj]bgx? klg dfluG5.

cg'df]bgsf] k|lqmof

;/sf/

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g

cf}krfl/s btf{

nfu" x'g]MPsjif{ kl5

bfloTjx? Mnfu" ePsf] klxnf] jif{leqklxnf] k|ltj]bgbf]>f] k|ltj]bg @ jif{kl5 =cfjlws k|ltj]bg k|To]s %jif{df -jf cfjZos k/]dfTof]eGbf a9L_

59

cg'df]bg

wf/f #^of] dxf;lGwn] ;g\ !(%&sf] cflbjf;L tyf6«fOanx?sf] dxf;lGwnfO{k'g/fjnf]sg -kl/dfh{g_u/]sf] 5.

&^ Duetscher Bundestag. Antwort auf Kleine Anfrage zur Politik derBundersregierung in bezug auf indigene Volker. BT Drucksache Nr.13/5173, Bonn, p. 2.

&& P]g g+= (&$ nfO{ ;g\ !((% h'nfO{ !& df kfl/t ul/Psf] lyof]. x]g'{xf];\ Henriksen, J. B.Betenkning om Samink Parlmentarisk Samarbeid. Nordisk SamiskInstitutt. Kautokeino, 1995.

&* International Labour Conference. Report of the Committee of Expertson the Application of Conventions and Recommendations. Geneva,1999. See also Tomei, M., and Swepston, L. Indigenous and TribalPeoples: A Guide to ILO Convention No. 169. ILO, Geneva, 1996, p. 32

olb s'g} b]zn] dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g eg] klg ;f] b]zn]dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ dfu{bz{gsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5. h:t},hd{gLn] dxf;lGw g+ !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5}g, t/ p;sf] Nofl6gcd]l/sfsf cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"x;“u ;xof]u;DaGwL ljsf; gLltdxf;lGwdf cfwfl/t 5. &^

To:t}, lkmgNof08n] dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg gu/] klg ;f] dxf;lGwsfw]/}h;f] k|fjwfgx?nfO{ ;g\ !((% sf] ;fdL cflbjf;L;DaGwL P]gdf ;dfj]zug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5. && dxf;lGwn] ljZj a}+ssf] sfo{qmd lgb]{lzsf cf]=8L=$=@) nfO{ klg k|efljt u/]sf] 5.

dxf;lGw g+= !^( cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf nflupgLx?nfO{ c;/ ug]{ gLlt jf kl/of]hgfx?sf af/]df 5nkmnjf ;f}bfafhL ug{sf nflu pkof]uL ;+oGq klg x'g ;Sb5.

Ujf6]dfnfn] ;g\ !((^ df dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg u¥of]. t/, ;f]eGbf cufj}Ujf6]dfnf ;/sf/ tyf Toxf“sf] ljb|f]xL ;d"x;“u ePsf] cflbjf;Lx?sf]klxrfg tyf clwsf/x?;“u ;DalGwt ;xdltsf] tof/Lsf nflu ePsf5nkmnsf k|lqmofx?df dxf;lGwn] dfu{bz{g u/]sf] lyof]. ;f] ;xdlt ;g\!((% df ul/Psf] lyof]. &*

olb s'g} b]zn] klxnf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxf;lGwg+= !)& nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 / cj dxf;lGw g+= !^(nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ rfxG5 eg] s] x'G5<

;g\ !(%& sf] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt dxf;lGw g+= !)&nfO{ dxf;lGw g+ !^( åf/f kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] ePtfklg dxf;lGw G+f!)& nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ b]zx?sf nflu jfWosf/L 5.

s'g} Pp6f b]zn] dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 Tof]b]zn] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ dfGg' kb{5. o;/L dxf;lGwg+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ b]zsf] ;Gb{edf dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfu"x'“b}g, ;f] dxf;lGw :jtM ;dfKt x'G5.

60

;'k/Lj]If0f

;'k/Lj]If0fcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g;“u o;sf dxf;lGwx? s;/L nfu" eO/x]sf 5g\egL d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljleGg k|lqmofx? 5g\. To;}n] ;DalGwt b]z /cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;'kl/j]If0f c+ux?sf aLr 5nkmnsf k|lqmofx?lg/Gt/?kdf rfn" /xG5g\.

dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf dxf;lGw s;/Lnfu" eO/x]5 To;sf af/]df lgoldt k|ltj]bgx? cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gnfO{k7fpg' kb{5.

oL k|ltj]bgx?df ;DjlGwt If]qsf] sfg"gL tyf Jojxfl/s cj:yfsf af/]hfgsf/Lx? ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5. oL k|ltj]bgx? ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;a}eGbfk|ltlglwd"ns /f]huf/bftf tyf >ldsx?sf ;+u7gx?nfO{ pgLx?sf]l6Kk0fLsf nflu clgjfo{?kdf k7fOg' kb{5.

