Analytical Description of the Ecosystem of Smart Specialization Area

“Knowledge-Intensive Bio-Economics”

30 November 2015 Member of the Board of “Fidea” SIA

Gundars Kuļikovskis

2015

Table of Contents1 Overall Information of the Ecosystem Descriptions......................................................................3

1.1 Aim of the Smart Specialization Strategy..............................................................................31.2 Smart Specialization Strategy................................................................................................31.3 Definition of the Field of Ecosystem.....................................................................................31.4 Methodology..........................................................................................................................4

2 Description of the Key Participants of the Area.............................................................................4

2.1 Key Participants.....................................................................................................................42.2 Graphical Representation of Participants of the Ecosystem.................................................13

3 Human Capital Available in the Area of Smart Specialization....................................................13

3.1 Number of Students.............................................................................................................133.2 Number of Scientific Staff...................................................................................................133.3 Number of Employed People in Accordance with the NACE Codes over the Last Five Years 14

4 Scientific Capacity.......................................................................................................................15

4.1 Key Competencies in the Field of Bio-economics...............................................................155 Results of the International Assessment of Scientific Institutions Operating in the area.............16

6 Industry Indicators in the Smart Specialization Area...................................................................17

6.1 Sector Turnover in Accordance with the NACE Codes.......................................................186.2 Sectoral Export Performance by NACE Codes of Sectors...................................................186.3 Sectoral Investments in R&D..............................................................................................186.4 Number of Innovative Enterprises in the Particular Area.....................................................18

7 Goals, Needs, Objectives and Comparative Results of the Smart Specialization Area................19

7.1 Industry and Applied Research............................................................................................207.2 Ability to Conduct Research of Common Interest...............................................................217.3 Fundamental Research and Excellence................................................................................217.4 Smart Specialization Niches................................................................................................23

8 Industry Discussions....................................................................................................................25

9 Reference Sources:......................................................................................................................26

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1 Overall Information of the Ecosystem Descriptions 1.1 Aim of the Smart Specialization Strategy Smart Specialization Strategy is aimed at the transformation of the national economy in order to build economic knowledge capacity by investing in research, innovation and events for their promotion. For building of economic knowledge capacity and efficient use of innovations, other conditions are also of importance. Other national development strategies and measures related to the Smart Specialization Strategy are prescribed for their implementation.

1.2 Smart Specialization StrategyTo focus limited resources for ensuring an increase in innovation capacity in the areas of knowledge, where the economy has the highest growth potential. Latvian Smart Specialization Strategy is a strategy for the transformation of the economy. It provides for building of the economic knowledge capacity, which leads to higher and sustainable productivity.

1.3 Definition of the Field of EcosystemKnowledge-based bio-economics is ensuring of innovation performance and

competitiveness of the sectors of bio-economics (agriculture, food production, forest industry and fisheries) at regional and international level, as well as ensuring Latvia’s contribution to achieving the EU’s common goals. Innovation in the fields of bio-economics is not only research and creation of new products and services, but also increasing the quality of existing products and services and improving the production efficiency.

Knowledge-based bio-economics combine traditional Latvian economic sectors, the total contribution of which to the Latvian economy is 55% of the value of goods produced. In addition, agricultural and food product exports in 2013 was 3.9 billion euro, or nearly 39% of total exports, while in 2013, the total value of Latvian forest industry exports reached 1.875 billion euro, or nearly 19%.1

There is a sectoral regulatory framework in the fields of agriculture, food production, fisheries and forestry stemming from the national laws and regulations. For example, the Law on the Supervision of the Handling of Food, Law on Forests, Veterinary Medicine Law 2. Business limitations exist within the framework of laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia. In addition to national laws and regulations, there are voluntary commitments undertaken by enterprises that certify the quality of products or services provided. For example, there is a forest certification system in the forest industry (EFSC, PEFC etc.). Sectoral regulatory framework, as well as the voluntary commitments do not put any additional development constraints on the enterprises. When asked about obstacles that affect the development of products and services in the domestic market, enterprises mention the insufficient national regulatory framework that would highlight the benefits of local products or services (CO2 emissions created during the production of the product, history of the enterprise as a taxpayer, insufficient national regulatory framework, which allows offering low-quality goods and services in public procurements).

The smart specialization area includes all representatives of the industry, science and education, who create knowledge within the scope of the smart specialization area, to whom

1 Central Statistical Bureau data for 2013. http://www.csb.gov.lv/2 https://www.zm.gov.lv/statiskas-lapas/normativie-akti?id=1064#jump

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this knowledge is crucial for their ability to earn, as well as those who provide education based on this knowledge. Ecosystem is formed by the participants of the area, their relationships and transactions among them.

In this context, knowledge can be encoded, i.e. in the form of documents, it may be included in the technology or it may be uncoded, tacit knowledge, transferred in direct contact and through a discussion between the knowledge carriers or consumers.

Conditions directly influencing the participant – the market, financing, scale of the field of knowledge, the state aid instruments and the regulatory framework – are also addressed in the context of the ecosystem.

1.4 MethodologyConsidering that the ecosystem is very extensive, only the part of the ecosystem, which is directly linked to knowledge and can be influenced via public intervention through research, development, innovation investment or support, is viewed and analysed in the context of smart specialization.

2 Description of the Key Participants of the Area2.1 Key Participants Former cooperation between scientific institutions and enterprises has developed through implementation of applied, enterprise-funded research, as well as through cooperation with enterprises within the competence centres. A striking example of successful cooperation is the activities of the Forest Sector Competence Centre.Mutual relations of the key participants of the ecosystem area shown in Table 1. The table describes the potential specialization niches of the industry in the fields of activities of bio-economics, indicating the enterprises, who have established close research collaboration with scientific institutions and have a relation with institutions of higher education.

