Cervical Cancer Differential Diagnoses

7/27/2019 Cervical Cancer Differential Diagnoses

1/8


emedicine.medscape.com/article/253513-differential 1/8

Cervical Cancer Differential Diagnoses

Author: Cecelia H Boardman, MD; Chief Editor: Warner K Huh, MD more...

Updated: Jul 1, 2013

Diagnostic Considerations

In addition to the conditions listed in the differential diagnosis, other disorders to consider in a woman with

possible cervical cancer include the following:

Cervicitis/infection, particularly granulomatous (which is rare)

Primary melanoma and Paget disease

Vaginal cancer

Another rare possibility is that a primary cancer elsewhere in the body has metastasized to the cervix.

Differential Diagnoses

Cervicitis

Endometrial Carcinoma

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Vaginitis

Medscape Reference

Reference

News

Reference

EducationMEDLINE

Contributor Information and DisclosuresAuthor

Cecelia H Boardman, MD The Dianne Harris Wright Professorship for Obstetrics and Gynecology Oncology

Research, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center; Associate Professor (Collateral), Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of

Medicine

Cecelia H Boardman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Obstetric ians

and Gynecologists,American College of Surgeons, Minnesota Medical Association, and Society of

Gynecologist Oncologists

Disclosure: Merck Salary Speaking and teaching; Glaxo Salary Speaking and teaching; Depuy Salary

Speaking and teaching

Coauthor(s)

Kirk J Matthews Jr, MD Resident Physician, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia
http://www.sgo.org/http://www.acog.org/http://www.sgo.org/http://www.mmaonline.net/http://www.facs.org/http://www.acog.org/http://reference.medscape.com/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/257141-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256448-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254083-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/253402-overview


2/8



Commonwealth University Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Warner K Huh, MD Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology,

Senior Scientist, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine

Warner K Huh, MD is a member of the following medical societies:American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists,American College of Surgeons,American Society of Clinical Oncology, Massachusetts MedicalSociety, and Society of Gynecologist Oncologists

Disclosure: MERCK Consulting fee Consulting; ROCHE PHARMA/DIAGNOSTICS Consulting fee Consulting;

INTUITIVE SURGICAL Proctor Fee Consulting; Qiagen Consulting fee Consulting

Additional Contributors

A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG Consulting Staff, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,

Mammoth Hospital (Mammoth Lakes, California), Pioneer Valley Hospital (Salt Lake City, Utah), Warren

General Hospital (Warren, Pennsylvania), and Mountain West Hospital (Tooele, Utah)

A David Barnes, MD, PhD, MPH, FACOG is a member of the following medical societies:American College of

Forensic Examiners,American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,American Medical Association,Association of Military Surgeons of the US, and Utah Medical Association


Anthony El-Khoueiry, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Clinical Instructor, Division of Medical Oncology,

Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California


Agustin A Garcia, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern

California


Omid Hamid, MD Associate Director of Melanoma Center, Medical Director of Neuro-oncology Clinic,

USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California


John J Kavanagh JrMD, Chief, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gynecological and

Medical Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Medical School at Houston

John J Kavanagh Jr is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research,

American Association for the Advancement of Science,American Association for the History of Medicine,

American College of Physicians,American Federation for Medical Research,American Medical Association,

Society of Gynecologist Oncologists, Southern Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association


Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center

College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

References

1. Chustecka Z. Bevacizumab Prolongs Survival in Advanced Cervical Cancer. Medscape [serial online].

Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805172. Accessed June 24, 2013.

2. Tewari KS, Sill M, Long HJ, et al. Incorporation of bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent and

metastatic cervical cancer: A phase III randomized trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Asco

University. Available at http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/116712-132. Accessed June 24, 2013.
http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/content/116712-132http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/805172http://www.texmed.org/http://www.sma.org/http://www.sgo.org/http://www.ama-assn.org/http://www.afmr.org/http://www.acponline.org/http://www.histmed.org/http://www.aaas.org/http://www.aacr.org/http://www.utahmed.org/http://www.amsus.org/http://www.ama-assn.org/http://www.acog.org/http://www.acfei.com/http://www.sgo.org/http://www.massmed.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Homehttp://www.asco.org/http://www.facs.org/http://www.acog.org/


3/8



3. Broder J. Pap tests less frequent under new guidelines. Medscape Medical News [serial online]. October

25, 2012;Accessed November 15, 2012. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773282.