;/sf/ tyf /f]huf/bftf / >ldsx?sf ;+u7gx?n] k7fPsf k|ltj]bgx?nfO{dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'emfjx?;DaGwL ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltn] ;dLIffub{5. of] ;ldltdf @) hgf :jtGq ljz]if1x? /xG5g\ / o;sf] a}7sk|To]s jif{ a:b5.

of] ;ldltn] k|To]s b]znfO{ cfkm\gf l6Kk0fLx? b'O{ tl/sfn] j'emfp“b5 M

l6Kk0fLx? ;fdfGotof ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf bfloTjx? k"/f ug{ c;kmnePsf uDeL/ jf nfdf] ;dob]lv yf“tL /x]sf d'4fx?df s]lGb|t/xG5g\ jf tL k|ult ePsf d'2fx?df s]lGb|t /xG5g\. l6Kk0fLx?ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf k|sflzt ul/G5.

k|ToIf cg'/f]wx?n] ;fdfGotof yk hfgsf/L tyf s'g} ljz]ifljifox?sf jf/]df :kli6s/0f dfu ub{5g\. oL cg'/f]wx? jflif{sk|ltj]bgdf 5flk“b}gg\, t/ logLx? OG6/g]6df pknAw 5g\. &(

;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / >ldsx? ;+nUg dfkb08x? nfu" ug]{ ;Dd]ng;ldltn] ljz]if1 ;ldltsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5. o;n]ljz]if d'2fx?df lj:t[t?kdf 5nkmn u/L cfkm\gf] cjwf/0ff hf/L ub{5.

&( x]g'{xf];\ yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] j]a;fO6 M http:// www.ilo.orgunder ILOLEX.

61

;'k/Lj]If0f

jftf{sf] k|lqmof

;/sf/af6 ;"rgf tyf cfjlws k|ltj]bg,/ /f]huf/bftf tyf >ldsx?af6 l6Kk0fL

dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ;'emfjx?;DaGwLljz]if1x?sf] ;ldlt

;/sf/nfO{k|ToIf cg'/f]wx?

l6Kk0fLx?jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?df k|sflzt

lqkIfLo + ;Dd]ng + ;ldlt;/sf/ /f]huf/bftf >ldsx?sf]

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Dd]ng

62

;'k/Lj]If0f

ph'/Lsf k|lqmofx?/fHon] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g cGtu{tsf] bfloTjx? k"/f ug{ c;kmnePsf] cj:yfdf s]xL ljz]if k|lqmofx?cGtu{t ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5. oLlgDglnlvt 5g\ M

!= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ cGtu{tsf ph'/Lx?

of] tL /f]huf/bftf jf >ldsx?sf ;+u7gx?n] ug{ ;Sb5g\, h;n] cg'df]lbtdxf;lGwnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zn] kfngf ug{ c;kmn ePsf] 5 eg]/ bfjL ub{5g\.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] of] ph'/L j}w 5 ls 5}geg]/ lg0f{o ug{'kb{5. o;sf] cy{ ;f] ph'/L ubf{ cfjZos cf}krfl/szt{x? kfngf ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eg]/ x]g'{ xf]. olb kfngf ul/Psf 5g\eg] ;~rfns ;ldltn] cfkm\gf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 lqkIfLo ;ldltsf] u7gub{5. ;f] ;ldltnfO{ ph'/Lsf] hf“ra'em ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbOG5.

of] ;ldltn] ph'/Ldf cfwfl/t eP/ ;'emfjx? lbg ;Sb5. To;kl5;DalGwt d'2fnfO{ yk sfdsfo{jfxLsf nflu dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog tyf;'emfjx?;DaGwL ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltdf k7fOG5. ;g\ !((& b]lv dxf;lGwg++ !^( sf af/]df af]lnleof, sf]nlDaof, 8]gdfs{, OSj]8/, d]S;Lsf] tyfk]?af6 ph'/Lx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\.

@= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ cGtu{tsf ph'/Lx?

o;cGtu{t !_ dxf;lGwnfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] tl/sfsf af/]df Ps ;b:o /fi6«n]csf]{ ;b:o /fi6«sf] lj?4df ph'/L] btf{ ug{ ;Sb5. o;f] ubf{ b'j} /fi6«n]dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5. @_ dxf;lGwnfO{ /fHon] kfngf u/]sf]5 ls 5}g eGg] af/]df s'g} Pp6f k|ltlglwn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;Dd]ngdfph'/L] btf{ ug{ ;Sb5. #_ ;~rfns ;ldlt cfkm}n] ph'/L] btf{ ug{ ;Sb5.o;f] ubf{ dxf;lGwnfO{ ;DalGwt /fi6«n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] x'g' kb{5.

oL ph'/Lx?sf af/]df cWoog ug{sf nflu hf“ra'em cfof]u agfpg ;lsG5.;f] cfof]udf tLg hgf :jtGq JolQmx? /xG5g\.

o:tf ph'/Lx? xfn}df Dofgdf/df ePsf] hah{:tL >d tyf gfOh]l/ofdfePsf] 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/x?sf] pNn+3gsf af/]df btf{ ePsf 5g\. wf/f @^cGtu{tsf ph'/Lx? dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf ;DaGwdf eg] btf{ ePsf 5}gg\.

#= ;+3;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL ;ldltdf ul/g] ph'/Lx?

of] ph'/L] ;DalGwt /fHon] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljwfgcGtu{tsf];fd"lxs?kdf ;+ul7t x'g] tyf ;f}bfafhL ug]{ clwsf/x?;“u ;DalGwt bfloTjx?k"/f gu/]df ug{ ;lsG5. ;+3;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf;“u ;DalGwt ;ldlt Pp6flqkIfLo c+u xf]. o;df ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox?dWo]af6 ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftftyf >ldsx? u/L gf} ;b:ox? x'G5g\. o;sf] a}7s jif{sf] tLg k6s a:b5.

o; ;ldltdf ul/g] ;+3;+u7gsf] :jtGqtfsf] pNn+3g;DaGwL ph'/Lx?>ldsx?sf jf /f]huf/bftfx?sf ;+u7gx?åf/f ul/g' kb{5.

;g\ !($* sf] ;+3;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{dxf;lGw -g+= *&_ / !($( sf] ;+ul7t x'g] tyf ;fd"lxs?kdf ;f}bfafhL ug]{clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw -g+= (*_ h:tf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf dxf;lGwx?cg'df]bg gug]{ b]zsf] lj?4df klg of] k|lqmofcGtu{t ph'/L ug{ ;lsG5.

63

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdf kx'“r

cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gdf kx'“rcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] lqkIfLo ;+/rgfdf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf]cfkm\gf] s'g} cf}krfl/s 7fp“ gePtfklg pgLx?n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsfa}7sx? tyf cGo ultljlwx?df lgDglnlvt lsl;dn] ;xeflutf hgfpg;Sb5g\ M

!= ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw jf >ldssf / /f]huf/bftfsf ;+u7gx?sfk|ltlglwsf ?kdf.

@= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljz]if ;"rLdf /x]sf u}/;/sf/L cGt/f{li6«o;+u7gx?sf] u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljz]if ;"rLdf /x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?sf]p2]Zo tyf ultljlwx? cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] efjgf, p2]Zo tyfl;4fGtx?;“u tfbfDotf /fVb5g\. o:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?n]cGt/f{li6«o?kdf sfd ug'{ kb{5, / cfkm\gf ultljlwx?df s]xL b]zx?nfO{;d]6\g' kb{5. of] ;"rLdf /xg rfxg] u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?n] cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7gsf] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{ kb{5.

ljz]if ;"rLdf ePsf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gn] a}7sdf ;xeflutf hgfpgcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ ;f] a}7s jf ;Dd]ng z'? x'g'eGbf sDtLdf Ps dlxgf cufl8 lnlvt cg'/f]w k]z ug'{ kb{5.

ljz]if ;"rLdf /x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?df ‘kmf]/ 8fO/]S;G; sfpG;Ln’,‘Ol08hLgLo; Pzf]l;P;G;’ / ‘;fdL sfpG;Ln’ kb{5g\. To:t} ;f] ;"rLdfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ c;/ ug]{ ljifox?df ;s[o ?rL lng] ‘Pdg]i6LOG6/g]zgn’ tyf ‘OG6/g]zgn js{ u|'k km/ Ol08lhlgo; ckm]o;{(IWGIA)’ h:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx? klg kb{5g\.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?n] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdf l;w} ;"rgf klg k7fpg;Sb5g\. of] lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 M

!_ s'g} >lds jf /f]huf/bftfx?sf] ;+u7gsf dfkm{t\, o:tf] ;+u7gcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] klg x'g ;Sb5.

@_ pgLx? cfkm}+n] ;"rgf k7fpg ;Sb5g\.

olb To:tf ;"rgf jf l6KKf0fLx?df sfg"g, lgodfjnL jf cGo ;/sf/Lb:tfj]hx? h:tf] ls hUufwgL k|df0fk'hf{ tyf cbfntL lg0f{ox? OToflbk|df0fLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] ;"rgfx? 5g\ eg] To:tf ;"rgf jf l6Kk0fLsf]dxTjnfO{ ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldlt tyf ;Dd]ng ;ldltn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5.