Table 1

Key participants of the ecosystem, their mutual relations

No. Potential specialization niches of the industry in the view of discussions of 2014

Scope of activities

The criterion of involvementBusiness Research Higher

education

1. Sustainable and productive forest cultivation in changing climate conditions (more efficient forest management and wood resource calculation technologies)

Forest industryforestry

Latvijas Valsts Meži AS;Latvijas finieris AS;Metrum SIA;Fest Forest SIA;Pata AB SIA;WMF Latvia SIA;Billerudkorsnas Latvija SIA;Metsa Forest Latvia SIA;BSW Latvia;Talme SIA;KRONSOPAN Riga SIA;Bervig Skog SIA;Rīgas meži SIA;

LUA;Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”;

LUA

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Latvian Forest Owners’ Association;Latvian Forest Industries Federation

2. Innovative high-value-added niche wood product manufacturing

Forest industry, woodworking

Latvijas finieris ASKureks SIAMarko KEA SIAAmberwood SIAIKTK SIA4 PLUS SIAJaunzeltiņi SIAOšukalns SIALatvāņi SIADores SIALatvian Forest Industries Federation

LUA;MeKA SIA

LUA;RTU

3. Making full use of wood biomass for chemical processing and energy

Forest industryChemical processing of wood

Fortum Jelgava SIAFIDE SIAL.E.V. SIALatvijas finieris ASTenachem SIA (Tenax group)Baltiks East SIAMushrooms Latvija SIAVLT SIAFILLE 2000 SIAIMOS SIADores SIAEKJU SIALatvian Forest Industries FederationAdamantan SIAAirbus DS GmbHAlfa Construction SIAAlnada SIAArch Timber Protection Ltd.Arčers SIABaibiņa SIABaltic Block SIABALTIC FOREST SIABārbeles kokogle SIABYKO-LAT SIADABBA SIAEco-Project SIAEkodoma SIAEnergoparks SIAEssedea GmbH & CoFOREVERS SIAGreen Industry Innovation Center SIAInspecta Latvia ASJauda - koks ASJaunRīga ECO SIAJSC Lignineko Koppers Latvia SIALAMEKO IMPEX SIA

Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry;Meka SIA;LUA

LUA, UL

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LAT HORSE SPAN SIALat pro SIALatvāņi SIALatvijas finieris ASLKP Solutions SIAMalkas ražotne SIANova Pangaea Technologies LimitedOsmose Denmark ASPata AB SIAPHARMIDEA SIAPillar 3 SIAPolyLabs SIAPRO DEV SIAPromEnergoKomplekt OOOProtim Solignum Ltd Koppers Performance ChemicalsRAITUMA KRĀSAS SIASadales tīkls ASSKULTES KOKOSTA SIASveaskog Baltfor SIAV.L.T. SIAVENTARS SIAVPV SIAWT Terminal SIAZB2 SIA

4. Innovative, risk-reducing plant and animal breeding techniques

Agricultural sectorVeterinary medicine

EKO TERRA SIA;Proof Advisory Group SIA; LPKS Agrario;Verners un draugi SIA; Biohumuss 2010 SIA;ECO RABBIT SIA;Alfa Agro SIAStraume ASCooperative societies LATRAPS, AGRARIO, Dobeles Dzirnavnieks, Tukuma Straume AS, LRS Mūsa SIA, Ekotri SIA, Gaha SIA, Aloja Starkelsen SIA,BASF AGRO Latvija, Latvijas šķirnes sēklas SIA, BAYER Latvija, Baltic Agro SIABioefektsHumīnVit SIAVerners un Co SIAEco Organic SIAGreen OK SIAGreen-Pik LAT SIAFarms “Akmentiņi”; “Lejasdanči”, “Mucenieki”“Klīves”“Mazkuģnieki 2”, etc.Close cooperation with the

LUA;Latvijas Augu aizsardzības un pētniecības centrs SIA of LUA;BIOR;Pūres Dārzkopības pētījumu centrs SIA;Latgales Lauksaimniecības zinātnes centrs SIA;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics;Institute of Horticulture (Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing)

LUA

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Latvian Orchardman AssociationBreeders’ organizations, artificial insemination stations,Farm animal owners in farms and LLC, Latvian Beekeepers’ Society

5. Development of innovative high-value-added niche products from traditional and non-traditional agricultural plant and animal raw materials

Food industry Farm “Veckoras”;ROGA-AGRO AS; APB SIA; Kurland Agro SIA Bee Bite SIA; Piece of Cake SIA; Liedags SIA; MILZU SIA; Peitho SIA; KEEFA SIA; JOLLE SIA;EM TEHNOLOĢIJA SIA; BIOGRAPH ORGANIC SWEETS SIA;Staburadzes konditoreja SIA;Latvijas sēklas SIA;Dabba SIA; Malevs SIA; Landrika-L SIA; Farm “Jaundzērves”; Perfecto SIA; Pure Chocolate SIA; Lat Eko Food SIA; Jaunkrasts SIA;Hemp Power SIA; TRY SIA; Bairons LBC SIA; SAULEUNION SIA;Vinnis SIA; UDJA SIA; Aluna Bio SIA; Saldus Gaļas kombināts SIA; Dobeles dzirnavnieks AS; Rīgas dzirnavnieks AS; Balticovo AS; Puratos Latvia SIA; Rēzeknes gaļas kombināts SIA; Gemoss SIA; Rīgas piena kombināts AS; Brīvais vilnis AS; Cooperative Society for Agricultural Services Latraps; Smiltenes piens AS; Dimdiņi SIA; Skrīveru saldumi SIA; Rankas piens AS; Lāči SIA;

LUALatvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing

LUA

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Latvijas balzams AS; Cerrera Foods SIA; Felici SIA; Baltās Naktis SIA; Anatols SIA, Fazer maiznīcas ASFood Union (Rīgas piena kombināts AS and Valmieras piens AS)Felici SIAGamma ASLatEkoFood SIASpilva SIAPutnu fabrika Ķekava ASEkotri SIA,Companies producing goat breeding products, herb growing and preparation companies; Hemp Growers’ Association, Lienama-Alūksne SIA, Farm “Strēlnieki”Cooperative Society for Agricultural Services “Piena ceļš” etc., Jaunpils dairy plant,Sidrabjērs SIAIndividual merchant “Caprine”Farm “Klīves” Silvanols SIA (currently, Olainfarm); Aptiekas produkcija SIA;Latvian Orchardman Association, Nurserymen Society, horticultural companies, Latvian Beekeepers’ Society

