CFT/CTS Introduction Booklet

Topics covered are as follows:

x WHMIS x Fire Classifications x Fire Extinguishers x Fire Safety x Orthographic Drafting x Isometric Drafting x Basic Tool Identification

Name: ______________

Date: __________

Class: ______________

What is WHMIS? W Workplace H Hazardous M Materials I Information S System

WHY IS IT NEEDED? • Ensure every worker’s ‘Right to Know’ about health and safety hazards • To help stop injuries, illnesses, deaths, medical costs, fires, explosions from unsafe use of hazardous chemicals. • To protect all workers. WHMIS IS LAW In Alberta coverage by: • Occupational Health and Safety Act • Alberta WHMIS Regulation • Enforced by the Occupational Health and Safety Branch of the Alberta Ministry of Labor.

WHMIS RESPONSIBILITIES Supplier • Provide labels and MSDS Employer • Make labels & MSDS’s available • Develop safe procedures • Train workers on WHMIS Worker • Follow safe work procedures • Inform employer of hazards FOUR MAIN PARTS OF WHMIS 1. Classification and Symbols 2. Labels 3. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) 4. Worker Education

WHMIS Product Classification Symbols

WHMIS Labels

WHMIS Review Activity Sheet

Fire Classifications Introduction There is one universal fire rating system that is used worldwide. The reason in having only one system is to make sure that the right fire extinguisher can be selected properly when needed. Class A Fires (combustible solids)

x Wood, fabric, paper, plastics, cardboard, rubber, & other common materials that burn easily.

x The end result of a Class A fire is ashes. x The symbol and color for a Class A fire is a ‘Green Triangle’.

Class B Fires (flammable liquids & gases)

x Gasoline, oil, grease, tar, oil-based paint, lacquer, kerosene, flammable/combustible fuels, and common organic solvents used in any laboratory environment.

x Class B fires can ignite quickly. The fire is usually in the form of an explosion followed by a fire ball with intense heat. Unless other forms of flammable liquids & gases are present, the fire would be out following the explosion.

x Another way to best describe a Class B fire is to use the word BOOM!

x The symbol and color for a Class B fire is a ‘Red Square’. Class C Fires (electricity)

x These fires involve any of the following: electrical wiring, machinery, appliances, energized electrical equipment, switches, panel boxes, power tools, and hot plates.

x Water can be a dangerous extinguishing medium for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist extinguisher is used.

x In Class C fires the letter ‘C’ could refer to the word ‘Current’. x The symbol and color for a Class C fire is a ‘Blue Circle’.

Class D Fires (combustible metals)

x Class D fires involve combustible metals. x Examples are as follows: magnesium, titanium, potassium and

sodium. x Not to mention pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as

Alkyllithiums, Grignards and Diethylzinc. x These materials burn at high temperatures and will react

violently with water, air, &/or other chemicals. It is important to handle these items with extreme care!!

x Special note that Magnesium, aluminum, lithium, and other metals or metal ‘dust’ can create a dangerous situation.

x The symbol and color for a Class D fire is a ‘Yellow Star’. Class K Fires (kitchen) [since 1998]

x These types of fires are found usually in cooking areas as they

involve the use of Vegetable &/or Animal fats/oils. x This class was added to the portable extinguishers in 1998. x The symbol is a black hexagon with either the letter ‘K’ in the

center of it or a frying pan with a flame. On the following page there are two different charts that are used in public spaces to help people identify with this Fire Classification system. Please note, to make this very user friendly for the public, they have added picture symbols to help with the identification process.

x Class A fires are ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.

x Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and common organic solvents used in the laboratory.

x Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel boxes, power tools, hot plates and stirrers. Water can be a dangerous extinguishing medium for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist extinguisher is used.

x Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium as well as pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as alkyllithiums, Grignards and diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will react violently with water, air, and/or other chemicals. Handle with care!!

x Class K fires are kitchen fires. This class was added to the NFPA portable extinguishers Standard 10 in 1998. Kitchen extinguishers installed before June 30, 1998 are "grandfathered" into the standard.