To:t} ;'emfj ;/sf/x?n] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf af/]df k|ltj]bgx? tof/ubf{ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf k/Dk/fut ;+u7gx?;“u k/fdz{ ug'{ kb{5eGg] /x]sf] 5.

64

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdf kx'“r

o; ;Gbe{df gj]{df Pp6f gof“ tl/sf ckgfOPsf] 5. gj]{sf] ;/sf/ /;fdL ;+;baLrsf] ;xdltdf cfwfl/t of] tl/sf cGtu{t ;fdL cflbjf;Lx?n]dxf;lGw g++= !^( sf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf ;s[o e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\. o;/Ldxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] sfof{Gjog;DaGwL gj]{nL ;/sf/sf] k|ltj]bg ;fdL;+;bsf] :jtGq l6Kk0fLx?;“u} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdf k7fOG5. cGt/f{li6«o>d ;+u7g gj]{nL ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf cfkm}+ klg ;fdL ;+;b;“u v'Nnf5nkmndf lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltn] c?b]zx?nfO{ klg of] tl/sf jf pbfx/0fNffO{ ckgfpg hf]8lbO/x]sf] 5. *)

*) ILO. Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application ofConventions and Recommendations. Geneva, 1995, p. 399. See alsoTomei, M., and Swepston, L. Indigenous and Tribal Peoples: A Guideto ILO Convention No. 169. Geneva, 1996, p. 30.

gof“ tl/sf

;fdL ;+;b gj]{nL ;/sf/

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]ljz]if1x?sf] ;ldltnfO{ l6Kk0fLx?

65

k|fljlws ;xof]u

k|fljlws ;xof]ucGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q ;fy} cfkm\gf] IfdtfcGtu{t/x]sf k|fljlws ljifox?df Jojxfl/s ;xof]u pkNfAw u/fp“b5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] k|fljlws ;xof]u cfkm\gf ;fem]bf/x?nfO{ ltgsfcfjZostfx? k"lt{ ug{ ;3fpg] Pp6f tl/sf xf].

of] ljleGg lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} /f]huf/L j[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdsfdfkm{t\ h;n] ;/sf/åf/f cg'df]lbt s'g} dxf;lGwsf cfjZostfx? k|fKtug{ p;nfO{ ;3fp“b5.

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] k|fljlws ;xof]usf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

!_ ;a} lsl;dsf k|fljlws ;xof]ux? ;fem]bf/x?;“usf] ghLssf] tyflgoldt 5nkmnx?af6 ljsf; ul/G5g\. o:tf ;xof]ucGtu{tul/g] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf ultljlwx?n] ;+u7gsf;fem]bf/x?sf] cfjZostf tyf k|fyldstfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{df;'lglZrt ub{5g\.

@_ of] cfjZostfsf] d"Nofª\sgdf cfwfl/t x'G5, / cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gsf ;fem]bf/x?;“usf] ;s[o ;xof]udf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogul/G5.

#_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ug]{ ;a} sfdx? ;+u7gsf] dfkb08x?cg'?kx'g'kb{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ lbOg] k|fljlws ;xof]u dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf]cg'?k x'g'kb{5.

k'/fgf] dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ s'g} klg b]znfO{ k|fljlws;xof]u pknAw u/fOG5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;xof]unfO{ dxf;lGw g+=!^( n] dfu{lgb]{z ub{5.

cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ lbOg] k|fljlws ;xof]u lgDglnlvt dfkb08x?k"lt{ ug{ ljz]if ?kn] agfOPsf x'G5g\ M

!_ :yfgLo cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{

@_ ;DalGwt ;d"xx?sf] ;xeflutfdf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{

#_ ;f+:s[lts?kn] pko'Qm x'g

cGg ;'/Iff ug]{ cflbjf;L k|ljlw

66

k|fljlws ;xof]u

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwLgLltnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{kl/of]hgf

p2]Zox? Mcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf];DaGwdf cGt/f{li6«o >d;+u7gn] u/]sf sfdsf af/]dfr]tgf j[l4 ug]{

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]dfkb08x?sf] sfof{GjognfO{k|j4{g ug]{

dfWod MIfdtf clej[l4

gLltut ;Nnfx

tflnd sfo{zfnfx?

sfo{If]q McGt/–If]qLo

clk|msf tyf blIf0f Pl;of/ blIf0f–k"jL{ Pl;ofdf hf]8

xfn cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] b'O{j6f d'Vok|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf 5g\.