6. Technological solutions for using plant and animal breeding and processing by-products

Food industry, agricultural energetics

Smiltenes piens ASLatvijas piens SIARīgas Dzirnavnieks ASBaltic Dairy Board SIAĶeizarsils SIAZaļā Mārupe SIAPurator Latvia SIACooperative Society AGRARIO,Biomass processing companies, for example, teaching and research farm “Vecauce”,FORTUM SIA,Hemp Growers’ Association,Dobeles Dzirnavnieks, Tukuma Straume AS, LRS Mūsa SIA

LUA LUA

7. Food safety Veterinary Latvijas Piens AS; PF LUA; LUA

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medicine “Ķekava”, Farm „Mežacīruļi” and other food manufacturing companies

BIOR;Institute of Horticulture (Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing)

8. Fisheries Fisheries Rūpniecības Mehānikas un bioloģiskās kompleksu zinātniskās pētniecības centrs SIALatvenergo ASSmall Hydropower Association

BIOR;LUA;DU

Agreement on establishment of a strategic association for bio-economics research was concluded on 24 September 2014 to promote development of smart specialization area “Knowledge-Intensive Bio-Economics”. Fourteen scientific institutions are involved in the establishment of the association: Latvia University of Agriculture, LUA agency Research Institute of Agriculture, LUA agency Research Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Latvijas Augu aizsardzības pētniecības centrs SIA of LUA, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”, State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute, Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute, Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics, Pūres Dārzkopības pētījumu centrs SIA, Latgales Lauksaimniecības zinātnes centrs SIA, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Meža un koksnes produktu pētniecības un attīstības institūts SIA (Meka SIA).3

Bio-economics Association brings together all the scientific potential related to agriculture, food production, forestry and fisheries4: Latvian University of Agriculture and 3 LUA scientific institutes, 7 agricultural and food research institutes, including 2 private research institutes, 3 forest sector research institutes, including one research institute jointly set up by the LUA and the industry, operate within the framework of the Bio-economics Association.

Participants of the external ecosystem related to bio-economics that have established cooperation with bio-economics scientific institutes within the framework of National Research Centre activities. Cooperation among the LUA, Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, UL, DU, and Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology has been established within the framework of the Forest and Aquatic National Research Centre (MŪRVNPC). Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology operates in the direction of research of the Baltic Sea formulated in the MŪRVNPC strategy, while the research direction of natural potential is represented by the Faculty of Biology of the University of Latvia, Faculty of Geography and Natural Sciences of the University of Latvia, and the Institute of Systematic Biology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Daugavpils University. At the same time, Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing, LUA, BIOR, UL, State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute, and State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute cooperate within the framework of the National Research Centre of Food and the Use of Agricultural Resources (LRPVNPC). Close cooperation with the Faculty of Biology of the University of Latvia has been established within the framework of this centre.

Mutual cooperation

3 Agreement on establishment of a strategic association for bio-economics research of 24.09.2014.4 Bio-economics strategic alliance. Statement of Irina Pilvere, rector of LUA, of 25.09.2015.

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Latvia University of Agriculture and Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” take part in the cooperation network of the European Forest Institute. Latvia University of Agriculture has established close cooperation in the field of education and research with the Nordic and Baltic universities within the framework of the NOVA-BOVA network. In the field of research work, close contacts have been established with Aleksandras Stulginskis University and Warsaw University of Life Sciences on the development of remote forest monitoring and forest management planning information technologies, as well as with the Belarusian University of Technology on logging technologies. LAT-LIT project in cooperation with the Šiauliai University has been implemented. Intense exchange of students and teachers is carried out within the framework of Erasmus+ and 43 European forestry university cooperation network.

Meža un koksnes produktu pētniecības un attīstības institūts SIA (Meka SIA) together with the Latvia University of Agriculture has established close cooperation with the French University Ecole Supérieure du Bois (website: http://www.ecoledubois.fr/), and exchange of researchers and students is carried out. In the field of research work, close contacts and cooperation have been established with scientific research institutions within the framework of wood modification research (http://www.woodmodification-network.org). MeKA SIA is a member of the international organisation EGOLF (European Group of Organisations for Fire Testing, Inspection and Certification) – experience and competence development on European level is carried out there. Cooperation has also been established in the fire safety competencies group FSC-Fire Safe Use of Wood, where challenge monitoring and coordination of research is carried out. For Latvia, it is an opportunity to participate in the international research networks. We are the members of InnovaWood, which is an integrated international European-wide cooperation network in the area of scientific research and training in the field of forestry and wood processing; see http://www.innovawood.com5.

Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry has extensive experience of activities in the European field of science, taking part in the FP6, FP7, and H2020 projects. When looking back, one should particularly mention the EU Framework Programme funding, as the funding of the centre of excellence “QLK5-CT-2002-30360 Integration of the LS of the IWC in the European Research Area” (WOODPRO, 2003–2006) was obtained in 2003, but in 2008 – project No. 203459 “The implementation of research potential of the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry in the European Research Area” (WOOD-NET, 06.2008–05.2011) with the funding of ~1 million euro. Both of these projects provided a good basis for strengthening cooperation with European universities and the leading scientific institutes. Over the past 5–7 years, the following FP7 projects have been implemented with the with the Institute partnership: FORBIOPLAST; BIOCORE; EVOLUTION; BIOPURFIL, and two H2020 projects have been commenced: US4GREENCHEM and ERIFORE, and the Institute has worked on the ERA-Net projects: forestry-related activity: WoodWisdom: projects: PROLIGNIN, LILO, PINOBIO, and material science within the MATERA activity: project BBPM. The Institute is also a partner in six COST actions. The Institute also has a contract with the European Space Agency on implementation of the project CRYOFOAMS. Within the framework of implementing the above projects, cooperation has been established with many universities and institutes, the major ones of which include: VTT (Finland); INRA

5 Commentary by A. Domkins, Member of the Board of MeKa SIA

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(France); University of Pisa (Italy), University of Göttingen (Germany); Aalborg University (Denmark); several Fraunhofer institutes, etc.6