Fire Extinguishers

Remember - if you cannot extinguish the fire within 30 seconds…

…get yourself out!

Types of Fires (reviewed): There are three types of fires listed on the above diagram; not all extinguishers can be used on each type of fires. You will have to add the two missing classes of fires as your participate in your class lectures. Class A fires are the ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, cloth, etc. Class B fires are flammable liquid fires such as gasoline, paints and solvents, alcohols, acetone, etc. Class C fires are electrical fires. Class D fires are flammable Metal solids. When labs have flammable metal solids, a special type of fire extinguisher is required. You must contact the Office of Environmental Health & Safety, and Fire & Life Safety to advise that your lab has flammable metal solid material so they can provide you with the appropriate extinguisher. The class of fire will determine the type of extinguisher that can be used. In many university labs, Fire & Life Safety have supplied the multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers because they cover all three types of fires.

Water Extinguishers Water extinguishers are good for Class A Fires only. Class A fires are fueled by wood, paper, paper products, or cloth. You cannot use a water extinguisher for a Class B fire (flammable

liquids), as flammable liquids are lighter than water and will float on the surface of the water. This will simply aid in the spread of the fire. You cannot use a water extinguisher on a Class C fire (electrical fire), because you run the risk of receiving an electrical shock. Water is an electrical conductor so as the water spreads out, the chance of electrocution increases. There are special water mist extinguishers that work well on a Class A & C fires. Such extinguishers are ideal for Class A fires where a potential Class C hazard exists. The misting nozzle provides safety from electric shock and reduces the scattering of burning materials. CO2 Extinguishers A CO2 extinguisher is not a good choice for a Class A fire (wood, paper, cloth), because of the force of the CO2 gas being expelled from the extinguisher. When this type of extinguisher is used on a wood, paper or cloth, the burning items are blown around the room by the force of the CO2 gas. As a result, it would aid in the spreading of the fire making the situation worse. Secondly, a Class A fire will usually re-ignite as soon as the CO2 gas dissipates. The CO2 extinguisher works well on a flammable liquids or an electrical fire, known as Class B or C fires. They work well on an electrical fire in that they do not leave a messy residue on delicate electrical equipment such as a dry chemical extinguishers would. The CO2 displaces the oxygen at the surface of the fire, effectively smothering the fire. However, the fire can re-ignite once the CO2 gas dissipates providing the ignition source has not been removed. A CO2 extinguisher has a wide nozzle that locks into place. Do not hold onto the nozzle when firing the extinguisher, this nozzle will get very cold as the CO2 gas is expelled. CO2 gas has a temperature of minus 66oC. If you are holding onto the nozzle you will receive a cold burn. Dry Chemical Extinguishers The multipurpose Dry Chemical Extinguisher for a Class A, B, or C fire is what you will find in most university laboratories that contain chemicals. These extinguishers have the most range of compatibility with items found in a lab and are good for most classes of fires. A Class B or C fire extinguishers contain sodium or potassium bicarbonate. A Class A, B, or C fire extinguishers contain ammonium phosphate. They have an advantage over CO2 extinguishers in that they leave a blanket of non-flammable material on the extinguished material which reduces the likelihood of re-ignition. However, they make quite a mess and the fine powder will irritate the throat and lungs. The contents of these cylinders can pack down over time and when a person goes to use them they may not fire. If this happens, turn the cylinder over and rap it sharply on the top to loosen the compacted powder inside. Then try firing the cylinder again. If the cylinder will not fire - leave the area immediately. All fire extinguishers have fire ratings stamped on them. You should familiarize yourself with this rating. For example, a dry chemical cylinder may have 2A, 10 BC stamped on it; this means that the contents of the cylinder are enough to fight 2 square meters of a Class A fire or 10 square meters of a Class B or C fire. Higher numbers mean more firefighting power.