4. American College of Obstetric ians and Gynecologists. Screening for cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol.

Nov 2012;120(5):1222-38. [Medline].

5. [Guideline] Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, Killackey M, Kulasingam SL, Cain J, et al. American

Cancer Society, American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society for

Clinical Pathology screening guidelines for the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. CA

Cancer J Clin. May 2012;62(3):147-72. [Medline].

6. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Cervical Cancer. AHRQ: Agency for Healthcare

Research and Quality. Available at http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htm.

Accessed April 10, 2012.

7. Muoz N, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Impact of human

papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 vaccine on all HPV-associated genital diseases in young women. J Natl

Cancer Inst. Mar 3 2010;102(5):325-39. [Medline].

8. Gardasil. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Available at

http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM094042. Accessed

February 28, 2012.

9. FDA licensure of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV2, Cervarix) for use in females and updated

HPV vaccination recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

MMWR Morb Mortal Wk ly Rep. May 28 2010;59(20):626-9. [Medline].

10. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Cervical

Cancer Version 1 2012. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/cervical.pdf.

Accessed April 16, 2012.

11. American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. 2006 Consensus Guidelines. Available at

http://www.asccp.org/ConsensusGuidelines/tabid/7436/Default.aspx. Accessed August 18, 2011.

12. National Cancer Institute. Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk. Available athttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/oralcontraceptives. Accessed April 16, 2012.

13. Magnusson PK, Sparn P, Gyllensten UB. Genetic link to cervical tumours. Nature. Jul 1

1999;400(6739):29-30. [Medline].

14. Galloway DA. Papillomavirus vaccines in clinical trials. Lancet Infect Dis. Aug 2003;3(8):469-75.

[Medline].

15. Ghaderi M, Nikitina L, Peacock CS, Hjelmstrm P, Hallmans G, Wiklund F, et al. Tumor necrosis factor

a-11 and DR15-DQ6 (B*0602) haplotype increase the risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human

papillomavirus 16 seropositive women in Northern Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Oct

2000;9(10):1067-70. [Medline].

16. Stanczuk GA, Sibanda EN, Tswana SA, Bergstrom S. Polymorphism at the -308-promoter position of the

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene and cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. Mar-Apr

2003;13(2):148-53. [Medline].

17. Govan VA, Constant D, Hoffman M, Williamson AL. The allelic distribution of -308 Tumor Necrosis Factor-

alpha gene polymorphism in South African women with cervical cancer and control women. BMC Cancer.

Jan 26 2006;6:24. [Medline]. [Full Text].

18. Abrahamsson J, Carlsson B, Mellander L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in malignant disease. Am J

Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Nov 1993;15(4):364-9. [Medline].

19. Yang YC, Chang CL, Chen ML. Effect of p53 polymorphism on the susceptibility of cervical cancer.Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;51(3):197-201. [Medline].

20. Storey A, Thomas M, Kalita A, Harwood C, Gardiol D, Mantovani F, et al. Role of a p53 polymorphism in

the development of human papillomavirus-associated cancer. Nature. May 21 1998;393(6682):229-34.

[Medline].
http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/9607760http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11306909http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/8214357http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1397852/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16438713http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12657115http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11045789http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12901889http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10403244http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/oralcontraceptiveshttp://www.asccp.org/ConsensusGuidelines/tabid/7436/Default.aspxhttp://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/cervical.pdfhttp://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20508593http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM094042http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20139221http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspscerv.htmhttp://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22422631http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/23090560http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/773282


4/8



21. Andersson S, Rylander E, Strand A, Slls trm J, Wilander E. The significance of p53 codon 72

polymorphism for the development of cervical adenocarcinomas. Br J Cancer. Oct 19 2001;85(8):1153-6.

[Medline]. [Full Text].