In the field of agriculture, Latvia University of Agriculture is an active participant of the Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists (NJF) and scientific organization ESA (European Society for Agronomy). The academic staff of LUA also actively participates in other international unions of scientists: European Grassland Federation – EGF, International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), European Association of Agricultural Economists, International Scientific Association ECOLOGICA, Nordic – Baltic Resistance Action Committee, KBBE–net – Knowledge Based Bioeconomy, International Humic Substances Society, European Weed Research Society (EWRS), International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO), British Society for Plant Pathology (BSPP), European Confederation of Soil Science Societies (ECSSS), International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). Personal contacts also provide opportunities for international cooperation. Of course, we also work with affiliated institutes and universities: Estonian University of Life Sciences, Aleksandras Stulginskis University in Kaunas, Lithuanian Institute Of Agriculture (Dotnuvos), Šiauliai University in Lithuania, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Nicolaus Copernicus University in Poland, Lithuanian Institute of Animal Science (Baisogalos), Boreal Plant Breeding, etc. Joint projects: LAT-LIT cross-border project involving the Šiauliai University (ended); international project EUROLEGUME with 19 partners, and within the framework of the ERASMUS + programme, which involves a number of Eastern and Central European universities (including the above mentioned N. Copernicus University in Poland), the Freely Accessible Central European Soil (FACES) database will be created. A database of typical types of soil of the member states, which is compiled in accordance with international standards and in the uniform soil classification format – WRB, used in the official EU circulation of information. For use in the learning process in universities, creating joint study aids: printed, electronic, multimedia, student portal, etc. Development of a study module for learning about the international soil classification. Fields of application: universities and other institutions operating in the fields of soil science, environmental science, soil and environmental monitoring and information processing.7

For more than 10 years, Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing has been a member of international association of fruit-growing scientific institutes EUFRIN (European Fruit Research Institutes Network), which contributes to the international cooperation of fruit-growing science and industry, jointly developing and lobbying EU projects, and so on.8

In the field of food industry, Latvia University of Agriculture cooperates with European universities that implement food studies and carry out research work in food science:

Kaunas University of Technology; Tallinn University of Technology; University of Copenhagen; University of Helsinki; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; BioForsk;

6 Commentary by U. Cabuļs, director of the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry7 Commentary by Z. Gaile, dean of the LUA Faculty of Agriculture8 Commentary by E. Kaufmane, director of Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing

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Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, etc.There is no single major institute or several major institutes in the field of food science. Each institute has its own profile and strengths, the main aspect is the intensity of cooperation. Representative institution European Food Science Network and European Federation of Food Science (EFFoST) has been established in Europe that brings together the European universities / institutes that implement food studies and research. IRA (ISEKI Food Association) should also be noted – an independent non-profit organization established in 2005 by the representatives of universities, research institutes, companies and associations related to the food industry, basically covering the whole world. Various cooperation projects have been implemented with the above-mentioned institutions at different times, including the annual Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology (FoodBalt). Research projects implemented together with foreign and Latvian partners (in 2015):

1) Project “Innovative Solutions for Using Hulless Oats and Barley and Triticale for Human Health” (NFI/R/2014/11) – partners – Latvia University of Agriculture, State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute, Rīga Stradiņš University and a partner from Norway – Bioforsk;

2) 7th Framework Programme project EUROLEGUME (Enhancing of legumes growing in Europe through sustainable cropping for protein supply for food and feed) – partners – UTAD – Portugal, LUA – Latvia, PHRC – Latvia, SPPBI – Latvia, BIOEFECTS – Latvia, ECRI – Estonia, AUT – Albania, JTI - Sweden, FRESCURA SUBLIME – Portugal, UPCT – Spain, INIAV – Portugal, BOKU – Austria, AUA – Greece, BIOFORSK – Norway, SYMBIOM – Czech Republic, KPRA – Spain, ESTIRPE – Portugal, UMB – Norway.9

9 Commentary by I. Ciproviča, dean of the Faculty of Food Technology of LUA

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2.2 Graphical Representation of Participants of the Ecosystem

3 Human Capital Available in the Area of Smart Specialization3.1 Number of StudentsWhen summarising data on the number of students in the field of knowledge-intensive bio-economics, the following results were obtained:

CSB data, calculation of “Fidea” SIA

3.2 Number of Scientific Staff The table below sums up institutions, companies and organizations, where research work is carried out

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  2012 2013 2014Number of scientific

institutions

Scientific staff

Number of scientific

institutions

Scientific staff

Number of scientific

institutions

Scientific staff

Higher education sector 62 2607 61 2348 60 2291Public sector 19 703 19 707 19 681Business sector 343 594 342 570 411 776

Total: 424 3904 422 3625 490 3748* Source: Central Statistical Bureau

As the table shows, the number of companies carrying out research work is growing every year, which points at positive trends in the achievement of the RIS3 overarching objective (investments in R&D amounting to 1.5% of GDP in 2020).

According to the calculations of the Ministry of Education and Science on granting the base funding for 2015, the scientific potential is constituted by 485 research employees in accordance with the full-time equivalent (FTE) (see Table 2). The table does not include all academic staff of the Latvia University of Agriculture, who are not elected to scientific positions, but are carrying out research activities. Latvia University of Agriculture employs 278 holders of a doctoral degree (21.10.2015) More than 400 holders of a doctoral degree are employed in the field of bio-economics.10

Table 2

Calculation data on the base funding of the national scientific institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science (FTE) for 201511

Scientific institution

Elected scientific staff

Scientific technical and service staff

Scientific employees (scientific staff, scientific technical and service staff)

Latvia University of Agriculture 48 30 78Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics 18 9 27Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing 27 22 49Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry 49 26 75Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” 78 65 143Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR” 29 12 41State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute 11 29 40State Stende Cereals Breeding Institute 14 19 33 total 273 212 485

3.3 Number of Employed People in Accordance with the NACE Codes over the Last Five Years

When summarizing data in the field of knowledge-intensive bio-economics in accordance with the NACE codes over the last five years, the following results were obtained:

10 Bio-economics strategic alliance. Statement of Irina Pilvere, rector of LUA, of 25.09.2015.11 Calculation data on the base funding of the national scientific institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science for 2015. Ministry of Education and Science.