!_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwL gLltnfO{k|j4{g ug]{ kl/of]hgf -;g\ !((^ b]lv ;~rflnt_

of] kl/of]hgfn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;“u ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsfdfkb08x?sf af/]df r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5. dxf;lGw g+= !^(nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf jf ug]{ ;f]r agfO/x]sf b]zx?n] ;xof]usf nfluu/]sf cg'/f]wx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of] kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof]. o;sf;fy} of] kl/of]hgf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g tyf To;n] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sfaf/]df u/]sf sfdx?sf ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/Lsf] dfux?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof]. xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf] of] kl/of]hgfsf] sfd ;g\!((^ df z'? ePsf] lyof]. kl/of]hgf 8]gdfs{sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]ulgof]usf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 5.

o; kl/of]hgfsf] sfdsf] d'Vo tTjx? lgDglnlvt 5g\ M

!_ r]tgf clej[l4sf lqmofsnfkx?@_ cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/

tyf cflbjf;L÷hghfltx? b'j}sf] IfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{]#_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, ;+u7gn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?;DaGwL

u/]sf sfdx? / dxf;lGw g+= !^( ;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x?sfaf/]df o; lgb]{lzsf -Dofg'cn_ h:t} ;fdu|Lx? k|sfzg ug]{

kl/of]hgfn] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf k/Dk/fut ;fem]bf/x? -;/sf/,/f]huf/bftf / >ldssf ;+u7gx?_ sf ;fy} ljleGg b]zx?sfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf ;+u7gx? tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?;“u sfdul//x]sf] 5. kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] z'?sf] cjlwdf ul/Psf] JofkscfjZostf d"Nofª\sgcg'?k kl/of]hgfn] clk|msf tyf Pl;of dxfb]znfO{k|fylds If]qx?sf?kdf klxrfg u/]sf] 5.

;g\ !((^ b]lv ;g\ @))) ;Dd kl/of]hgfn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf d'Voultljlwx?sf] ;"rL tn lbOPsf] 5. oLdWo] s]xL xfn klg ;~rfngdf 5g\.

Pl;ofPlzofdf Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf Gofo / gLltut ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdfhf]8 lbOPsf] 5.

sDaf]l8ofdf kl/of]hgfn] kj{tLo If]qsf] ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt cGt/–dGqfno;ldlt;“u sfd ul//x]sf] 5. Toxf“ cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xsf ljifox? tyfljsf; Joj:yfkgsf ljifox?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ckgfpg] a[xt tyf ;dGjofTdstl/sfk|lt nlIft sfo{zfnfx?sf] b'O{ z[+vnf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof].

ef/tdf kl/of]hgfn] cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf ljifodf ;lqmo u}/;/sf/L;+:yf;“u} sfd u/]/ kl/of]hgfsf ultljlwx? ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. oLultljlwx? cflbjf;L÷hghflt dlxnfx?sf] ;zlQms/0f tyf sfg"gLclwsf/, k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?dflysf] kx'“r Pj+ cflbjf;L 1fg k4ltx?h:tfljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\.

67

k|fljlws ;xof]u

Nffcf];df kl/of]hgfn] nfcf] ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o u|fdL0f ljsf; sfo{qmdsf];Gbe{df u|fdL0f ljsf;df hftLo cNk;+Vosx?;DaGwL gLltut cWoognfO{;'kl/j]If0f ul//x]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy} nfcf];df cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xsfljifox?sf af/]df s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o lgdf{0f;DaGwLd~r;“u kl/of]hgfn] sfd ul//x]sf] 5.

yfONof08df Toxf“sf] ;/sf/ / cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xsf ;+u7gx?;“usf];xof]udf kl/of]hgfn] Gofo tyf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ;+/rgfcGt{ut ultljlwx?;~rfng u/]sf] 5. oL ultljlwx?sf] ;du| p2]Zo yfO{Nof08 ;/sf/ tyfcflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xx?sf aLr 5nkmn tyf ;xof]usf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgflgdf{0f ug'{ /x]sf] 5.

leotgfddf kl/of]hgfsf] ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /fHosf] kj{tLo If]qx?sf]hftLo cNk;+Vosx?;DaGwL ;ldlt /x]sf] 5. Toxf“ :jfjnDag j[l4 ug{tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] :yfgLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;Ifd jgfpg gd"gfkl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5.

g]kfndf kl/of]hgfn] dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] cg'df]bg / cg'df]bgkZrft\k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;/sf/, cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+3;+:yfx? -g]kfncflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3, cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg,g]kfnsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL jlsn ;d"x ‘nfx'lg{k’_ nfO{;xhLs/0f ug{ k|fljlws ;xof]ux? pknAw u/fp“b} cfPsf] 5.