22. Kim JW, Lee CG, Park YG, Kim KS, Kim IK, Sohn YW, et al. Combined analysis of germline

polymorphisms of p53, GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, and CYP2E1: relation to the incidence rate of cervical

carcinoma. Cancer. May 1 2000;88(9):2082-91. [Medline].

23. Lee SA, Kim JW, Roh JW, Choi JY, Lee KM, Yoo KY, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of GSTM1, p21, p53

and HPV infection with cervical cancer in Korean women. Gynecol Oncol. Apr 2004;93(1):14-8. [Medline].

24. } Wank R, Meulen JT, Luande J, Eberhardt HC, Pawlita M. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical

carcinoma, and risk for patients with HLA-DQB1*0602,*301,*0303 alleles. Lancet. 1993 May

8;341(8854):1215.

25. Engelmark M, Beskow A, Magnusson J, Erlich H, Gyllensten U. Affected sib-pair analysis of the

contribution of HLA class I and class II loci to development of cervical cancer. Hum Mol Genet. Sep 1

2004;13(17):1951-8. [Medline].

26. Sastre-Garau X, Cartier I, Jourdan-Da Silva N, De Crmoux P, Lepage V, Charron D. Regression of low-

grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with HLA-DRB1*13 genotype. Obstet Gynecol. Oct

2004;104(4):751-5. [Medline].

27. Mahmud SM, Robinson K, Richardson H, Tellier PP, Ferenczy AS, Roger M, et al. HLA polymorphisms

and cervical human Papillomavirus infection in a cohort of Montreal University students. J Infect Dis. Jul 1

2007;196(1):82-90. [Medline].

28. Chatterjee K, Dandara C, Hoffman M, Williamson AL. CCR2-V64I polymorphism is associated with

increased risk of cervical cancer but not with HPV infection or pre-cancerous lesions in African women.

BMC Cancer. Jun 10 2010;10:278. [Medline]. [Full Text].

29. Coelho A, Matos A, Catarino R, Pinto D, Sousa H, Pereira D, et al. The influence of chemokine receptor

CCR2 genotypes in the route to cervical carcinogenesis. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2007;64(4):208-12.

[Medline].

30. Lai HC, Sytwu HK, Sun CA, Yu MH, Yu CP, Liu HS, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism at Fas

promoter is associated with cervical carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. Jan 10 2003;103(2):221-5. [Medline].

31. Sun T, Gao Y, Tan W, Ma S, Shi Y, Yao J, et al. A six-nucleotide insertion-deletion polymorphism in the

CASP8 promoter is associated with susceptibility to multiple cancers. Nat Genet. May 2007;39(5):605-

13. [Medline].

32. Sova P, Feng Q, Geiss G, Wood T, Strauss R, Rudolf V, et al. Discovery of novel methylation biomarkers

in cervical carcinoma by global demethylation and microarray analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers

Prev. Jan 2006;15(1):114-23. [Medline].

33. Feng Q, Balasubramanian A, Hawes SE, Toure P, Sow PS, Dem A, et al. Detection of hypermethylated

genes in women with and without cervical neoplasia. J Natl Cancer Inst. Feb 16 2005;97(4):273-82.

[Medline].

34. de Sanjose S, Quint WG, Alemany L, Geraets DT, Klaustermeier JE, Lloveras B, et al. Human

papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide

study. Lancet Oncol. Nov 2010;11(11):1048-56. [Medline].

35. Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. A review of human

carcinogens--Part B: biological agents. Lancet Oncol. Apr 2009;10(4):321-2. [Medline].

36. HIV Infection and Cancer Risk. National Cancer Institute. Available at

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/hiv-infection. Accessed February 28, 2012.

37. [Guideline] ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists.

Number 61, April 2005. Human papillomavirus. Obstet Gynecol. Apr 2005;105(4):905-18. [Medline].

