; !_E!_ Alricuiture

Cerves fee Fewest_o.co,., Npecies ins,oo,o-,=,o.,-..,TreeGeneral Technical

_e,o_.c.,=the EasternUnitel StalesWilard H. Carmean, Jerold T. Hahn, and Rodney D. Jacobs

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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

Inventory of Site Index Curves ................................................................................................... 3Formulations ............................................................................................................................... 3Preparing the Site Index Curves ................................................................................................ 4Using the Site Index Curves ....................................................................................................... 4Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................5Appendix I. Additional Site Curves .......................................................................................... 14Appendix II. Common and Scientific Names of Tree Species ................................................. 14Site index curves ...................................................................................................................... 16

Hardwoods:Figure 1. Red maple (Carmean 1978) ................................................................................. 16Figure 2. Sugar maple (Curtis and Post 1962,Solomon 1968) ........................................... 17Figure 3. Sugar maple (Carmean 1978) .............................................................................. 18Figure 4. Silver maple (Brendemuehl, McComb,and Thomson 1961b) ............................. 19Figure 5. Yellow birch (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968)............................................ 20Figure 6. Yellow birch (Carmean 1978) ................................................................................21Figure 7. Paper birch (Cooley 1958, 1962) ......................................................................... 22Figure 8. Paper birch (Curtis and Post 1962,Solomon 1968)............................................. 23Figure 9. Paper birch (Carmean 1978) ................................................................................ 24Figure 10. Hickories (Boisen and Newlin 1910, Hampf 1965) .............................................. 25Figure 11. American beech (Carmean 1978) ....................................................................... 26Figure 12. White ash (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968) .............................................. 27Figure 13. White ash (Carmean 1978) .................................................................................28Figure 14. Black ash (Carmean 1978) .................................................................................29Figure 15. Green ash (Broadfoot 1969) ................................................................................30Figure 16. Black walnut plantations (Kellogg 1939b) ........................................................... 31Figure 17. Black walnut plantations--shallow flood plains (Losche andSchlesinger 1975) ................................................................................................................32

Figure 18. Black walnut plantations--deep flood plains (Losche andSchlesinger 1975) ...................................................................................................................33

Figure 19. Sweetgum (Trenk 1929)......................................................................................34Figure 20. Sweetgum (Winters and Osbourne 1935) ............................................................35Figure 21. Sweetgum (Broaclfootand Krinard 1959)............................................................36Figure 22. Sweetgum (Lyle et aL 1975) ............................................................................... 37Figure 23. Yeliow-poplarwPiedmont (Beck 1962) ............................................................... 38Figure 24. Yellow-poplar--Sol Appalachians (Beck 1962) ..................................................39Figure 25. Yellow-poplar (Schlaegel, Kuiow and Baughman 1969) ..................................... 40Figure 26. Water tupelo (Applequist 1959)...........................................................................41Figure 27. Swamp tupelo (Applequist 1959) ........................................................................42Figure 28. Cottonwood (Neebe and Boyce 1959) ................................................................ 43Figure 29. Cottonwood (Broadfoot 1960) .............................................................................44Figure 30. Cottonwood (Brendemuehl 1965) ....................................................................... 45Figure 31. Quaking aspen (Gevorkiantz 1956a) .................................................................. 46Figure 32. Quaking and bigtooth aspens (Carmean 1978) .................................................. 47Figure 33. Quaking aspen (Deschamps 1987).....................................................................48Figure 34. Black cherry (Carmean 1978) .............................................................................49Figure 35. Black cherry (Auchmoody and Rexrode 1984) ...................................................50Figure 36. Upland oaks (Schnur 1937) ................................................................................51Figure 37. Upland oaks (Olson 1959) ..................................................................................52Figure 38. Northem red oak and black oak (Graney and Bower 1971) ................................53Figure 39. Black, scarlet, andwhite oaks (McQuiikin 1974, 1978) .......................................54Figure 40. White oak (Graney and Bower 1971) ...................................................................55Figure 41. White oak (Carmean 1971, 1972) .......................................................................56

...... I III IIIII IIII II I i

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Figure 42. Scarlet oak (Carmean 1971, 1972) ....................................................................... 57Figure 43. Cherrybark oak (Broadfoot 1961) .......................................................................... 58Figure 44. Water oak (Broadfoot 1963) .................................................................................. 59Figure 45. Nuttall oak (Broadfoot 1969) ................................................................................. 60Figure 46. Chestnut oak (Carmean 1971, 1972) .................................................................... 61Figure 47. Northern red oak (Gevorkiantz 1957b).................................................................. 62Figure 48. Northern red oak (Carmean 1978) ........................................................................ 63Figure 49. Black oak (Carmean 1971, 1972) ......................................................................... 64Figure 50 Black locust plantations (Kellogg 1939a) ................................................................65Figure 51. American basswood (Carmean 1978) ................................................................... 66Figure 52. American elm (Brendemuehl, McComb, and Thomson 1961a) ............................67Figure 53. American elm (Carmean 1978) ............................................................................. 68Conifers:Figure 54. Balsam fir (Gevorkiantz 1956b)............................................................................. 69Figure 55. Balsam fir (Carmean and Hahn 1981) .................................................................. 70Figure 56. Balsam fir (Griffin and Johnson 1980) ................................................................... 71Figure 57. Atlantic white-cedar (Korstian and Brush 1931) .................................................... 72Figure 58. Eastern redcedar (Hampf 1965) ............................................................................ 73Figure 59. European larch plantations (Aird and Stone 1955, Stone 1957) ........................... 74Figure 60. Tamarack (Gevorkiantz 1957d)............................................................................. 75Figure 61. Japanese larch plantations (Aird and Stone 1955, Stone 1957) ...........................76Figure 62. Spruces (Griffin and Johnson 1980) ..................................................................... 77Figure 63. Norway spruce plantations (Wilde et aL 1965)...................................................... 78Figure 64. Norway spruce plantations (Hannah 1972) ........................................................... 79 IP'

Figure 65. Norway spruce plantations (Gordon, Williams, and Taylor 1989) .........................80Figure 66. White spruce (Gevorkiantz 1957q) ........................................................................ 81Figure 67. White spruce (Carmean and Hahn 1981) ............................................................. 82Figure 68. White spruce plantations (Stiell and Berry 1973a, Berry 1978) ............................83Figure 69. White spruce plantations (Thrower 1986b) ........................................................... 84Figure 70. Black spruce (Gevorkiantz 1957a) ........................................................................ 85Figure 71. Black spruce peatlands (Payandeh 1978) ............................................................86Figure 72. Black spruce (Thrower 1986a) .............................................................................. 87Figure 73. Red spruce (Meyer 1929) ..................................................................................... 88Figure 74. Jack pine (Gevorkiantz 1956c).............................................................................. 89Figure 75. Jack pine (Lenthall 1986, Carmean and Lenthall 1989) ........................................ 90Figure 76. Jack pine plantations (Wilde et aL 1965) .............................................................. 91Figure 77. Sand pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960) ..............................................................92Figure 78. Shortleaf pine (USDA 1929) .................................................................................. 93Figure 79. Shortleaf pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960) ....................................................... 94Figure 80. Shortleaf pine (Nash 1963) ................................................................................... 95Figure 81. Shortleaf pine (Graney and Burkhart 1973) .......................................................... 96Figure 82. Shortleaf pine plantations (Smalley and Bower 1971) ..........................................97Figure 83. Shortleaf pine plantations (Gilmore and Metcalf 1961b) ....................................... 98Figure 84. Slash pine (USDA 1929) ....................................................................................... 99Figure 85. Slash pine (Schumacher andCoile 1960, Coile and Schumacher 1964) ........... 100Figure 86. Slash pine (Langdon 1959) ................................................................................. 101Figure 87. Slash pine (Bennett 1970)................................................................................... 102Figure 88. Slash pine plantations (Barnes 1955) ................................................................. 103Figure 89. Slash pine plantations (Bennett, McGee, and Clutter 1959, McGee and