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Field/year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Knowledge-Intensive Bio-Economics 167,259 161,071 166,451 167,012 167,744

CSB data, calculation of “Fidea” SIA

4 Scientific Capacity 4.1 Key Competencies in the Field of Bio-economicsForest Faculty of Latvia University of Agriculture develops IT solutions for the forest industry that can be used for calculation of forest and timber resources, forest management planning and operational control. The developed decision-making support tools are widely used in Latvian enterprises of the forest industry and for supporting decision-making in strategic planning of the national forest resources. There is large international interest in the experience of Latvian scientists.

Fields of activity of MeKa SIA do not include unique competences or fields, where we depend on imports. The key competencies exist in the following areas: fire resistance of wood, quality of fuelwood products and the use of wood in construction. All these competencies are developing on an international scale, therefore it is possible to develop them in Latvia by only taking part in and constantly working on international projects and research networks.

The key competencies of Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry cover non-food bio-economics:

1. manufacturing of wood and wood materials with improved properties; 2. biorefining (complex processing of biomass), which enables extraction of chemical

raw materials, materials, biofuels and so on from biomass and various technological by-products;

3. green chemistry material and polymer production technologies, development of new technologies.

For several years, due to a limited funding, the number of human resources in the agricultural sector does not allow undertaking several large-scale projects simultaneously.

Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing mentions fruit plant breeding as a unique competency. Most breeding programs have been suspended in the Baltic-Nordic region, and the varieties bred by the Institute are increasingly spreading in Northern Europe. Another niche – specific cultures that are not widespread or can be found across Europe / the world (such as flowering quince, sea buckthorn) and their niche products. There is no complete dependence on competence imports.

In the field of food science, the competencies of Latvian scientists cover all directions of the areas of food science (from food raw materials, their composition and nutritional value to the product packaging, expiry dates and food safety). Latvian food scientists (the active ones) are competitive scientists. For example, Aleksandrs Veršilovskis presented his thesis in 2009 on the development of a sensitive analytical method for determination of food mycotoxin – sterigmatocystin. At that moment, the quality and topicality of work was at the level of European and global scientific works, and the new Ph.D. in Food Science was offered a researcher’s position at the European Commission Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) (Brussels, Belgium).

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The competence of food scientists is also characterised by the successful results in the European competition (EFFoST) for the best doctoral thesis related to food science. When describing the competencies, one should also note the achievements of food scientists that have been recognised by the LAS. Quality criteria set by the Latvian Academy of Sciences in 2013 and 2014 were demonstrated convincingly by the advancements of food scientists, the transfer of which from practical research gives a significant contribution to the national economy. In 2013 and 2014, scientists of the Faculty of Food Technology gained recognition for works and studies in the section of practical application:

Technologies have been developed to make fruit, berry and vegetable purees for baby food from raw materials obtained through organic farming. Dr.sc.ing. Solvita Kampuse, Dr.sc.ing. Anita Blija, corresponding member of the LAS Dalija Segliņa, M.sc.sal. Anita Olšteine, Faculty of Food Technology of LUA, Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing (2014);

A study has been completed on biologically active substances in foodstuffs, using the latest packaging technology for their packing and storage, guaranteeing high quality and safe shelf-life. Dr. Evita Straumīte, Dr. habil. Lija Dukaļska, Dr. Sandra Muižniece-Brasava; Latvia University of Agriculture (2013).

In the field of food science, we do not depend on competence imports, with the exception of fisheries and fish processing, besides there is still a problem – lack of modern scientific equipment, technical staff and scientists for solution and development of certain research topics.

5 Results of the International Assessment of Scientific Institutions Operating in the area

Fourteen scientific institutions were recognized as the key participants in the field of bio-economics in Latvia. All 14 institutions were included in the independent international assessment of 2014 carried out by “Technopolis Group”. International assessors have conducted a large-scale assessment of Latvian research, development and innovation system as a whole, and about 150 individual scientific institutes. Five broader aspects were set as the assessment criteria, namely, the quality of research, the influence of the institute’s research on the industry, economic and social impact, research environment and infrastructure as well as development potential. Each criterion was assessed with 1-5 points (5 points being the best result). Conclusions were made and recommendations for further action were given after the overall average assessment. In the field of bio-economics, two Latvian institutions were assessed with 4 points, namely, the Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR” and the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry. Four points indicate that the research unit (RU) executes its tasks well and it should continue its activities as before. Two scientific institutes were assessed with 3 points and their research units were recommended to analyse their activities in an impartial manner and strengthen the activities. Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava” and State Priekuli Plant Breeding Institute were assessed with 3 points. Among the research units of Latvia University of Agriculture, only the Faculty of Food Technology was assessed with 3 points – all other research units received a smaller number of points, as a result of which the average assessment of LUA is 2 points. In total, 5 of the 14 institutes engaged in R & D in the field of bio-economics received 2 points, and another 5 were assessed with the lowest score (1 point) with a recommendation to discontinue the activities of this research unit or to merge it with another research unit of a larger scale.

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Research Quality

Impact on the scientific discipline

Economic and social impact Research env. and infrastructure

Development potential

0

5

The average assessment of scientific institutes in the

field of bio-economics

The average assessment of 14 major institutes in the field of bio-economics was 2 points. Key recommendations of international assessors for this area: (1) to achieve the critical mass by managing some dynamically manageable and focused structural units, combining and consolidating scientific institutions in this field; (2) to increase funding for fundamental research as well as try to attract funding from other Baltic countries; (3) to improve staff and student access to international scientific literature databases; (4) to stimulate international recognisability, as well as other recommendations.