clk|msfSofd?gdf kl/of]hgfsf ;fem]bf/x?sf] ?kdf Toxf“sf] ;/sf/ tyfu}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? /x]sf 5g\. Toxf“sf ultljlwx?df aftjf -lkUdL_ sf]Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf pgLx?sf cj:yfsf] af/]df r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5.

s]Gofdf kl/of]hgfn] clk|msL cflbjf;L dlxnfx?sf] ;+u7g;“u ldn]/ clk|msLcflbjf;L dlxnfx?sf] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof]. ;Dd]ngn] ;d'bfodfdlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|i6 kfg]{ tyf ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ dxf;lGw g+=!^( sf af/]df k|i6 kfg]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof].

gfldlaofdf kl/of]hgfn] ‘cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;xsf/L tyf :jcfh{gsfdfWodåf/f :jfjnDagdf ;3fpg] cGt/–If]qLo sfo{qmd’ (INDISCO),‘;fpy clk|msg 8]enkd]G6 P08 sG;N6Lª cu{gfOh]zg’ (CRIAA) /‘blIf0fL clk|msfdf cflbjf;L cNk;+Vosx?sf] sfo{;d"x’ (WIMSA) ;“usfd ul//x]sf] 5. Toxf“ k/Dk/fut cy{tGqnfO{ alnof] agfpg] tyf k|j4{gug]{ p2]Zon] kl/of]hgfn] cfkm\gf] Wofg k/Dk/fut ;d'bfodf cfwfl/tljsf;df s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5.

blIf0f clk|msfdf kl/of]hgfn] Toxf“sf] ;/sf/, ;fpy clk|msg 8]enkd]G6P08 sG;N6Lª cu{gfOh]zg (CRIAA) tyf Ol08hLgLo; lkkN; ckmclk|msf sf]–cl8{g]l6ª sld6L (IPACC) ;“u sfd u/]/ ;+s6u|:t cflbjf;L;d'bfox?sf] ;+j}wflgs ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u¥of]. h;dfcfjZostf d"Nof+sg cWoog klg ul/Psf] lyof]. To;n] blIf0f clk|msfsf]cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg nlIft /fli6«osfo{qmdsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5.

68

k|fljlws ;xof]u

tfGhflgofdf o'/f]k]nL ;+u7g tyf ‘lkGuf];’ (PINGOS) d~rsf] ;xof]u/ ;fdL kl/ifbåf/f cfof]lht cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf gLltk|lqmof;DaGwL tflnd sfo{qmddf kl/of]hgf ;xefuL ePsf] lyof]. o;;DaGwdf kl/of]hgfsf] e"ldsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ dxf;lGw -g+= !^(_, ;g\!(%* sf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] e]befj -/f]huf/ tyf sfd;DaGwL_dxf;lGw -g+= !!!_ tyf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyfph'/Lx?sf ;+oGqsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' /x]sf] lyof].

k|sfzg tyf k|j4{gsf ;fdu|Lx?dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] ls:jflxnL, cfdflhs, vd]/, nfcf], kf]r'{u]nL, yfO{ tyfv; g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfbx? ePsf 5g\. ;g\ @))) sf] cGTodfcflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] k/Dk/fut sfdx?sf ;DaGwdf Pp6f cWoogk|sflzt ePsf] lyof]. ;f] cWoogn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] ;f+:s[ltsklxrfg tyf cfly{s :jfjnDagsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/tpBf]ux?, hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ul/g] cy{tGq tyf k/Dk/fut cfly{sultljlwx?sf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5. dxf;lGw g+= !^( sf] wf/f @# nfO{cjwf/0ffut ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]/ cWoogn] ;g\ !(%# df k|sflzto; lsl;dsf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] klxnf] cWoog / To;kl5sf] $)jif{sf] cjlwdf ePsf kl/jt{gx?sf] d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5. o;sf ;fy}nfcf];df hftLo cNk;+Vosx? tyf u|fdL0f ljsf;;DaGwL Pp6f gLltutcWoog / blIf0fL clk|msfdf ‘Ol08lhlgo; lkkN; ckm ;bg{ clk|msf Ms/]G6 6]«G8;\’ gfds cWoog k|sflzt ePsf] 5.

kl/of]hgfn] cflbjf;Lx?aLrsf] cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng u/]sf]5. af]T;jfgf, gfldlaof tyf blIf0fL clk|msfsf ;fg k|ltlglwx? / a+unfb]zsf]lr6u+u kj{tLo If]qsf h'Ddf k|ltlglwx?, pQ/L gj]{sf] sf/;hf]s tyfsfNtf]s]gf] / 8]gdfs{sf] sf]k]gx]ugdf Toxf“sf ;fdL tyf OlGj6cflbjf;Lx?sf] :jfoQtf tyf :j–Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cg'ejx?af6 l;Sgsfnflu cWoog e|d0fdf uPsf lyP. cflbjf;Lx?aLrsf] cfbfgk|bfgsf]p2]Zo ljleGg If]qx?sf cflbjf;Lx?sf aLr ;xof]unfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{tyf alnof] agfpg' /x]sf] 5.