Bennett 1959) ...................................................................................................................... 104Figure 90. Slash pine plantations (Zarnoch and Feduccia 1984) ......................................... 105Figure 91. Slash pine direct seeded (Lohrey 1987) ............................................................. 106Figure 92. Longleaf pine (USDA 1929) ................................................................................ 107

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Figure 93. Longleaf pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960) ...................................................... 108Figure 94. Longleaf pine (Farrar 1981) ................................................................................ 109Figure 95. Red pine (Gevorkiantz 1957c) ........................................................................... 110Figure 96. Red pine plantations (Richards, Morrow, and Stone 1962) ............................... 111Figure 97. Red pine plantations (Hannah 1971) ................................................................. 112Figure 98. Red pine plantations (Wilde etal. 1965) ............................................................ 113Figure 99. Red pine plantations (Gilmore 1967) ................................................................. 114Figure 100. Red pine plantations (Stiell and Berry 1973b, Berry 1984) ................................115Figure 101. Red pine plantations (Thrower 1986b) ............................................................... 116Figure 102. Pond pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960) .......................................................... 117Figure 103. Eastern white pine (Gevorkiantz 1957f) ............................................................. 118Figure 104. Eastern white pine (Beck 1971a, 1971b) ........................................................... 119Figure 105. Eastern white pine plantations (Gilmore 1968) .................................................. 120Figure 106. Eastern white pine plantations (Hannah 1971) .................................................. 121Figure 107. Eastern white pine plantations (Vimmerstedt 1959, 1962) ................................. 122Figure 108. Scotch pine plantations (Hannah 1971) ............................................................. 123Figure 109. Loblolly pine (USDA 1929) ................................................................................. 124Figure 110. Loblolly pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960, Coile and Schumacher 1964) .......125Figure 111. Loblolly pine (Trousdeil, Beck, and Lloyd 1974.................................................. 126Figure 112. Lobiolly pine (Zahner 1962) ............................................................................... 127Figure 113. Loblolly pine plantations (Shipman 1960) .......................................................... 128Figure 114. Loblolly pine plantations (Clutter and Lenhart 1968).......................................... 129Figure 115. Loblolly pine plantations--Piedmont (Amateis and Burkhart 1985) ...................130Figure 116. Lobloily pine plantations--Coastal Plain (Amateis and Burkhart 1985) .............131Figure 117. Loblolly pine plantations--well drained (Pienaar and Shiver 1980) ...................132Figure 118. Loblolly pine plantations---poorly drained (Pienaar and Shiver 1980) ............... 133Figure 119. Loblolly pine plantations (Smalley and Bower 1971) ..........................................134Figure 120. Loblolly pine plantations (Lenhart 1971) ............................................................ 135Figure 121. Loblolly pine plantations (Popham etaL 1979) .................................................. 136Figure 122. Loblolly pine plantations (Gilmore and Metcalf 1961a) ...................................... 137Figure 123. Virginia pine (Siocum and Miller 1953) .............................................................. 138Figure 124. Virginia pine (Chaiken and Nelson 1959; Nelson, Clutter, and Chaiken 1961)..139Figure 125. Virginia pine (Kulow, Sowers, and Heesch 1966) .............................................. 140Figure 126. Northern white-cedar (Gevorkiantz 1957e) ........................................................ 141

, Figure 127. Eastern hemlock (Frothingham 1915a) .............................................................. 142

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Site Index Curves for Forest Tree Speciesin the Eastern United States

Willard H. Carmean, Jerold T. Hahn, and Rodney D. Jacobs

The goal of this paper is to inventory and summarize the forest trees is the most commonly used method forsite index curves available for forest tree species in the estimating site quality in North America. For mosteastern United States. Hampf compiled a comprehen- eastern forest species site index is defined as totalsive list of site index curves in 1965, but many additional height of dominant or total height of dominant andsite index curves have been published in the more than codominant trees at 50 years total age. However, agetwo decades since this earlier summary. Accordingly, from breast height is sometimes used for species suchthis paper is an updated summary that includes 127site as spruces, balsam fir, and red pine1that have slow andindex curves presently considered to be useful for man- erratic height growth before reaching breast height.aging eastern hardwood and conifer forest species. Younger index ages are sometimes used for plantations,Additional site index curves not included among the short-lived species, or species managed on shortredrafted and formulated curves of our report are listed rotations.in Appendix I.

Tree height growth of dominant and codominant trees inForest site quality is an estimate of the capacity of forest pure, even-aged, fully stocked forest stands is closelyland to grow trees, thus forest site quality corresponds to related to volume growth. Accordingly, yield tables forland capability for growing various agricultural crops, pure natural stands and plantations list estimated yieldsProductiveforest land having good site quality usually at different ages for stands having different classes ofshould be managed most intensively, and less produc- site index. Growth and yield models also usually includetive land having poor site quality usually should be site index as one of the major variables that is closelymanaged less intensively. This same emphasis is related to yield. Height growth is widely used as afollowed in agriculture where intensive management is measure of site quality because height in fully stockedconcentrated on the most productive cropland, stands is independent of stocking; height growth of

dominant and codominant trees is reduced only at the

Many methods can be used to estimate forest site extremes of overstocking or understocking (Carmeanquality, but all methods have the common goal of 1975, Lloyd and Jones 1983, Jones 1986, Lanner 1985.)classifying forest land's capability to grow trees(Carmean 1975). Directly estimating site index from Accurate direct site index estimates depend upon two

conditions: (1) availability of suitable site trees that aredependable indicators of site quality; and (2) availability

WILLARD H. CARMEAN, Professor Emeritus, School of of suitable site index curves that accurately portray treeForestry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay Ontario, height growth patterns for the area or for the soil and siteCanada; JEROLD T. HAHN, Principal Mensurationist, conditions where site quality isestimated.North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul,MN;and RODNEY D. JACOBS, Silviculturist, State and I SeeAppendix !1forcommonandscientificnamesofPrivate Forestry, St. Paul, MN. treespecies(Little1979).

QSuitable site trees for site index estimates are free- initial or later height growth may be different from thatgrowing, uninjured, dominant and codominant trees, expressed in existing site index curves. For many forestSuch trees occur in even-aged, fully stocked stands not species, existing site index curves might be based ondisturbed by past cutting, severe fire, or heavy grazing, minimum data, mensurational methods using only totalThe best dominant and codominant trees in the stand height and age values, and height growth models notshould be carefully selected, and increment cores should suitable for expressing variable (polymorphic) tree heightbe examined to see if annual rings in early years are growth patterns.wide and even. If early rings are narrow and sup-pressed, early height growth probably was suppressed Methods for collecting data and computing site indexand such trees should be rejected. Study the bole and curves have evolved greatly since the first site indexlook for forks or "dog legs". Trees with these defects curves were published. The earliest curves were basedprobably have suffered from top breakage or die back on only a few plots and on total height and total age dataand thus are not suitable as site trees, from a few leading trees. These data were used to

