CFD Modeling of Industrial Fire and Suppression Using … · CFD Modeling of Industrial Fire and Suppression Using HPC Yi Wang, Ph.D. ... – Sergey Dorofeev – Many others …

FM Global

© 2016 FM Global. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.© 2016 FM Global. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.

CFD Modeling of Industrial Fire and Suppression Using HPC

Yi Wang, Ph.D.Group ManagerFire Dynamics GroupResearch Division, FM Global

2016 OLCF User Meeting, May 24-26, 2016

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FM Global – A Unique Company Largest commercial and industrial property insurer “The majority of loss is preventable” Engineering and Research 180 years of loss prevention & mitigation

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Industrial & Commercial Fire

Annual loss in US: $3 billion Across all industries: manufacturing and storage

– Chemical– Semi-conductor, data center– Pharmaceutical – Forrest product – Mining– etc.

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Fire Research Large scale tests Explosion Suppression Flammability Fire Modeling

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Fire Research

Testing and experimental– Largest fire testing lab

Modeling – 2000 core cluster

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Why CFD Modeling Large scale fire tests are:

– Expensive– Hard to quantify & generalize results– Limited by test facility & safety

Physical based fire model– Gain insight of fire test– Help design and interpret tests– Reduce number of large-scale fire tests

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Multi-Scales & Physics -- HPCFire Growth Suppression

Spray plume interaction

Water transport on fuel surfaces

Water interactions with fire

Buoyancy driven turbulence

Diffusion combustion

Convective & radiative heat transfer

Solid pyrolysis

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OpenFOAM and FireFOAM Open source CFD toolboxes written

in C++– Unstructured mesh– Segregated solution– Pressure-based solver– 2nd order fully implicit scheme– Parallel computing: MPI – Object oriented programming

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FireFOAM

A buoyancy-driven diffusion flame LES solver With fire specific sub-models Open source ( fmglobal.com/modeling )

FireFOAM

Gas phasecombustion

Soot & Radiation Pyrolysis Spray Surface water

flow

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Gas Phase Eqns: LES0j

j

ut x

ρρ ∂∂ + =∂ ∂

shj

s

t

tth

jj

sjs

xq

xhD

xDtpD

xhu

th ωνρ

ρρ ′′′+∂

′′∂−

∂∂

+∂+=

∂∂

+∂

∂

~

Pr

~~~

kYj

k

t

tk

jj

kjk

xYD

xxYu

tY ωνρ

ρρ ′′′+

∂∂

+∂=

∂∂

+∂

∂

~

Pr

~~~

Momentum

Sensible Enthalpy

Mass

Specie Mass Frac

( ) ii

ijk

k

i

j

j

it

jj

jii gxp

xu

xu

xu

xxuu

tu ρδννρ

ρρ +∂∂−

∂∂−

∂∂

+∂∂+∂=

∂∂

+∂

∂ ~

32~~~~~

Eddy-viscosity model

EDC combustion models

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Solid Phase: Pyrolysis

Heat transfer and chemical process

( )"r

s s pqTCp T k m H

t x x xρ ∂∂ ∂ ∂ ′′′= + + ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

exp aEm ART

ρ − ′′′ = −

PyrolysisHeat transferChemical Kinetics

GasvCharvVirgin gc +→

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Coupling

Solid Liquid Gas

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Discrete Phase

Droplet transport: – Lagrangian Particle Tracking

Radiation: – Directional & spectral dependence

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Scale Up

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FM Global


Projects in OLCF

Profiling Rack storage Roll paper Sprinkler atomization -- VOF IO improvement

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Profiling

Diagnostics12%

Spray2%

Film2%

U9%

Combustion1%Species

8%

Radiation23%

Energy4%

Pressure12%

Turbulence2%

User V5%

Pyrolysis15%

Others5%

FireFOAM

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Diagnostics Spray Film Gas Pyrolysis

Per

cent

age

48 CPU96 CPU192 CPU384 CPU

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Rack Storage

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Che

mic

al H

eat R

elea

se R

ate

[MW

]

Time [s]

7-tier, Wood-Pallet7-tier, No-Pallet

Scale Up

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Sprinkler Atomization -- VOF

Injection pattern– Velocity, droplet size, number, etc.– Laser diagnostics– Fire modeling inputs

Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach– First principle– Computational intensive

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IO Improvement

OpenFOAM I/O– Many small files– Not scalable

ADIOS– Adaptive I/O system– Minimizes input/output bottleneck

Norbert Podhorszki, Karl Meredith, Mark Olesen

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Paper Burns Well!

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Fire Hazard – Test Experience

>20MW, 1-5MW/s– Paper type: weight based– Storage Height– Storage configuration

Standard array Open array

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Protection Challenges

Storage height increase– 15-20 meters or more

Open array

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Calibration Validation Prediction 26-lb paper test matrix

– Intermediate-scale parallel roll • 2.13m (1-roll high)

– Open Array• 4.26 m (2-roll high)• 6.39 m (3-roll high)• 8.52 m (4-roll high)

– Standard Array• 6.39 m (3-roll high)

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Mesh

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Che

mic

al H

eat R

elea

se R

ate

[MW

]

Time [s]

Test, 2-rollTest, 3-rollTest, 4-rollModel, 2-rollModel, 3-rollModel, 4-roll

HRR Prediction for Different Heights

Peak Fire Growth Rate (MW/s)

5 seconds averageH Model Test

4.26 m 0.81 0.676.39 m 2.1 1.78.52 m 3.5 2.78

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FM Global


FM Global


HPC for Industrial CFD

I/O and in situ diagnostics GPU

– Pressure Poisson Solver– Lagrangian droplet– Thermal radiation

Broader industrial user base of OpenFOAM

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Acknowledgement OLCF Staff

– Suzy Tichenor– Jack Wells– Ramanan Sankaran – Norbert Podhorszki– Many others ……

Team at FM Global– Karl Meredith– Ning Ren– Prateep Chatterjee– Ankur Gupta– Sergey Dorofeev– Many others …...

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Thanks!

Questions?

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CFD Modeling of Industrial Fire and Suppression Using … · CFD Modeling of Industrial Fire and Suppression Using HPC Yi Wang, Ph.D. ... – Sergey Dorofeev – Many others …