6 Industry Indicators in the Smart Specialization AreaWhen identifying the participants in the field of knowledge-intensive bio-economics in accordance with NACE codes, the following participation in the field was used in the description of the ecosystem:

NACE Economic sector

A Agriculture, forestryBDE Other industries C Food industry C Wood-processing C Paper manufacturing and printing C Chemical industry C Manufacture of non-metallic minerals C Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment C Manufacture of machinery and equipment C Manufacture of vehicles

Local scientific institutes compete with European scientific research institutes that have long-term cooperation with pan-European groups, the subsidiaries of which are located in Latvia. In such cases, research is often conducted in Latvia with the help of research institutes of the group’s country of origin, without the involvement of Latvian scientific institutes. Such

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examples can be found in the forest industry. Competition in the field of food production is created not only by scientific institutes of the European Union, but also by Russian scientific institutes that have worked for decades on food by-product processing solutions, patented technologies, products, etc.

6.1 Sector Turnover in Accordance with the NACE CodesSector turnover (net turnover, million EUR)

Field/year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Knowledge-Intensive Bio-Economics 6990 8114.3 9194.1 9970.8 10263.9

CSB data, calculation of “Fidea” SIA

6.2 Sectoral Export Performance by NACE Codes of SectorsSectoral exports (exports, thousand EUR)

Field/year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Knowledge-Intensive Bio-Economics 1,745,25

62,349,942

2,817,858

3,066,012

3,315,388

CSB data, calculation of “Fidea” SIA

6.3 Sectoral Investments in R&DIn 2014, compared to 2013, the funding for research and development in Latvia increased by 0.08% and amounted to 0.68% of GDP. On average, R&D investment in Europe accounted for 2.01% of GDP in 2013.

In 2014, 162.8 million euro were invested in research in Latvia, where foreign funding accounted for the largest share – 44.2% of total funding for research works, 27.8% – business financing, 25.6% – public funding, but 2.4% – funding of institutions of higher education. It should be noted that the business enterprise R&D expenditure of Latvia constituted 0.17% of GDP in 2013, which is significantly lower than the EU average – 1.28% of GDP.

Expenditure for research work in the business sector increased by 47% in 2014, compared to 2013, and it is related to the fact that companies channel more of their own capital for the financing of research work and foreign fund raising in the funding of company research work. Data on research costs in the area of bio-economics are not available separately.

6.4 Number of Innovative Enterprises in the Particular AreaThe National Development Plan of Latvia prescribes to reach 1.5% of GDP investment in R&D by 202012. The common objective of the EU countries – 3% of GDP13. No EU country has reached public funding amounting to 1% of GDP in the last decade. In Latvia, it reaches only one third of the funding. In addition, involvement of the private sector is lagging behind the implementation of the strategic plan most significantly, thus threatening achieving the 1.5% of GDP target in 202014.

Core funding of scientific institutes is obtained from the national budget, i.e. Base funding, LCS grants and cooperation projects; ERDF and ESF projects, as well as the European FP7 and H2020 project funding. There is also cooperation with the industry, and it is the most effective within the framework of the Forest Sector Competence Centre as well as in the

12 National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014 –2020; page 18 and 2813 “Europe 2020” EU's growth strategy, page 314 https://www.makroekonomika.lv/neertais-temats-ieguldijumi-latvijas-zinatne-un-petnieciba

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implemented bilateral commercial agreements with industry representatives in both Latvia and European Union.

In the areas of bio-economics, it is difficult to name the number of innovative companies, because the understanding of each operator regarding innovations is different. However, statistics show that the number of innovative companies in these sectors is less than a half (see Figure 1).

Wood-processing

Light industry

Other sectors of the manufacturing industry

Manufacture of food products and beverages

Chemical industry and related industries

Manufacture of machinery and equipment

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

16.3170163170163

19.5402298850575

23.6111111111111

29.6296296296296

30.2

32.5842696629214

33.1325301204819

34.6534653465347

50.4

52.9411764705882

65.9574468085106

Figure 1. Proportion of innovatively active enterprises in the manufacturing industry sectors 2010-2012 (%) Source: CSB

In terms of innovations, the major achievements belong to Latvijas valsts meži AS (calculation of wood resources, logistics, reforestation and breeding) and Latvijas Finieris AS.

However, the cooperation and interaction of SI and the forest industry on promotion of science-intensive production currently has to be assessed as insufficient. It is mainly determined by the structure of wood industry companies, which is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. Unlike in many other EU member states, there are few commercial companies in Latvia that use scientific services not only for routine analyses and examinations, but also for development of innovative technologies and new products.15

Development of precision technology (both in crop cultivation, horticulture and livestock farming). Agricultural cooperative societies, for example, AGRARIO has established alfalfa pellet production facility, which is the only facility of such kind in the Baltic States, while Dobeles Dzirnavnieks should be mentioned as an innovative grain processing company.

7 Goals, Needs, Objectives and Comparative Results of the Smart Specialization Area

Knowledge specialization areas are divided according to the goal pursued:

1. Industry and applied research – supported knowledge specialization areas aimed at significantly increasing the number of specialists and increase their competence in the industry and applied research;

15 Informative part of the GUIDELINES ON FOREST AND RELATED INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT FOR 2015–2020

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2. Ability to conduct research of common interest – supported knowledge specialization areas aimed at building the capacity of the existing professionals and their renewal, primarily focusing on quality;

3. Fundamental research and excellence – supported knowledge specialization areas aimed at achieving excellence in the existing volume of specialists, with a significant focus on quality and research challenges in the fundamental science.

7.1 Industry and Applied ResearchSome innovators and engineers can ensure a significant increase in the said industries, creating innovative products to improve the profitability of individual enterprises. It is assumed that industry growth is ensured in these areas, resulting in a significant influx of specialists. For example, providing electronics or IT enterprises with high-quality professionals, they can create more knowledge-intensive, high value-added products that will lead to significant economic growth through the enterprise’s success.

Constituent areas of knowledge:

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ResultsTasksGoalsIndustry and applied research

The absorption capacity of the

industry

Number of innovative employees working in

the industry

R&D jobs

Applied research aimed at individual

innovation

Capacity and number of researchers in

research organizations

Cooperation with the industry

102 Computer science and informatics

204 Chemical engineering

205 Materials engineering

209 Industrial biotechnology

7.2 Ability to Conduct Research of Common InterestIndividual groups of scientists can have a great impact on economic results, when engaging in projects of common interest.