@_cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf] :jfjnDagnfO{ ;xsf/Ltyf :jcfh{gsf dfkm{t\ ;3fpg] cGt/–If]qLosfo{qmd (INDISCO)

of] sfo{qmdn] cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;xsf/L tyf cGo lsl;dsf :jcfh{gsf;+3–;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5. of] ;g\ !((#df u|fdL0f If]qx?df ;xsf/L ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g tyf8]gdfs{sf] ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd (DANIDA) cGtu{t z'? ul/Psf] lyof].of] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?nfO{ ;3fpg g} ljz]if?kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf]lyof]. o;n] ef/t, lkmlnlkG;, yfONof08 tyf leoTfgfddf sfd z'? u/]sf]5. o;sf] dWo cd]l/sfdf 5 j6f gd"gf kl/of]hgfx? lgdf{0fsf] clGtdr/0fdf 5g\. o;sf ;fy} klZrd clk|msfdf nfu" ug{sf nflu gd"gfkl/of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ul/“b}5.

oL ;a} sfo{qmdx?sf ;fy} cflbjf;L÷hghfltx?sf nflu s]xL cGokl/of]hgfx? klg ;~rfngdf 5g\. oL kl/of]hgfx? af]lnleof, dWocd]l/sftyf k]?sf] cd]hg If]qnufotdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\.

nfx'lg{ksf] cfof]hgfdf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdxf;lGw g+= !^( cg'df]bgsf] cf}lrToaf/] g]kfndful/Psf] klxnf] sfo{qmd

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]dxf;lGw g+= !)& sf cg'df]bgx?

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gdxf;lGw g+= !^( sf cg'df]bgx?-;g\ @))* h"nfO{;Dd_

kl/lzi6 !

dxf;lGw g+= !^( nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]/ dxf;lGw g+= !)& nfO{ /2ug]{ b]zx?ch]{G6Lgfaf]lnleofsf]nlDaofsf]:6fl/sfOSj]8/d]lS;sf]kf/fUj]k]? 69

cg'df]bg jif{

a]NhLod !(%*

So'jf !(%*

8f]ldlgsg u0ftGq !(%*

Pn ;fNaf8f]/ !(%*

3fgf !(%*

xfO6L !(%*

ef/t !(%*

OlhK6 !(%(

l;l/of !(%(

Kffls:tfg !(^)

Kff]r'{un !(^)

6\o'lgl;of !(^@

Af|flhn !(^%

DfnfjL !(^%

Kfgfdf !(&!

a+unfb]z !(&@

P+uf]nf !(&^

lugLljzf] !(&&

O/fs !(*^

cg'df]bg jif{

gj]{ !(()d]lS;sf] !(()

sf]nDaLof !((!

Aff]lnleof !((!sf]:6fl/sf !((#

Kff/fUj] !((#

k]? !(($xf]G8'/; !((%

8]Gfdfs{ !((^

Ujf6]dfnf !((^g]b/Nof08 !((*

lkmhL !((*

OSj]8/ !((*ch]{G6Lgf @)))

a|flhn @))@

8f]ldlgsf @))@g]kfn @))&

:k]g @))&

af]lnleog l/klAns ckm e]g]h'Pnf @))&

kl/lzi6x?

70

kl/lzi6 @cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsfcGo ;fGb{les dxf;lGwx?

ha/h:tL >d;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(#) -g+= @(_

ha/h:tL >dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(%& -g+= !)%_

;dfg j]tg;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(%! -g+= !))_

e]befj -/f]huf/ tyfsfd_ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(%* -g+= !!!_

Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !(&@ -g+= !#*_

lgDg:t/sf] afn>d;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !((( -g+= !*@_

;+3–;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;+u7g ug]{clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !($* -g+= *&_

;+u7g tyf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhLsf]clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,;g\ !($( -g+= (*_

kl/lzi6x?