calculate an average guiding curve that would representSite trees should be selected from well-stocked even- average height growth for a particular tree species.aged stands having minimum age differences among Graphical or proportional methods then were used todominant and codominant trees of no more than 10 develop sets of anamorphic site index curves presumedyears. Trees appreciably younger or older than the main to represent height growth throughout the range of thestand may have different patterns of height growth and species. The unintentional assumption was that thethus cause serious errors in site index estimation. For pattern of tree height growth was similar for all levels ofexample, even-aged stands of upland oaks in the site quality, and for all climates, soils, and topographicMissouri Ozarks may have occasional dominant and conditions found throughout the range of the treecodominant trees appreciably younger or older than the species (Carmean 1968).main stand. McQuilkin (1975) found that appreciablyyounger trees had more rapid height growth, thus higher The next development was the construction of propor- _:_:_i-site index values, than trees in the main stand. Con- tional anamorphic site index curves that often accompa-versely, appreciably older trees had slower height nied normal yield tables for major forest types. Totalgrowth, thus lower site index values, than trees in the height and age measurements from yield plots weremain stand, used to calculate an average guiding curve; then harmo-

nizing methods were used to develop a set of propor-Site index measured from individual dominant and tional curves for a range of good and poor sites. Somecodominant trees may differ even on small plots that of the old curves included with yield studies were basedappear to have similar soil and microtopographic condi- on graphical methods, some on least squares regres-tions. Thus, we are confronted with a sampling problem sion, and some on harmonizing methods. Almost all ofinvolving the number of site trees needed to obtain these methods resulted in a family of anamorphic sitereliable site index estimates (Carmean 1975, Lloyd and indexcurves that had the same shape regardless of siteHafley 1977, Lloyd 1981). The number of site trees index level. They were proportional and differed only inneeded depends on many factors, including precision rateof height growth for different levels of site quality.specified by the user, size of the area, and how much

A key point is that these older curves were not based onsite quality differs within the defined stand. This sam- actual measurements of tree height growth but insteadpiing problem becomes more complex when we aredealing with large tracts of forest land that have variable on total height and age measured from the yield studysoil, topographic, and site quality conditions. Such large plots. These older anamorphic curves were oftenerroneous because plots representing good and poorland areas must be subdivided into smaller soil, topo-graphic, or ecological units. Then site index sampling is sites might not be distributed through all age classes.For example, older-aged stands might be represented bydone within each defined unit. mostly poor-site plots, and younger-aged stands might

be represented by mostly good-site plots. The resultSuitable site index curves should be appropriate for the

would be a downwarping of the average guide curve fortree species, geographic region and the soil and/or older ages and an upwarping of the guide curve fortopography of the stand. Even when suitable stands andsite trees are available, large errors in site index estima- younger ages. _--_"....tion can occur when site index curves do not accuratelyexpress tree height growth patterns. In other words, Unfortunately, these general anamorphic curves were

often applied in far distant areas where climate, soils,

topography, site quality, and stand conditions differed stand or tree conditions. Many of the older curvesgreatly from the originat study area. We now know that contained no account of kinds of stands or trees meas-tree height growth is often polymorphic, and that many ured, ranges of site index or age observed, or thespecies covering wide ranges have different height graphical or computational methods used to develop thegrowth patterns for areas differing greatly in climate, soil, site index curves. Many of the older curves listed intopography, and site quality (Carmean t968, i975). Appendix I have been replaced by newer curves based

on more data, stem analyses methods, and mathemati-Stem analysis (or internode measurements) is now the cal models capable of expressing polymorphic heightmost widely used method for collecting data, and growth patterns. These older curves are listed fornonlinear regression models are subsequently used for historical purposes and for those interested in moredeveloping site index curves that express polymorphic complete site index curve coverage for certain treetree height growth patterns. More precise site index species (Appendix I).curves based on stem analyses and nonlinear regres-

sion models are now replacing the older generalized We made an effort to include curves for all forest spe-curves that have been shown to be inaccurate. Addi- ties; thus, we included curves for certain minor speciestional discussion of methods for constructing site index that are represented only by older and questionable sitecurves is given by Burkhart etal. (1981), Clutter etal. index curves. Also major forest species such as oaks(1983), Borders et al. (1984), and Biging (1985). and pines have wide ranges representing a wide range

of climate, soil, topography, and site quality. A largeInventory of Site Index Curves number of curves are given for these wide-ranging

species so that forest managers can select the set ofThe forestry literature includes a vast number of site curves most suited to local forest conditions. Severalindex curves for the many eastern forest species; thus, Canadian site index curves are included because theythe ! 27 site index curves in this summary represent only are considered applicable to the northern United States.a small portion of the many curves found in our literature Finally, species that are widely planted are representedsearch to compile this summary. Many curves are not by many site index curves based on data collected inincluded because they are revisions or adaptations of older plantations located in different climatic, soil, andearlier site index curves. For example, a large number topographic regions.of site index curves have been published for red pine(Carmean 1982). At first glance we might assume that Formulationsthis impressive wealth of curves is adequate for estimat-ing site quality for red pine. However, such an assump- Many of the curves included in this report have alreadytion would be inaccurate because closer inspection been formulated; thus, we used equations from thesereveals that many curves are merely a republishing or a publications to generate values for our formulations.revision of the original Brown and Gevorkiantz (1934) However, because some older curves were neverred pine data. Later site curves for red pine involved formulated, we used values directly from the originalformulations for the earlier anamorphic curves (Lundgren curves as the basis for the formulations we give forand Dolid 1970, Hahn and Carmean 1982) or are metric these curves. Thus our formulations were accomplishedexpressions for these earlier curves (Laidly 1979). using (1) height-age values generated either by the

original equations or by more recent formulations, or (2)Formulations for many eastern species have been values from the odginal site index curves. All formula-published by Payandeh (1974a, 1974b), Farrar (1973, lions listed for each of the 127 site index curves in this1975, 1985), Monserud and Ek (1976), Guldin and report are based on a single standard model. The modelFarrar (1983), and Scott and Voorhis (1986). Most of used for our formulations is a nonlinear height growththese formulations are based on older site index curves, model capable of expressing polymorphic tree heightthus the formulated curves may have the same data growth patterns. This model is an expanded form of thedeficiency and computation problems associated with Chapman-Richards nonlinear function developed by Ekthe original anamorphic curves. Formulations aid in (1971), Payandeh (1974a, 1974b), and Monserud andmaking more rapid and consistent computations but Ek (1976):cannot correct for data and computation deficiencies

_i inherent in the original site index curves.H = BH + blSb2(1-eb3A)b4Sb5"" (1)

Many older site index curves were not included becausethey were based on minimum data from questionable

Owhere H = height, BH = 0 when A is total age and 4.5 Preparing the Site Index Curveswhen A is d.b.h, age, S = site index, A = age, e = baseof the natural logarithms, and the b_are regression The original site index curves usually consisted of curvesparameters, for a series of 10-foot site index classes. These general

curves were often ungridded, which made it difficult toMost site index curves are a family of height growth interpolate between lines. Also, some of the very oldcurves with site index defined as tree height at a speci- curves only had a few individual height growth curvesfled index age. These curves can be used to graphically rather than a family of proportional site index curves.estimate site index merely by relating measured tree Our revisions for each of the 127 site index curves in thisheight and age values to the curves and then interpolat- report include curves for 5-foot site index classes and aing between the curves. However, this graphical proce- gridded background to assist in interpolating betweendure is slow and inefficientwhen a large number of site index lines.height and age values are available for estimating siteindex. Also this graphical procedure is subject to some The revised curves were plotted using values generatedpersonal bias and judgment when interpolating between from the height formulations listed in the figure captionthe plotted site index curves. More rapid, more efficient, for each curve. These formulated and redrafted curvesand less subjective site index estimates can be attained closely follow the range of site index and age included inusing a formulation for directly computing site index the original curves. Extrapolations indicated in thegiven tree height and age. original curves also are indicated by dashed lines in the