38. Arends MJ, Wyllie AH, Bird CC. Papillomaviruses and human cancer. Hum Pathol. Jul 1990;21(7):686-98.

[Medline].
http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/2163360http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15802436http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/hiv-infectionhttp://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19350698http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20952254http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15713962http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16434596http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17450141http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12455036http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17664883http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2893113/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20537184http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17538887http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15458897http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15238505http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15047208http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10813720http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375157/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11710828


5/8



39. Schiffman MH, Bauer HM, Hoover RN, Glass AG, Cadell DM, Rush BB, et al. Epidemiologic evidence

showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. J Natl Cancer

Inst. Jun 16 1993;85(12):958-64. [Medline].

40. Liebrich C, Brummer O, Von Wasielewski R, Wegener G, Meijer C, Iftner T, et al. Primary cervical cancer

truly negative for high-risk human papillomavirus is a rare but distinct entity that can affect virgins and

young adolescents. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2009;30(1):45-8. [Medline].

41. Hoover RN, Hyer M, Pfeiffer RM, Adam E, Bond B, Cheville AL, et al. Adverse health outcomes in women

exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med. Oct 6 2011;365(14):1304-14. [Medline].

42. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin.

Mar-Apr 2011;61(2):69-90. [Medline].

43. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2012. Available at

http://www.cancer.org/Research/CancerFactsFigures/CancerFactsFigures/cancer-facts-figures-2012.

Accessed February 28, 2012.

44. Solomon D, Breen N, McNeel T. Cervical cancer screening rates in the United States and the potential

impact of implementation of screening guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. Mar-Apr 2007;57(2):105-11.

[Medline].

45. World Health Organization. WHO/ICO Information Centre on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and CervicalCancer. Available at http://www.who.int/hpvcentre/statistics/en . Accessed February 28, 2012.

46. Forouzanfar MH, Foreman KJ, Delossantos AM, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, et al. Breast and

cervical cancer in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis. Lancet. Oct 22

2011;378(9801):1461-84. [Medline].

47. Henley SJ, King JB, German RR, Richardson LC, Plescia M. Surveillance of screening-detected cancers

(colon and rectum, breast, and cervix) - United States, 2004-2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. Nov 26

2010;59(9):1-25. [Medline].

48. Vinh-Hung V, Bourgain C, Vlastos G, Cserni G, De Ridder M, Storme G, et al. Prognostic value of

histopathology and trends in cervical cancer: a SEER population study. BMC Cancer. Aug 23 2007;7:164.[Medline]. [Full Text].

49. Vinokurova S, Wentzensen N, Kraus I, Klaes R, Driesch C, Melsheimer P, et al. Type-dependent

integration frequency of human papillomavirus genomes in cervical lesions. Cancer Res. Jan 1

2008;68(1):307-13. [Medline].

50. Porras C, Rodrguez AC, Hildesheim A, Herrero R, Gonzlez P, Wacholder S, et al. Human

papillomavirus types by age in cervical cancer precursors: predominance of human papillomavirus 16 in

young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. Mar 2009;18(3):863-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

51. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri. National Cancer

Institute. Available at http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html . Accessed April 16, 2012.

52. Everett T, Bryant A, Griffin MF, Martin-Hirsch PP, Forbes CA, Jepson RG. Interventions targeted at

women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. May 11

2011;CD002834. [Medline].

53. Pecorelli S, Zigliani L, Odicino F. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the cervix. Int J Gynaecol

Obstet. May 2009;105(2):107-8. [Medline].

54. Barclay L. Cervical Screening Guidelines Updated. Available at

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781190. Accessed April 5, 2013.

55. Massad LS, Einstein MH, Huh WK, Katki HA, Kinney WK, Schiffman M, et al. 2012 updated consensus

guidelines for the management of abnormal cervical cancer screening tests and cancer precursors. J LowGenit Tract Dis. Apr 2013;17(5 Suppl 1):S1-S27. [Medline].