Class D Fires (Flammable Solids): Flammable Solids requires a Class D Extinguisher. These fires are flammable metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium titanium, as well as alkyllithiums, Grignards and diethylzinc. Class D fires burn at high temperatures and the metals will react violently with water, air, and/or other chemicals. This Class of fire requires special metal/sand extinguishers. They work by simply smothering the fire with powdered copper metal or sodium chloride (NaCl). You should have an approved class D extinguisher if you have flammable metals in your lab area. The type of class D extinguisher depends upon the type of flammable metals being present. You will require the copper extinguishing medium for lithium and lithium alloy metals; the sodium chloride extinguisher works best for fires involving magnesium, sodium, potassium, uranium and powdered aluminum.

Fire Extinguisher Signs and Diagram Shown below are common Fire Extinguisher signs you would see within the community. If you see any of these signs, it will indicate that there is a fire extinguisher in the immediate area. The below diagram shows the parts of a fire extinguisher. Please familiarize yourself with it.

Types of Fire Extinguishers Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other elements. Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only – they should not be used on Class B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire. Foam extinguishers can be used on Class A & B fires only. They are not for use on Class C fires due to shock hazard.

Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also by removing the heat with a very cold discharge. Carbon Dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A fires.

Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle. Today’s most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multi-purpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A Fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel!! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.

How to use an Extinguisher

Please try to memorize the below chart.

The Fire Triangle

This is ‘The Fire Triangle’. Actually, it’s a tetrahedron, because there are four elements that must be present for a fire to exist. There must be Oxygen to sustain combustion, Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, Fuel to support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three elements. Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the fire. The concept of Fire Prevention is based upon keeping these four elements separate. Types of Fires Not all fires are the same. Different fuels create different fires and require different types of fire extinguishing agents.

Some types of fire extinguishing agents can be used on more than one class of fire. Others have warnings where it would be dangerous for the operator to use a particular fire extinguishing agent.

Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics. Class B fires are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil and paint. Class B fires also include Flammable gases such as propane and

butane. Class B fires do not include fires involving cooking oils and grease.

Class C fires are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and appliances. Remove the power and the Class C fire becomes one of the other classes (A or B) of fire. Class D fires are fires in combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, and magnesium.

Class K fires are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal fats and vegetable fats.

This table is the answer key to a previously given assignment.

Remember - if you cannot extinguish the fire within 30 seconds…

…get yourself out!

Line Measuring Instructions Measure the following lines to the nearest millimeter. State your answer on the provided blank.

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Orthographic & Isometric Projections

What is the difference between orthographic and isometric drawings? Orthographic Orthographic projections are a way of describing what an object looks like from several different views. Orthographics are also called engineering drawings or plan views. Using a set of orthographics an Illustrator can easily draw the three-dimensional object from any angle and in perspective, isometric or any number of other drawing systems. 3D modelers often use orthographics to accurately create an object in a 3D application. An orthographic is one way to describe a three dimensional object in a two-dimensional space. Typically an orthographic will have the top, side and front views of an object drawn together with some kind of scale.

Orthographic views will be front, back, top, bottom, left, or right views of an object.

Isometric is when the part is rotated and tilted such that you can see three faces of the part at once. If the object is a cube, it would look as if the three lines that meet at the corner

meet at 120 degrees apart.

An orthographic can have more than three sides drawn if the object has unique sides that would not be described clearly by just three images.

Once you have a clear set of orthographics you can draw your object in whatever method and from whatever view is required for your project. If you are planning to draw a set of orthographics from a physical object begin by measuring. Use a ruler and a set of calipers to

measure all the surfaces of the object and make notes and a sketch. Once you are finished gathering data you can use your notes to create a set of orthographics Isometric Isometric projections are from the family of axonometric projection systems. Isometric comes from the Greeks meaning for equal measure. This is because isometrics do not use a vanishing point system, instead lines fall onto a 30 degree grid, see below picture for a comparison. Isometric projections are a system of drawing that allows an artist to quickly and accurately draw an object without using perspective. An Isometric drawing is a quasi 3d drawing that shows the height, width, and depth of the object in a single view where the viewpoint is at a 45 degree angle from each of the perpendicular planes of the orthographic view. Isometric differs from a perspective view in that all lengths are shown true length. In a perspective drawing the objects that are depicted to be more distant are shortened to make the view more realistic looking.