For example, development of forestry can significantly increase the amount of resources available, but there is no need for a forestry specialist in each enterprise, since knowledge and projects are projects of common interest.

Constituent areas of knowledge:

7.3 Fundamental Research and ExcellenceExcellence is required in the existing volume, with a significant focus on quality and research challenges in the fundamental science.

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ResultsTasksGoalsAbility to conduct

research of common interest

Industry expertise in cooperation with

research organizations

Industry expertise. Renewal of the

number of highly qualified experts

Applied research of common interest

Effective excellence groups

106 Biology science

104 Chemistry

401 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries

Constituent areas of knowledge:

There is a single main policy goal in all areas of smart specialization – the total number of R&D jobs. The number of R&D jobs demonstrates the volume of R&D activities/product.

Individual programmes can set autonomous goals related to ensuring environmental factors for achieving the RIS3 objectives, and the project complies with the RIS3 when it complies with the specific task.

RIS3 OVERARCHING OBJECTIVE INDICATORS

Base value 2017 2020 Data source

Investment in R&D (% of GDP) 0.6 (2013) 1.2 1.5 CSB

Position in the European Innovation Union Scoreboard

modest (2013)

moderate follower EC

Productivity in manufacturing industry (EUR per 1 employee)

20,126 (2013)

24,500 29,000 CSB/MoE

RIS3 MACRO-LEVEL INDICATORS Base value 2017 2020 Data sourcePrivate sector investment in R&D (% of the total investment)

21.8 (2013)

46 48 CSB

Proportion of innovative enterprises (% of the total number of enterprises)

30.4 (2012)

35 40 CSB

Proportion of high- and medium-high-tech sectors in Latvian exports of goods (%)

23.8 (2012)

27 31 CSB/MoE

Number of scientific staff in R&D (public and private sectors)

5593 (2013)

6300 7000 CSB

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ResultsTasksGoalsScientific excellence as a

challenge and talent attraction

Focus means to create excellent research groups

World-renowned scientific excellence-oriented

groups, researchers and research

Ability to create a strong base of teachers ensuring the quality and prestige of

education

Excellence groups create internationally networked

human resources for applied research

101 Mathematics

103 Physics

104 Chemistry

106 Biology science

A smaller number of stronger publicly funded research institutions

42 (2013)

30 20 MoES/SEQS

Proportion of graduates (ISCED level 5 and 6) in the STEM fields from the total number of graduates, %

19 (2012)

25 27 MoES

Monitoring micro-level indicators

License/patent income of scientific institutions (EUR); Enterprise co-financing of R&D projects (EUR); Number of enterprises that have received aid for the introduction of new

products/technologies; Enterprise’s turnover from commercialization of research results of their

implementation in economic activity; New enterprises (spin-off) established by scientific institutions Number of newly established enterprises that have received support; Number of new scientists that have received support for their post-doctoral research; The newly created jobs, including those, in which the research staff is employed in the

public sector / business sector; Funding raised by approved H2020 project applications (LV part; EUR); Scientific articles published in international databases (Scopus, Web of Science); Employees trained; Number of master’s and doctoral students involved in R&I projects.

(Source: Informative report “Smart Specialization Strategy Monitoring System”)7.4 Smart Specialization NichesLatvian industry potential specialization niches within the smart specialization area in accordance with the Guidelines for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation 16

Sustainable and productive forest cultivation in changing climate conditions; Making full use of wood biomass for chemical processing and energy; Innovative, risk-reducing plant and animal breeding techniques; Development of innovative high-value-added niche products from wood, traditional and non-

traditional agricultural plant and animal raw materials; Technological solutions for using plant and animal breeding and processing by-products; Food safety.

* Informative report “Smart Specialization Strategy Monitoring System”

Stable, growing and guaranteed sales are expected for the products of the field of bio-economics. The field of bio-economics is characterized by limited competition, established by the global amount of resources used for the needs of bio-economics. In Latvia, bio-economics have a significant growth potential in three levels17:

Use of agricultural land use for production, involving resources that have not yet been used in efficient circulation – Latvia has a significant usage potential of overgrown, uncultivated land and areas not registered for the single area payment. In 2013, there were

16 polsis.mk.gov.lv/view.do?id=460817 Research Programme of the Latvia University of Agriculture for 2015–2020.

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more than 700 thousand hectares of such agricultural land in Latvia. If at least 39% of this land would be utilised, the additional value of agricultural production at current productivity would be approximately 166 million euro a year;

More intensive use of resources. Increased productivity per unit of resources (depends on the chosen technology, cost-effectiveness of the crop/variety). Land that is not being used efficiently is considered a resource. The potential of average growth in production value per hectare is at least 163 euro, which in total accounts for about 248 million euro a year;

Increasing the added value of processing. Potential increase in the export value at current production volumes and product portfolio is 1 billion euro a year.

It should be noted that all three levels of growth are related and the increase is multiplied at different levels, while increasing the productivity and the amount of land cultivated. The increasing productivity also applies to the additional resources used.

Technological development in the field of bio-economics is closely related to the region’s climatic conditions. Therefore, studies are often of local nature. Generalization of such research results is limited. Therefore, in such sectors of bio-economics as agriculture and forestry, research results are mainly directed at the support of local manufacturers.

Obstacles for development of some products of bio-economics, such as the use of biomass for energy, use of wood products in construction and design, are related to the product and technology price competitiveness against analogous products obtained from gas and petrochemical raw materials. In the short term, the current global market situation is not favourable for the development of such products. Development of sustainable, environmentally friendly production technologies for production of healthy and safe food depends on specific agro-ecological conditions. Such technology cannot be mechanically transferred from other circumstances, where someone may have already studied or even implemented them. Therefore, development of such technologies is of local nature. Various associations and enterprises are very active right now, which acquire and sell a variety of plant growth and development stimulators made of natural raw materials (peat, sapropel, compost, algae, microorganisms). Their international competitors are manufacturers of such preparations. There are great opportunities for development of plant growth promoting microorganism preparations (PGPM). Such preparations are offered on the global market, while Latvia has commenced work in this field – “Bioefekts”. Biological preparations of plant protection could be another niche. Organic farmers are showing great interest in these preparations. Obstacles for development – lack of human resources and low solvency of enterprises. At first, extensive fundamental research is required for development of such preparations, which the enterprise is unable to pay for, and fundamental research elsewhere in the world is paid for by state grant agencies. The main obstacle to livestock breeding currently is the crisis in dairy and pig farming. In the fruit-growing industry, increasing role is played by small and medium-sized enterprises that develop production of specific, healthy niche products, such as baby food, a variety of candied fruit – export is developing. The second direction – large commercial gardens are formed that gradually provided the Latvian market with local fruits. Exports of certain crops (cranberries, sea buckthorn, raspberries) are developing.