56. Siebers AG, Klinkhamer PJ, Vedder JE, Arbyn M, Bulten J. Causes and relevance of unsatisfactory and

satisfactory but limited smears of liquid-based compared with conventional cervical cytology. Arch Pathol

Lab Med. Jan 2012;136(1):76-83. [Medline].
http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22208490http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/23519301http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/781190http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19342051http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21563135http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2772192/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19273486http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/18172324http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994954/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17718897http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21102407http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21924486http://www.who.int/hpvcentre/statistics/enhttp://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17392387http://www.cancer.org/Research/CancerFactsFigures/CancerFactsFigures/cancer-facts-figures-2012http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21296855http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21991952http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19317256http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/8388478


6/8



57. Chen YB, Hu CM, Chen GL, Hu D, Liao J. Staging of uterine cervical carcinoma: whole-body diffusion-

weighted magnetic resonance imaging.Abdom Imaging. Oct 2011;36(5):619-26. [Medline].

58. Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, Moriarty A, O'Connor D, Prey M, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System:

terminology for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA. Apr 24 2002;287(16):2114-9. [Medline].

59. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cervix uteri. In:.AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York:

Springer; 2002:259-65..

60. Speiser D, Mangler M, Khler C, Hasenbein K, Hertel H, Chiantera V, et al. Fertility outcome after radical

vaginal trachelectomy: a prospective study of 212 patients. Int J Gynecol Cancer. Dec 2011;21(9):1635-9.

[Medline].

61. Beiner ME, Hauspy J, Rosen B, Murphy J, Laframboise S, Nofech-Mozes S, et al. Radical vaginal

trachelectomy vs. radical hysterectomy for small early stage cervical cancer: a matched case-control

study. Gynecol Oncol. Aug 2008;110(2):168-71. [Medline].

62. Lowe MP, Chamberlain DH, Kamelle SA, Johnson PR, Tillmanns TD. A multi-inst itutional experience with

robotic-assisted radical hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. May

2009;113(2):191-4. [Medline].

63. Nezhat FR, Datta MS, Liu C, Chuang L, Zakashansky K. Robotic radical hysterectomy versus total

laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for treatment of early cervical cancer.JSLS. Jul-Sep 2008;12(3):227-37. [Medline]. [Full Text].

64. Cantrell LA, Mendivil A, Gehrig PA, Boggess JF. Survival outcomes for women undergoing type III robotic

radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: a 3-year experience. Gynecol Oncol. May 2010;117(2):260-5.

[Medline].

65. Shah M, Lewin SN, Deutsch I, Burke WM, Sun X, Herzog TJ, et al. Therapeutic role of lymphadenectomy

for cervical cancer. Cancer. Jan 15 2011;117(2):310-7. [Medline].

66. Sedlis A, Bundy BN, Rotman MZ, Lentz SS, Muderspach LI, Zaino RJ. A randomized trial of pelvic

radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after

radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. GynecolOncol. May 1999;73(2):177-83. [Medline].

67. Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY, Barrett RJ 2nd, Stock RJ, Monk BJ, Berek JS, et al. Concurrent chemotherapy

and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical

surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix. J Clin Oncol. Apr 2000;18(8):1606-13. [Medline].

68. Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, Grigsby PW, Levenback C, Stevens RE, et al. Pelvic radiation with concurrent

chemotherapy compared with pelvic and para-aortic radiation for high-risk cervical cancer. N Engl J Med.

Apr 15 1999;340(15):1137-43. [Medline].

69. Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watk ins EB, Thigpen JT, Deppe G, Maiman MA, et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based

radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. Apr 15

1999;340(15):1144-53. [Medline].

70. Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, Muderspach LI, Chafe WE, Suggs CL 3rd, et al. Cisplatin, radiation,

and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical

carcinoma. N Engl J Med. Apr 15 1999;340(15):1154-61. [Medline].

71. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical carcinomas. Number 35, May 2002.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Jul 2002;78(1):79-91.

[Medline].

72. Long HJ 3rd, Bundy BN, Grendys EC Jr, Benda JA, McMeekin DS, Sorosky J, et al. Randomized phase

III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology

Group Study. J Clin Oncol. Jul 20 2005;23(21):4626-33. [Medline].

73. [Best Evidence] Monk BJ, Sill MW, McMeekin DS, Cohn DE, Ramondetta LM, Boardman CH, et al.

Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent

cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. Oct 1 2009;27(28):4649-55.