redrafted curves. The 127curves are grouped first bySite index cannot be computed using model (1), but an hardwood and conifer species and then alphabetically byanalogue suggested by Payandeh (1974b) provides a scientific name.form for directly computing site index. Curves computedwith this site index prediction model may not pass Using the Site Index Curves

exactly through tree height specified at index age, but _ID'this problem can be solved by using a weighted regres- Each of the 127 site index curves can be directly used tosion with a weight of (index age - 2 abs2 (age - index graphically estimate site index when appropriate heightage)). This procedure ensures close agreement at index and age values are available from suitable dominant, orage with a somewhat poorer, yet acceptable, fit at the dominantand codominant trees. To do this, relateextremes of age and site index. The maximum differ- height and age values to the site curves and thenence from the data used is shown in the figure caption, interpolate between curves.Following is the model used to estimate site index, givenage and height, for each of the curves included in this Site index also can be estimated using a computer orreport: programmable calculator together with the formulations

for the site index equations listed in the caption for eachfigure. First, equation coefficients for each figure and asimple program for solving the equation are entered and

.eC3A)c4HC5 stored in the computer. Then site index is estimated byHC2(1 ( 2 ) manually entering the figure code together with meas-S=BH+c Iured height and age values. Computing site index usingthese formulations is rapid and efficient when a large

where H, BH, A, S, and e are as in equation (1) and c_ number of height and age values are available forare regression parameters, estimating site index. Computing site index also avoids

errors and bias that might occur when interpolatingBoth models were fit using the NONLINEAR subprogram between curves.of the Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences

(SPSS) (Nie et aL 1975) with weights as specified These revised, redrafted, and formulated site curves stillabove, contain the limitations that may be associatedwith the

original site index curves. The original curves may bebased on data representing a limited range of soils,topography, and site quality, and data may have been Ocollected from stands and site trees not entirely suitablefor constructing site index curves. Also the originalcurves may have been developed by graphical or

2Absolutevalueof... anamorphic methods and may have used equation

4

models not capable of expressing potyn_rphic height Literature Citedgrowth. These original data or computation defectscannot be corrected by revisions or formulations. Ac- Alban, David H. 1976. Estimating red pine site Indexcordingly, the caption for each of the 127 site index In northern Minnesota. Res. Pap. NC-130. St. Paul,curves briefly states the study area, number of plots and MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,trees measured, kind of data collected, and computation North Central Forest Experiment Station. 13 p.methods used to develop the original site curves. Suchinformation witl help the user decide which set of curves Aird, P.L.; Stone, E.L. 1955. Soil characterlstlcs andis most appropriate for use in a particular area and also the growth of European and Japanese larch.will indicate the reliability of the site index curves pres- Journal of Forestry. 53: 425-429.engy available for use in that area.

Amateis, Ralph L.; Burkhart, Harold E. 1985. Site Index

What can be done when a particu]ar area or tree species curves for Ioblolly pine plantations on cutoverlacks published site index curves, or when all that exists site-prepared lands. Southern Journal of Appliedare a few, older anamorphic cuwes of questionable Forestry. 9:166-169.accuracy? One a_temative is to restrict site indexestimates to stands close to index age. For example, if Applequist, M.B. 1959. Soll-slte studies of southernthe site trees are exactly 50 years of age (index age), no hardwoods. In: Southern forest soils 8th annualerror occurs because their present height is site index, forestry symposium; Baton Rouge, LA: LouisianaPossibly, site index estimation could be restricted to State University Press: 49-63.stands ranging from 35 to 65 years. Thus, the maximumextrapolation would be 15 years forward or back to index Auchmoody, L.R.; Rexrode, C.O. 1984. Black cherryage, and errors due to faulty site index curves would be site Index curves for the Allegheny Plateau. Res.minimal. Using stands at or close to index age will Pap. NE-549. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department ofminimize errors in estimating site index--that is, tree Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Ex-height at index age. However, we should bear in mind periment Station. 5 p.that site index is tree height at only one point in time(index age). We also should be concerned about Averell, John L.; McGrew, Paul C. 1929. The reactionpatterns of tree height and volume growth before and of swamp forests to drainage in northernafter index age. Thus, we need site index curves that Minnesota. St. Paut, MN: Minnesota Department ofaccurately portray height growth throughout the life of Drainage and Waters. 66 p.the stand. This view uses a site index value only as aconvenient label for an accurately defined height-age Bailey, Robert L.; Mann, William F., Jr.; Campbell,curve that passes through a specified height at index Thomas E. 1973. Slash pine site Index in the West

Gulf. Res. Note SO-169. New Orleans, LA: U.S.

age. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern

A second alternative is to fell a few dominant and Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.codominant trees, make a stem analysis, and constructindividual tree height-age curves (Erdmann and Peter- Barnes, Robert L. 1955. Growth and yield of slashson 1982). These tree height-age curves then are used pine plantations in Florida. Res. Rap. 3.to observe (1) how tall trees were at the specified site Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, School ofindex age and (2) early and later tree height growth Forestry. 5 p.

patterns. Barrett, J.P.; Goldsmith, LJ. 1973. Predicting growth

A third and more desirable alternative for species and of eastern whlte pine. Stn. Bull. 499. Durham, NH:areas lacking suitable site index curves is to encourage New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.research needed for developing more precise site index 28 p.curves. These more precise curves should be basedupon stem analysis and equation models capable of Barrett, L.I. 1934. Second growth white pine heightexpressing polymorphic height growth patterns, growth classification, Tech. Note 5. Asheville, NC:

Site Index Curves for Forest Tree Speciesin the Eastern United States

Willard H. Carmean, Jerold T. Hahn, and Rodney D. Jacobs

The goal of this paper is to inventory and summarize the forest trees is the most commonly used method forsite index curves available for forest tree species in the estimating site quality in North America. For mosteastern United States. Hampf compiled a comprehen- eastern forest species site index is defined as totalsive list of site index curves in 1965, but many additional height of dominant or total height of dominant andsite index curves have been published in the more than codominant trees at 50 years total age. However, agetwo decades since this earlier summary. Accordingly, from breast height is sometimes used for species suchthis paper is an updated summary that includes 127site as spruces, balsam fir, and red pine1that have slow andindex curves presently considered to be useful for man- erratic height growth before reaching breast height.aging eastern hardwood and conifer forest species. Younger index ages are sometimes used for plantations,Additional site index curves not included among the short-lived species, or species managed on shortredrafted and formulated curves of our report are listed rotations.in Appendix I.

Tree height growth of dominant and codominant trees inForest site quality is an estimate of the capacity of forest pure, even-aged, fully stocked forest stands is closelyland to grow trees, thus forest site quality corresponds to related to volume growth. Accordingly, yield tables forland capability for growing various agricultural crops, pure natural stands and plantations list estimated yieldsProductiveforest land having good site quality usually at different ages for stands having different classes ofshould be managed most intensively, and less produc- site index. Growth and yield models also usually includetive land having poor site quality usually should be site index as one of the major variables that is closelymanaged less intensively. This same emphasis is related to yield. Height growth is widely used as afollowed in agriculture where intensive management is measure of site quality because height in fully stockedconcentrated on the most productive cropland, stands is independent of stocking; height growth of

dominant and codominant trees is reduced only at the

Many methods can be used to estimate forest site extremes of overstocking or understocking (Carmeanquality, but all methods have the common goal of 1975, Lloyd and Jones 1983, Jones 1986, Lanner 1985.)classifying forest land's capability to grow trees(Carmean 1975). Directly estimating site index from Accurate direct site index estimates depend upon two

conditions: (1) availability of suitable site trees that aredependable indicators of site quality; and (2) availability

WILLARD H. CARMEAN, Professor Emeritus, School of of suitable site index curves that accurately portray treeForestry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay Ontario, height growth patterns for the area or for the soil and siteCanada; JEROLD T. HAHN, Principal Mensurationist, conditions where site quality isestimated.North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul,MN;and RODNEY D. JACOBS, Silviculturist, State and I SeeAppendix !1forcommonandscientificnamesofPrivate Forestry, St. Paul, MN. treespecies(Little1979).