Project to Promote ILO Policy on Indigenous and Tribal PeoplesEquality and Employment BranchInternational Labour Standards Department4, Route des MorillonsCH - 1211 Geneva 22Switzerland

International Labour OrganizationSub Regional Office for South AsiaIndia Habitat Centre, Core 4B, 3rd Floor, Lodhi RoadNew Delhi-110003, IndiaIndia

INDISCO ProgrammeCo-Operatives Department4, Route des MorillonsCH - 1211 Geneva 22Switzerland

International Labour OfficeApartado Postal 10170San Jose 1000Costa Rica

International Labour OrganizationCountry Office NepalP.O. Box 8971, Dhobighat, Nayabato, LalitpurPhone : +977-1-5555777, Fax : +977-1-5550714Nepal

Lawyers' Association for Human Rights ofNepalese Indigenous Peoples (LAHURNIP)P.O. Box 11179, Anamnagar-32, Kathmandu, NepalPhone : +977-1-4770710e-mail : lahurnip.nepal@gmail.comNepal

For more information,see San Jose area Office web pageon indigenous and tribal peoples:http://www.oit.or.cr/mdtsanjo/indig/

kl/lzi6 #

cGt/f{li6«o >d sfof{no M

pkof]uL 7]ufgfx?

71

kl/lzi6x?

kl/lzi6 $dxf;lGw g+= !^( cg'df]bg cl3 / kl5

72

kl/lzi6x?

dxf;lGw cg'df]bgcl3 ul/Psf sfo{x?lj= ;+= @)^) k'; % ut] dxf;lGw g+= !^( g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cg'df ]bgsf] cf}lrTo ljifos /fli6«o;]ldgf/ ;j{k|yd nfx'lg{kåf/f nlntk'/df cfof]lht

lj= ;+= @)^! df g]kfn cflbjf;L hghflt dxf;+3åf/f cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf emfkf, kf ]v/f/ sf7df08f}df dxf;lGw g+= !^( af/] ;r]tgf sfo{qmd

dxf;lGwnfO{ /fHon] cg'df ]bg ug{kg] { ljleGg hftLo ;+:yfx?nufot hghflt dxf;+3sf] Ph]08f

lj= ;+= @)^! df nfx'lg{k / hghflt dxf;+3n] ;a} k|sf/sf] hftLo lje]b pGd"ng ug] { dxf;lGw cg'udg;ldltdf 5fof“ k|ltj]bg k]z u/L dxf;lGwsf] cg'df ]bg ug{ l;kmfl/; u/fof]

lj= ;+= @)^! sf] ;fpg @% ut] cflbjf;L lbj;sf] cj;/df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfåf/fdxf;lGw cg'df ]bg ug] { ;/sf/L k|ltj4tf hfx]/

lj= ;+= @)^! df3 ^ ut] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, hghflt dxf;+3, hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fgn]cfof]hgf u/]sf] zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL /fli6«o ;]ldgf/df k|wfgdGqLåf/f dxf;lGwcg'df ]bgsf] k|ltj4tf k'gM JoQm

lj= ;+= @)^# df dfggLo ljho ;'Aafåf/f dxf;lGw g+= !^( af/] ;/sf/n] cg'df ]bg u/f ]; egLJoj:yflksf ;+;bdf btf{ u/]sf] ;+sNk k|:tfjdf /f ]dL uf }rg ysfnL, dfggLo k|sfzaxfb'/ u'?ª /dfggLo gj/fh ;'j]bLåf/f ;dy{g, Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ;j{;Ddtn] ;+sNk k|:tfj kfl/t

lj= ;+= @)^# df tTsfnLg ;DdfggLo ;efd'v ;'jf; g]Gafªåf/f ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfoL d~rsf]a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ug] { qmddf dxf;lGw cg'df ]bg u/fpg] ;+;båf/f k|ltj4tf hfx]/

lj=;+= @)^$ ebf} % df cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 dxf;lGw g+= !^( cg'df ]bg

dxf;lGw cg'df]bgkl5 ul/Psf sfo{x?lj= ;= @)^$ df nfx'lg{kåf/f cfOPncf]sf] ;xof]udf dxf;lGwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] /0fgLlt th' {dfug{ nlntk'/df /fli6«o sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf

lj= ;+= @)^$ df cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg /fli6«o k|lti7fg / nfx'lg{ksf];+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf dxf;lGw k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;DalGwt kIfx?;“u ;Djfb ;]ldgf/

lj= ;+= @)^$ df hghflt dxf;+3, nfx'lg{k, Pgsf8{, /fli6«o cflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf dxf;+3, /fli6«ocflbjf;L hghflt dlxnf ;~hfn / PghLcf] kmf ]gOgsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 :yfoLd~rsf cWoIf ljSsL 6fpnL sk{hnufot Pl;of tyf o'/f ]ksf] !* b]zaf6 cfPsf cflbjf;L g]t[Tjsf];d'kl:yltdf dxf;lGw g+= !^( af/] a[xb hfgsf/L sfo{qmd cfof]hgf

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{kg] { u[xsfo{sf] /0fgLlt to ug] { sfo{qmdcGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoåf/f sf7df08f}df ;DkGg

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f Ps jif{leq dxf;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ug{kg] { u[xsfo{sf] nlfu ;lrj:t/Lo sfo{bn:yfkgf