[Medline]. [Full Text].
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754911/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19720909http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15911865http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12197489http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10202166http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10202165http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10202164http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10764420http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/10329031http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20862747http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20153886http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015864/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/18765043http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19249082http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/18539313http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/21795986http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/11966386http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20730423


7/8



Medscape Reference 2011 WebMD, LLC

74. Berek JS, Howe C, Lagasse LD, Hacker NF. Pelvic exenteration for recurrent gynecologic malignancy:

survival and morbidity analysis of the 45-year experience at UCLA. Gynecol Oncol. Oct 2005;99(1):153-9.

[Medline].

75. Goldberg GL, Sukumvanich P, Einstein MH, Smith HO, Anderson PS, Fields AL. Total pelvic

exenteration: the Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center Experience (1987 to

2003). Gynecol Oncol. May 2006;101(2):261-8. [Medline].

76. Moore DH. Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic cervical cancer. J Natl Compr Canc

Netw. Jan 2008;6(1):53-7. [Medline].

77. Moore DH, Blessing JA, McQuellon RP, Thaler HT, Cella D, Benda J, et al. Phase III study of cisplatin

with or without paclitaxel in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a

gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. Aug 1 2004;22(15):3113-9. [Medline].

78. Moore KN, Herzog TJ, Lewin S, Giuntoli RL, Armstrong DK, Rocconi RP, et al. A comparison of

cisplatin/paclitaxel and carboplatin/paclitaxel in stage IVB, recurrent or persistent cervical cancer.

Gynecol Oncol. May 2007;105(2):299-303. [Medline].

79. Mulcahy N. Bevacizumab extends survival in advanced cervical cancer. Medscape Medical News.

Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779002. Accessed February 13, 2013.

80. Winer RL, Lee SK, Hughes JP, Adam DE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA. Genital human papillomavirus infection:incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students. Am J Epidemiol. Feb 1

2003;157(3):218-26. [Medline].

81. Repp KK, Nielson CM, Fu R, Schafer S, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmern J, et al. Male human papillomavirus

prevalence and association with condom use in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. J Infect Dis. Apr

2012;205(8):1287-93. [Medline]. [Full Text].

82. Roberts JN, Buck CB, Thompson CD, Kines R, Bernardo M, Choyke PL, et al. Genital transmission of

HPV in a mouse model is potentiated by nonoxynol-9 and inhibited by carrageenan. Nat Med. Jul

2007;13(7):857-61. [Medline].

83. Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U, Garland SM, Castellsagu X, et al. Overall efficacyof HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against grade 3 or greater cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: 4-year

end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA trial. Lancet Oncol. Jan 2012;13(1):89-

99. [Medline].

84. Wheeler CM, Castellsagu X, Garland SM, Szarewski A, Paavonen J, Naud P, et al. Cross-protect ive

efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by non-

vaccine oncogenic HPV types: 4-year end-of-study analysis of the randomised, double-blind PATRICIA

trial. Lancet Oncol. Jan 2012;13(1):100-10. [Medline].

85. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ACIP Recommendations. Available at

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm#hpv. Accessed April 17, 2012.

86. Recommendations on the use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in males--Advisory

Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Dec 23

2011;60(50):1705-8. [Medline].

87. Roteli-Martins C, Naud P, De Borba P, Teixeira J, De Carvalho N, Zahaf T, et al. Sustained

immunogenicity and efficacy of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine: up to 8.4 years of follow-up.

Hum Vaccin Immunother. Mar 1 2012;8(3):[Medline].

88. Slade BA, Leidel L, Vellozzi C, Woo EJ, Hua W, Sutherland A, et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for

quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine. JAMA. Aug 19 2009;302(7):750-7. [Medline].

89. Mulcahy N. Bevacizumab Extends Survival in Advanced Cervical Cancer. Available at

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779002. Accessed February 20, 2013.
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779002http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19690307http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22327492http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22189893http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm#hpvhttp://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22075170http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22075171http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17603495http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3308908/http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/22396601http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/12543621http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/779002http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17303230http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/15284262http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/18267059http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16426668http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/16054678


8/8

SearchSearch

Documents

Cervical Cancer Differential Diagnoses