AU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Boisen, Anton T.; Newlin, J.A. 1910. The commercial t_'Appalachiaan Forest Experiment Station. 3 p. hickories. Bull. 80. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-

ment of Agriculture, Forest Service. 64 p.Beck, Donald E. 1962. Yellow-poplar site Index

curves. Res. Note 180. Asheville, NC: U.S. Depart- Borders, B.E.; Bailey, R.L.; Ware, K.D. 1984. Slash pinement of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern site Index from a polymorphi¢ model by joiningForest Experiment Station. 2 p. (splining) nonpolymorphic segments with an

algebraic difference method. Forest Science. 30:Beck, Donald E. 1971a. Height-growth patterns and 411-423.

site Index of eastern white pine in the southernAppalachians. Forest Science. 17: 252-260. Bowman, A.B. 1944. Growth and occurrence of

spruce and fir on pulpwood lands in northernBeck, Donald E. 1971b. Polymorphic site Index Michigan. Tech. Bull. 188. East Lansing, MI: Michi-

curves for white pine in the southern Appalachi- gan StateCollege, Agriculture Experiment Station,ans. Res. Pap. SE-80. Asheville,NC: U.S. Depart- Secretaryof Forestry.82 p.ment of Agriculture,ForestService,SoutheasternForest ExperimentStation.8 p. Brendemuehl,R.H. 1965. Stand, yield and growth of

cottonwood in Iowa. Ames, IA: IowaState Univer-Beckwith,A.F.; Roebbelen,P.; Smith,V.G. 1983. Red sity, Department of Forestry.5 p., mimeo.

pine plantation growth and yield tables. For. Res.Rep. 108. Toronto,ON: OntarioMinistryof Natural Brendemuehi,R.H.; McComb,A.L.; Thomson,G.W.Resources,ForestResearch Branch.70 p. 1961a. Stand, yield and growth of elm in iowa. F-

158. Ames, IA: Iowa State UniversityExtensionBennett, FrankA. 1960. Height growth pattern and Service.17 p.

thinning of slash pine (Pinus elliotti/vat', eliiottii).Journalof Forestry.58: 561-562. Brendemuehl,R.H.; McComb, A.L.; Thomson,G.W. _

1961b.Stand, yield and growth of silver maple inBennett, FrankA. 1970. Variable-density yield tables Iowa. F-159. Ames, IA: Iowa State UniversityExten-

for managed stands of natural slash pine. Res. sionService. 17 p.Note SE-141. Asheville,NC: U.S. DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,SoutheasternForest Broadfoot,W.M. 1960. Field guide for evaluating cot-ExperimentStation.7 p. tonwood sites. Occas.Pap. 178. New Orleans,LA:

U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,Bennett, FrankA.; McGee, C.E.; Clutter,J.L. 1959. Yield SouthernForest ExperimentStation.6 p.

of old-field slash pine plantations. Stn. Pap. 107.Asheville, NC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,Forest Broadfoot,W.M. 1961. Guide for evaluating cherry-Service, SoutheasternForest ExperimentStation. bark oak sites. Occas. Pap. 190. New Orleans,LA:19 p. U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,

SouthernForest ExperimentStation.9 p.Berry,A.B. 1978. Metric yield tables based on site

class and spacing for white spruce plantations at Broadfoot,W.M. 1963. Guide for evaluating water oakthe Petawawa Forest Experiment Station. Inf. Rep. sites. Res. Pap. SO-1. New Orleans,LA: U.S. De-PS-X-70. Chalk River,ON: Canadian Forestry partmentof Agriculture,Forest Service, SouthernService, Fisheriesand EnvironmentCanada. 15 p. ForestExperimentStation.8 p.

Berry, A.B. 1984. Volume and biomass yield tables Broadfoot, W.M. 1969. Problems In relating soil to sitefor unthinned red pine plantations at the Peta- Index for southern hardwoods. ForestScience. 15:wawa National Forestry Institute. Inf. Rep. PI-X-32. 354-364.Petawawa, ON: CanadianForestryService,CanadaDepartment of Environment.27 p. Broadfoot,W.M.; Krinard,R.M. 1959. Guide for evalu-

ating sweet-gum site. Occas. Pap. 176. New Or-

Biging, Greg S. 1985. Improved estimates of site leans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest O _Index curves using a varying-parameter model. Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.Forest Science. 31: 248-259.

Brown, R.M.; Gevorkiantz, S.R. 1934. Volume, yield, Carmean, Willard H.; Lenthall, Daniel J. 1989. Heightand stand tables for tree species In the Lake growth and site Index curves for jack pine InStates. Tech. Bull. 39. St. Paul, MN: University of north central Ontario. Canadian Journalof ForestMinnesota. 208 p. Research 19: (In press).

Bull, H. 1931. The use of polymorphlc curves In de- Chaiken, L.E.; Nelson, Thomas C. 1959. Site Indextermining site quality in young red pine planta- curves for Piedmont Virginia pine. Res. Note 135.tions. Journal of Agricultural Research. 43: 1-28. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.Burkhart, Harold E.; Cao, Quang V.;Ware, Kenneth D. 2 p.

1981. A comparison of growth and yield predic-tion models for ioblolly pine. Blacksburg,VA: Clatterback,Wayne K. 1987. Height growth and siteVirginia PolytechnicInstituteand State University, Index curves for cherrybark oak and sweetgum inSchoolof Forestryand WildlifeResources.59 p. mixed, even-aged stands on the minor bottoms of

central Misslsslppi. SouthernJournalof AppliedCarmean, Willard H. 1968. Tree height growth pat- Forestry.11: 219-222.

terns In relation to soil and site. In: Proceedings,3d North American forest soilsconference:tree Clutter,JeromeL.; Lenhart,J. David. 1968. Site Indexgrowthand forest soils;Corvallis,OR: Oregon State curves for old-field Ioblolly plne plantations in theUniversityPress: 499-512. Georgia Piedmont. Rep. 22, Ser. 1. Macon, GA:

GeorgiaForestry Research Council.4 p.Carmean, Willard H. 1971. Site Index curves for black,

white, scarlet and chestnut oaks in the Central Clutter,Jerome L.; Fortson,James C.; Pienaar,LeonV.;States. Res. Pap. NC-62. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart- Brister,Graham H.; Bailey, RobertL. 1983. Timberment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central management: a quantitive approach. New York,

Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. NY: John Wiley & Sons. 333 p.