Great potential for development of innovative high-value-added niche products from traditional and non-traditional agricultural plant and animal raw materials still remains in Latvia; technological solutions for using plant and animal cultivation/breeding and processing

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by-products. There is a potential of human resources and infrastructure in this field. In addition to the LUA, new players are emerging in Latvia – Institute of Organic Synthesis, strong existing players, merging in consortia. In the field of food safety, Daugavpils University is a new player, while the main one is SI BIOR. In the field of functional food, medical cosmetics and bioactive products of natural substances – strong existing, new enterprises (producer and research associations) – Purified SIA.

8 Industry Discussions Research: Scientists lack long-term research and cooperation programmes. EU

structural fund and national budget programmes have a limited life, and new support programmes are hardly ever opened. Scientific activity is not sufficiently directed at cooperation with the industry; entrepreneurs are interested in specific innovative solutions instead of scientific publications and patents. There is a lack of instruments for introduction of ideas of the new scientists into production. There is no CC of the food industry that would develop closer cooperation with enterprises in the fields of food production and safety. A proposal to develop financial instruments that would encourage effective cooperation of scientists and entrepreneurs on development of new products. It is necessary to establish new varieties, cooperation with the industry, sector productivity growth, such as the value per one worker as indicators characterizing the industry. It is necessary to establish a CC in the food and dairy industry.

Human resources: After the end of support for human resource attraction projects, doctoral students and young doctors do not have permanent jobs due to the lack of national budget funding and discontinuation of funding programmes of structural funds.It is necessary to introduce a regular opening period for programmes, which is mutually agreed among the programmes of different ministries, as well as to agree upon the financial instruments and programmes of the MoES and MoE. Support must be planned for human resource development in doctoral and post-doctoral programmes in the form of grants.

Infrastructure: The industry lacks a technology transfer infrastructure and pilot plants to be able to offer new technological solutions for increasing the market volume and niches. It is recommended to plan support in the EU ERDF period for 2014–2020 for establishment of a technology transfer infrastructure and pilot plants in the food, forest and wood industries, but for the MoE – to plan a support tool for acquisition of new technologies from abroad.

Entrepreneurship: The manufacturing sector of the industry lags behind the developed EU member states. Entrepreneurs need support to achieve their sectoral strategies and objectives. Clear support conditions are necessary for a number of years to come. Invitation to plan a support tool for acquisition and adaptation of new technologies from abroad, to create a cooperation platform, where scientist ideas would be presented by sectors in seminars. To continue the support of high value-added investment projects, Forest CC support and implementation of applied research projects.

9 Reference Sources:1. Guidelines for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation 2014–2020

(Cabinet Resolution No. 685 of 28.12.2013);

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2. National Industrial Policy Guidelines for 2013-2020 (Cabinet Resolution No. 282 of 28.06.2013);

3. Guidelines for the Facilitation of Exports of Goods and Services of Latvia and Attraction of Foreign Investment for 2013-2019 (Cabinet Resolution No. 249 of 17.06.2013);

4. Informative Report “Regarding the Progress in Developing the Action Plan for Implementation of the Guidelines for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation 2014–2020, including the Smart Specialization Strategy Action Plan and a Description of the Result Indicator System” (adopted at the Cabinet meeting of 21.10.2014);

5. Informative Report “Regarding the Implementation of the Structural Reforms in Latvian Science Sector until July 1, 2015” (adopted at the Cabinet meeting of 19.08.2014);

6. Draft Informative Report “Smart Specialization Strategy Monitoring System” (announced SSS on 4 June 2015, SSS minutes No. 22, Paragraph 18);

7. Information available on the website of the State Education Development Agency regarding RIS3 and discussion cycles organised in the framework thereof: http://viaa.gov.lv/lat/zinatnes_inovacijas_progr/viedas_specializacijas_iev/vieda_specializacija_jaunumi/;

8. Database of the Central Statistical Bureau;9. Bio-economics strategic alliance. Statement of Irina Pilvere, rector of LUA, of

25.09.2015;10. Central Statistical Bureau data for 2013. http://www.csb.gov.lv/;11. https://www.zm.gov.lv/statiskas-lapas/normativie-akti?id=1064#jump;12. (Vienošanās par bioekonomikas pētniecības stratēģiskās apvienības izveidošanu

24.09.2014.);13. Bio-economics strategic alliance. Statement of Irina Pilvere, rector of LUA, of

25.09.2015;14. Bio-economics strategic alliance. Statement of Irina Pilvere, rector of LUA, of

25.09.2015;15. Calculation data on the base funding of the national scientific institutions

subordinated to the Ministry of Education and Science for 2015. Ministry of Education and Science.

16. Commentary of A. Domkins, Member of the Board of MeKa SIA;17. Commentary of U. Cabuļs, director of the Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry;18. Commentary of Z. Gaile, dean of the LUA Faculty of Agriculture;19. Commentary of E. Kaufmane, director of Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing;20. Commentary of I. Ciproviča, dean of the Faculty of Food Technology of LUA;21. National Development Plan of Latvia for 2014–2020; page 18 and 28;22. “Europe 2020” EU's growth strategy, page 3;23. https://www.makroekonomika.lv/neertais-temats-ieguldijumi-latvijas-zinatne-un-

petnieciba;24. Informative part of the GUIDELINES ON FOREST AND RELATED INDUSTRY

DEVELOPMENT FOR 2015–2020;25. Research Programme of the Latvia University of Agriculture for 2015–2020.

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