Often the first impression of an isometric is that it looks off. This is more noticeable when an isometric cube is sitting next to a perspective cube. If you are going to be working in isometric there is a certain amount of distortion that comes with the territory. This is one of the factors that give isometrics their specific look. The huge upside to drawing in isometric is that once you have created an object it will look exactly the same anywhere you place it.

There are no vanishing points and no horizon lines. An object will be the same anywhere on your page. This is very important because you only ever have to draw an object once. For example, you could have an assembly drawing with one hundred screws in it. But you would only have to draw one screw and then copy it as many times as needed. This is a very powerful tool for speeding up workflow. There are many other systems that do not require vanishing points or horizon lines and give you similar benefits. But isometrics are the only one of these systems to make the jump from the technical illustrator’s toolbox to a useful skill for all graphic artists. The use of isometrics in early videogames has spawned a whole subculture of isometric pixel artists. As the info-graphics style becomes very popular in magazines and newspapers, you see isometrics being used more and more by artists with no technical illustration background.

Activity Drafting Sheets Front View Activity Below are pictures of twelve objects. The Front View of each object is given and numbered in the section at the right. Select the correct Front View for each object and place its number in the small box provided within each picture. The first two questions have been done for you.

Top View Activity Below are pictures of twelve objects. The Top View of each object is given and numbered in the section at the right. Select the correct Top View for each object and place its number in the small box provided within each picture. The first two questions have been done for you.

All Views Activity Below are pictures of twelve objects. All three views of each object is given in the bottom portion of the page. Your task for this activity is to match the appropriate lettered view with an orthographic numbered view. Each numbered view can only be used once.

All Views Activity Below are pictures of twelve objects. All three views of each object is given in the bottom portion of the page. Your task for this activity is to match the appropriate lettered view with an orthographic numbered view. Each numbered view can only be used once.

Front View Activity Below are pictures of twenty objects. The Front View of each object is indicated. Select the correct and matching Front View for each object and place its number in the small circle provided within each picture. Each possible answer can only be used once.

Right Side View Activity Below are pictures of twenty objects. The Right Side View of each object is indicated. Select the correct and matching Right Side View for each object and place its number in the small circle provided within each picture. Each possible answer can only be used once. .

Extra Activity Drafting Sheets Provided on the next two pages are shapes that you can use as further practice in developing your drafting skills. You might have to draw your answers on a separate piece of paper.

Basic Tool Identification

The following pages are intended to be given out as a supplement for those students who do not pass the first go round of the “Safety Exam”. The following pages are to be presented to the student so they may self-review from their previously given notes in class and answer the provided questions. When these sheets are completed properly with the correct answer, it is then that they would be given a second opportunity to challenge the “Safety Exam”.

Fire Safety Review Sheet Name the parts of the fire tetrahedron and provide detail for all parts 1) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Explain why vapors are important to the burning process. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Complete the following chart:

Name and explain each class of fire type in detail with examples for each. 1)

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2)

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3)

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4)

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Extinguisher Types

No fire extinguisher can be safely and effectively used for every type of fire. Some contain chemicals that are ineffective in certain situations and can even cause harm to the operator if misapplied. To prevent confusion, extinguishers are classified by the type of chemical agents they contain. A few of the most common extinguisher types will be listed below once you fill in the blanks from your previous notes: Dry Chemical – _____________________________________________________________________

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Carbon Dioxide – ___________________________________________________________________

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Water Extinguishers – _______________________________________________________________

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Halon – ___________________________________________________________________________

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WHMIS & Fire Safety Review Sheet Draw and Identify all fire classification hazard symbols found for the CTF Foods room at our school. Draw and Identify all fire classification hazard symbols found for the Science room at our school. Draw and Identify all fire classification hazard symbols found for the CTF Construction room at our school. Identify the following International Safety Symbols.

Explain the use of Material Safety Data Sheets and what you may find on such a document. __________________________________________________________________________________

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Identify, draw, and explain each of the designer labels found within the WHMIS system. (There are 3 shapes) Using an item from home, create a WHMIS identification label. You might have to use the internet to find some the required information. Please feel free to using the internet but do not forget to state your resource. Resources: __________________________________________________________________________________