Carmean, Willard H. 1972. Site Index curves for Coile, T.S.; Schumacher, F.X. 1953. Site Index ofupland oaks in the Central States. Forest Science. young stands of ioblolly and shortleaf pine in the18: 109-120. Piedmont Plateau Region. Journal of Forestry. 51:

432-435.Carmean, Willard H. 1975. Forest site quality evalu-

ation in the United States. Advances in Agronomy. Coile, T.S.; Schumacher, F.X. 1964. Soil-site relations,27: 209-269. stand structure, and yields of slash and Iobiolly

pine plantations in the southern United States.Carmean, WillardH. 1978. Site Index curves for Durham,NC: T.S. Coile, Inc. 296 p.

northern hardwoods in northern Wisconsin andUpper Michigan. Res. Pap. NC-160. St. Paul, MN: Cooley,JohnH. 1958. Site Index curves for paperU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North birch in northern Wisconsin. Tech. Note 541. St.Central Forest Experiment Station. 16 p. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p.Carmean, Willard H. 1982.Soil-site evaluation for

conifers in the Upper Great Lakes reglon. In: Pro- Cooley, John H. 1962. Site requirements and yield ofceedings, Artificial regeneration of conifers in the paper birch in northern Wisconsin. Stn. Pap. 105.Upper Great Lakes Region; Houghton, MI: Michigan St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestTechnological University: 31-52. Service, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.

Carmean, Willard H.; Hahn, Jerold T. 1981. Revised Cruikshank, James W. 1954. Site Index of the majorsite Index curves for balsam fir and white spruce pine forest types in the southeast. Res. Note50.in the LakeStates. Res. Note NC-269. St. Paul, MN: Asheville,NC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestU.S. Departmentof Agriculture, ForestService, North Service,SoutheasternForestExperimentStation.

_O Central ForestExperimentStation.4 p. 1 p.

7

Curtis, Robert O.; Post, W. Boyd. 1962. Site-index Farrar, Robert M., Jr. 1981. A site Index function for Ocurves for even-aged northern hardwoods in the naturally regenerated iongleaf pine in the EastGreen Mountains of Vermont. Bull. 629. Burlington, Gulf area. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5"VT: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 11 p. 150-153.

Deschamps, Kerry C. 1989. Polymorphic site Index Farrar, Robert M., Jr. 1985. Schnur's site Index curvescurves for trembling aspen in north central formulated for computer applications. SouthernOntario. Thunder Bay, ON: Lakehead University, Journalof Applied Forestry. 9: 3-5.Schoolof Forest_'.M.Sc.F. thesis.(in prep.)

Farrington,RobertA.; Howard, Montague,Jr. 1958. Soil

Devan,J.S.; Burkhart, H.E. 1982. Polymorphic site productivity for hardwood forests of Vermont. In:index equations for Ioblolly pine based on a Proceedings,1st North American forestsoils confer-segmented polynomial differential model. Forest ence;East Lansing, Mi: MichiganState University,Science. 28: 544-555. AgriculturalExperimentStation:102-109.

Foster,Ralph W. 1959. Relation between site IndexesDoolittle, Warren T.; Vimmerstedt,JohnP. 1960. Site of eastern white pine and red maple. Forest

index curves for natural stands of white pine in Science.5: 279-291.the southern Appalachians. Res. Note 141.Asheviile,NC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,Forest Fox, G.D.; Kruse, G.W. 1939. A yield table for well-Service, SoutheasternForest ExperimentStation. stocked stands of black spruce in northeastern2 p. Minnesota.Journalof Forestry. 37: 565-567.

Ek, Alan R. 1971. A formula for white spruce site Frothingham,E.H. 1914. White pine under forest man-index curves. For. Res. Note 161. Madison,WI: agement. Bull. 13. Washington, DC: U.S. DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin, Department of Forestry. 1 p. of Agriculture, Forest Service. 70 p. O

Erdmann, Gayne G.; Peterson, Ralph M., Jr. 1982. Frothingham, E.H. 1915a. The eastern hemlock. Bull.Estimating site Index in even-aged northern hard- 152. Washington,DC" U.S. Departmentof Agricul-wood stands. Res. Note NC-285. St. Paul, MN: U.S.

ture,ForestService. 43 p.Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,North

Central Forest ExperimentStation.4 p. Frothingham,E.H. 1915b. The northern hardwoodforest: its composition, growth, and management.

Lyre, F.H.; LeBarron,RussellK. 1944. Management of Bull.285. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentofjack pine stands in the Lake States. Tech. Bull. Agriculture,Forest Service 79 p.863. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Agricul-

ture, Forest Service. 66 p. Gaiser,RichardN.; Merz, Robert W. 1953. Growth ofplanted red and white pine in Ohio and Indiana.

Lyre, F.H.; Zehngraft, Paul.1948. Red pine manage- Tech. Pap. 138. Columbus,OH: U.S. Departmentofment in Minnesota. Circ.778. Washington,DC: U.S.

Agriculture,ForestService, Central States ForestEx-Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService. 70 p. perimentStation. 14 p.

Farnsworth,C.E.; Leaf, Albert L. 1963. An approach to Gevorkiantz,S.R. 1956a. Site Index curves for aspensoil-site problems: sugar maple-soil relations in inthe Lake States. Tech. Note 464. St. Paul, MN:New York. In"Proceedings,2d NorthAmericanforest U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, Lakesoilsconference"forest-soilrelationshipsin North States Forest ExperimentStation.2 p.America; Corvallis,OR"Oregon State University

Press: 279-298. Gevorkiantz,S.R. 1956b. Site Index curves for balsamfir in the Lake States. Tech. Note 465. St. Paul,MN:

Farrar, RobertM., Jr. 1973. Southern pine site Index U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, Lake

equations. Journal of Forestry. 71"696-697. States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. A

Farrar, Robert M., Jr. 1975. Southern pine site-index Gevorkiantz, S.R. 1956c. Site Index curves for jackcomputing program. Res. Note SO-197. New Or- pine in the Lake States. Tech. Note 463. St. Paul,leans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. Lake States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p.

8

Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957a. Site Index curves for black Gilmore, A.R.; Metcalf, G.E. 1961a. Site quality curvesspruce In the Lake States. Tech. Note 473. St. Paul, for plantation-grown Iobiolly pine In southernMN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Illinois. For. Note 97. Urbana, IL: University of IllinoisLake States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 p.

Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957b. Site Index curves for red oak Gilmore, A.R.; Metcalf, G.E. 1961b. Site quallty curvesin the Lake States. Tech. Note 485. St. Paul, MN: for plantation-grown shortleaf pine in southernU.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Lake Illinois. For. Note 95. Urbana, IL: University of IllinoisStates Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 p.

Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957c. Site Index curves for red Golden, Michael S.; Meldahl, Ralph; Knowe, Steven A.;pine in the Lake States. Tech. Note 484. St. Paul, Boyer, William D. 1981. Predicting site Index forMN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, old-field Ioblolly pine plantations. Southern JournalLake States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. of Applied Forestry. 5:109-114.

Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957d. Site Index curves for tama- Gordon, A.M.; Williams, P.A.; Taylor, E.P. 1989. Siterack in the Lake States. Tech. Note 498. St. Paul, Index curves for Norway spruce in southernMN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, Ontario. NorthernJournalof Applied Forestry.(InLake States Forest ExperimentStation.2 p. press).

Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957e. Site Index curves for white- Graham,S.A.; Harrison, R.P., Jr.; Westell,C.E., Jr.cedar in the Lake States. Tech. Note 472. St. Paul, 1963. Aspens: phoenix trees of the Great LakesMN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, Region. Ann Arbor,MI: Universityof MichiganPress.Lake States Forest ExperimentStation.2 p. 272 p.

O Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957f. Site Index curves for white Graney, David L.; Bower, David R. 1971. Site index

pine in the Lake States. Tech. Note 483. St. Paul, curves for red and white oaks in the BostonMN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, Mountains of Arkansas. Res. NoteSO-121. NewLake States Forest Experiment Station. 2 p. Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.Gevorkiantz S.R. 1957g. Site Index curves for white

spruce in the Lake States. Tech. Note 474. St. Paul, Graney, DavidL.; Burkhart,Harold E. 1973. Polymor-MN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService, phic site Index curves for shortleaf pine in theLake StatesForest ExperimentStation.2 p. Ouachita Mountains. Res. Pap. SO-85. New Or-

leans,LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,ForestGevorkiantz S.R.; Duerr,WilliamA. 1939.Volume and Service,Southern Forest ExperimentStation.14 p.

yield of northern white cedar in the Lake States.Prog. Rep. St. Paul,MN: U.S. Department of Agricul- Griffin,RalphH.; Johnson,James E. 1980. Polymor-ture, ForestService, LakeStates ForestExperiment phic site Index curves for spruce and balsam firStation.55 p. growing in even-aged stands in northern Maine.

Sin. Bull. 765. Orono, ME: University of Maine Life

Gevorkiantz, S.R.; Zon, Raphael. 1930. Second-growth Sciences and Agricultural Experiment Station. 22 p.white pine In Wisconsin. Res. Bull. 98. Madison,WI: Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. 40 p. Guldin, R.N.; Farrar, R.M. 1983. Computation of south-

ern pine site Index using a TI-59 calculator. Gen.Gilmore, A.R. 1967. Site Index curves for plantation- Tech. Rep. SO-48. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Depart-

grown red pine in illinois. For. Note 121. Urbana, ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern ForestIL: University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Experiment Station. 8 p.

Station. 2 p. Hahn, Jerold T.; Carmean, Willard H. 1982. Lake States

Gilmore, A.R. 1968. Site Index curves for plantation- site Index curves formulated. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-Q grown white pine in illinois. For. Note 123. Urbana, 88. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,

IL: Universityof IllinoisAgriculturalExperiment ForestService, North Central ForestExperimentStation.2 p. Station.5 p.

AHampf, Frederick E. 1965. Site Index curves for some Jones, Earle P., Jr. 1986. Slash pine plantation spac- _

forest species in the eastern United States. Upper ing study--age 30. In: 4th Annual southern silvicultu-Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest ral research conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.Service, Eastern Region. 43 p. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 45-Hannah, Peter R. 1971. Soil-site relationships for 49.

white, Scotch, and red pine plantations in Ver-mont. Stn. Bull. 667. Burlington, VT: University of Kellogg, L.F. 1939a. Site Index curves for plantationVermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 27 p. black locust, Central States region. Stn. Note 36.

Columbus, OH: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Hannah, Peter R. 1972. Soil-site relationships for Forest Service, Central States Forest Experiment

Norway spruce plantations in Vermont. Stn. Bull. Station. 3 p.673. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Agricul-tural Experiment Station. 8 p. Kellogg, L.F. 1939b. Site Index curves for plantation

black walnut, Central States region. Stn. Note 35.Hawes, A.F.; Chandler, B.A. 1914. The management of Columbus, OH: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

second growth hardwoods in Vermont. Stn. Bull. Forest Service, Central States Forest Experiment176. Burlington, VT: Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 p.Station: 29-88.

Kinsley, L.S.; Bartoo, R.A. 1967. Site measurements inHebb, E.A.; Barnes, R.M. 1973. Slashpine productivity red pine plantations in Pennsylvania. Res. Briefs

and site preparation on Florida sandhill sites. 2. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University,Tech. Pap. 135. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of School of Forest Resources: 30-33.Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Ex-periment Station. 8 p. Kittredge, Joseph, Jr.; Gevorkiantz, S.R. 1929. Forest

possibilities of aspen lands in the Lake States.Hegar, L. 1968. A method of constructing site Index Tech. Bull. 60. St. Paul,MN: MinnesotaAgricultural

"ImF

curves. Forestry Chronicle. 44:11-15. ExperimentStation.84 p.

Heger, L.; Lowry,G.L. 1970. Forest soil-site studies. Korstian,C.F.; Brush,W.D. 1931. Southern whiteIV. Site-index curve shape in black spruce in cedar. Tech. Bull.251. Washington,DC: U.S. Depart-eastern Canada. Rep.WR/31. PointeClarie, Que- mentof Agriculture,ForestService.75 p.bec: Pulpand Paper Institute,CanadaWoodlands.12p. Kulow,D.L.;Sowers, D.W.; Heesch, H.H. 1966. Site

index curves for VIrginla pine in West Virginia.Hilt,DonaldE.; Dale, Martin E. 1982. Height prediction Stn. Bull.536T. Morgantown,WV: WestVirginiaUni-

equations for evenaged upland oak stands. Res. versity,AgriculturalExperimentStation.11 p.Pap. NE-493. Broomall,PA: U.S. Departmentof Agri-culture,Forest Service,NortheasternForest Experi- Laidly,PaulR. 1979. Metric site Index curves formentStation.9 p. aspen, birch, and conifers in the Lake States.

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-54. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart-Husch, B. 1954. Preliminary site Index table for white ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central

pine in southeastern New Hampshire. For. Mimeo. Forest Experiment Station. 15 p.1. Durham, NH: New Hampshire Agricultural Experi-ment Station. 2 p. Lamson, Neil. 1980. Slte Index prediction tables for

oak in northwestern West Virginia. Res. Pap. NE-illick, Joseph S.; Aughanbaugh, John E. 1930. Pitch 462. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

pine in Pennsylvania. Res. Bull. 2. Harrisburg, PA: Forest Service, Northeastern Forest ExperimentPennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. Station. 5 p.108 p.

Langdon, O. Gordon. 1959. Site Index curves for

Jokela, Eric J.; Jack, Steven B.; Nowak, Christopher A. south Florida slash pine. Res. Note 133. Asheville, O1988. Site Index curves for unthinned Norway NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,spruce plantations in New York. Northern Journal Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 2 p.of Applied Forestry 5:251-254.

10

Lanner, R.M. 1985. On the Insensitivity of height Lohrey, Richard E. 1987. Site Index curves for direct-growth to spacing. Forest Ecology and Manage- seeded slash pines in Louisiana. Southern Journalment. 13: 143-148. of Applied Forestry. 11: 15-17.

Leak, W.B.; Allen, P.H.; Barrett,J.B.; Beyer, F.K.; Losche, Craig K.; Schlesinger, Richard C. 1975. Pre-Mader, D.L.; Mawson, J.C.; Wilson, R.K. 1970. dicting site Index in young black walnut planta-Yields of eastern white pine in New England tions. Res. Note NC-187. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart-related to age, site, and stocking. Res. Pap. NE- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central176. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agricul- Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.ture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest ExperimentStation. 15 p. Lundgren, A.L.; Dolid, W.A. 1970. Biological growth

functions describe published site Index curvesLenhart, J. David. 1971. Site Index curves for old field for Lake States timber specles. Res. Pap. NC-36.

lobiolly pine plantations in the interior West Gulf St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestCoastal Plains. For. Pap. 8. Nacogdoches, TX: Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.Stephen F. Austin State University, School of For- 9 p.estry. 4 p.

Lyle, E.S., Jr.; Patterson, R.M.; Hicks, D.R.; Bradley,Lenhart, J. David; Fields, Herschel L. 1970. Site Index E.L. 1975. Polymorphic site index curves for

curves for old-field Ioblolly pine plantations in natural sweetgum in Alabama. Circ. 220. Auburn,northeast Texas. For. Pap. 3. Nacogdoches, TX: AL: Auburn University Agricultural ExperimentStephen F. Austin State University, School of For- Station. 7 p.estry. 4 p.

MacKinney, A.L. 1936. Recent site Index curves forLenhart, J. David; Hunt, Ellis V., Jr.; Backard, Jack A. second-growth loblolly pine. Tech. Note 22.

1986. Site Index equations for Ioblolly and slash Asheville, NC U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forestpine plantations on non-old-fields in east Texas. Service, Appalachian Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 10:109-112.

McCarthy, E.F. 1933. Yellow poplar characteristics,Lenthall, Daniel D. 1986. Height growth and site Index growth and management. Tech. Bull. 356. Washing-

curves for jack pine (Pinus bankslana Lamb.) in ton, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forestthe Thunder Bay area--a system of site quality Service. 58 p.evaluation. Thunder Bay, ON: Lakehead University,School of Forestry. M.Sc. For. thesis. 96 p. McGee, C.E.; Bennett, F.A. 1959. Site Index curves for

old-field slash plne plantations. Res. Note 127.Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Check list of native and natu- Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

ralized trees of the United States (including Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.Alaska). Agric. Handb. 41. Washington, DC: U.S. 2 p.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 472 p.

McLintock, T.F.; Bickford, C.A. 1957. A proposed slteLloyd, F.T. 1981. How many tree heights should you Index for red spruce in the northeast. Stn. Pap. 93.

measure for natural Atlantic Coastal Plain lobiolly Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,slte Index? Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5: Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment180-183. Station. 30 p.

Lloyd, F.T.; Hafley, W.L. 1977. Precision and the McQuilkin, RobertA. 1974. Site Index prediction tableprobability of misclassification in site Index for black, scarlet, and white oaks in southeasternestimation. Forest Science. 23: 493-499. Missouri. Res. Pap. NC-108. St. Paul, MN: U.S. De-

partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North CentralLloyd, F.T.; Jones, E.P., Jr. 1983. Density effects on Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

height growth and its implications for site Index_) prediction and growth projection. In: Proceedings, McQuilkin, RobertA. 1975. Errors in site Index deter-

2d biennial southern silvicultural research conference, ruination caused by tree age variation in even-Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-24. Asheville, NC: U.S. Depart- aged oak stands. Res. Note NC-185. St. Paul, MN:ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, NorthForest Experiment Station: 329-333. Central Forest Experiment Station. 4 p. 11

McQuilkin, RobertA. 1978. How to estimate site Index Payandeh, Bijan. 1974b. Nonlinear site Index equa- 1for oaks in the Missouri Ozarks. St. Paul, MN: U.S. tlons for several Canadlan timber species. For-Department of Agriculture,ForestService,North estryChronicle.47: 194-196.Central Forest ExperimentStation.8 p.

Payandeh,Bijan.1978. A site Index formula forMeyer, Walter H. 1929. Yields of second-growth peatland black spruce in Ontario. ForestryChron-

spruce and fir in the northeast. Tech. Bull.142. icle.54: 39-41.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service. 52 p. Pienaar, L.B.; Shiver, B.D. 1980. Dominant height

growth and site Index curves for Ioblolly pineMonserud,R.A.; Ek, A.R. 1976. Site Index curves and plantations in the Carolina flatwoods. Southern

equations for several northern hardwood forest Journalof AppliedForestry.4: 54-59.species. Bull.R2772. Madison,WI: UniversityofWisconsin, School of Natural Resources.9 p. Plonski, W.L. 1974. Normal yield tables (metric) for

major forest speciesof Ontario. Toronto, ON:Mount,P.;Gore, W. 1952. Site Index for spruce fir OntarioMinistryof Natural Resources,Divisionof

stands based on age at breast height and total Forests.40 p.height. Tech. Note 13. Orono,ME: UniversityofMaine, Forestry Department.3 p. Popham,T.W.; Feduccia,D.P.; Dell,T.R.; Mann,W.F.,

Jr.; Campbell,T.E. 1979. Site Index for ioblollyNash, AndrewJ. 1963. A method of classifying plantations on cutover sites in the West Gulf

shortleaf pine sites in Missouri. Res. Bull.824. Coastal Plain. Res. Note SO-250. New Orleans,LA:Columbia,MO: MissouriAgriculturalExperiment U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,Station.53 p. SouthernForestExperimentStation.7 p.

Neebe, David J.; Boyce,Stephen G. 1959. Site Index Reed, P.M. 1926. Red plne in central New England.curves for eastern cottonwood. Res. Note 126. For.Bull.9. New Haven, CT: Harvard University.Columbus,OH: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, 23 p.ForestService, Central StatesForestExperimentStation.2 p. Richards,N.A.; Morrow,R.R.; Stone, E.L. 1962. Influ-

ence of soil and site on red pine plantations inNelson,T.C.; Clutter,J.L.; Chaiken,L.E. 1961. Yield of New York. I. Standdevelopmentand site index

Virginia pine. Stn. Pap. 124. Asheville,NC: U.S. curves.Bull. 977. Ithaca,NY: CornellUniversityDepartment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeast- Agricultural Experiment Station. 24 p.ern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p.

Schlaegel, Bryce E. 1971. Growth and yield of quak-Newberry, J.D.; Pienaar, L.V. 1978. Dominant height ing aspen in north central Minnesota. Res. Pap.

growth models and site Index curves for site- NC-58. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,prepared slash pine plantations in the lower ForestService, NorthCentral ForestExperimentcoastal plain of Georgia and north Florida. Res. Station.11 p.Pap. 4. Athens,CA: GeorgiaSchoolof Forest Re-sources.47 p. Schlaegel,Bryce E.; Kuiow,D.L.; Baughman,R.N. 1969.

Empirical yield tables for West Virginia yellow-Nie, NormanH.; Hull,C. Hadlai;Jenkins,Jean G.; poplar. Bull.574T. Morgantown,WV: West Virginia

Steinbrenner, Karin; Bent, Dale H. 1975. SPSS. 2d UniversityAgricultural ExperimentStation.24 p.ed. Version7-1 update.New York,NY: McGraw-Hill,Inc. Schnur,G.L. 1937. Yield, stand, and volume tables for

even-aged uplandoak forests. Tech. Bull.560.Olson,David F., Jr. 1959. Site Index curves for upland Washington,DC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture.

oak in the southeast. Res. Note 125. Asheville,NC: 88 p.U.S. Departmentof Agriculture,ForestService,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.2 p. Schumacher, F.X.;Coile,T.S. 1960. Growth and yieldof natural stands of the southern pines. Durham,

Payandeh,Bijan. 1974a. Formulated site Index curves NC: T.S. Coile, inc. 115 p.for major timber species in Ontario. ForestSci-ence. 20: 143-144.

12

Scott, C.T.; Voorhis, N.G. 1986. Northeastern forest Stone, Earl L., Jr. 1957. British yield tables for Euro-survey site Index equations and site productivity pean and Japanese larches in New York. Agron.classes. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 3: Pap. 397. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. 4 p.144-148.

Thrower, James S. 1986a. Black spruce height growthShetron, Stephen G. 1972. Site Index curves for sugar curves for the Thunder Bay area. Thunder Bay,

maple in northern lower Michigan. Res. Note 6. ON: Lakehead University, School of Forestry. 6 p.L'Anse, MI: Michigan Technological University, Ford (Unpublished report)Forestry Center. 8 p.

Thrower, James S. 1986b. Estimating site quality from

Shipman, R.D. 1960. Site quality of loblolly pine plan- early height growth in white spruce and red pinetations in the South Carolina Piedmont. For. Res. plantations in the Thunder Bay area. Thunder Bay,Ser. 1. Clemson, SC: South Carolina Agricultural Ex- ON: Lakehead University, School of Forestry. M.Sc.periment Station. 2 p., mimeo. For. thesis. 143 p.

Slocum, G.K.; Miller, W.D. 1953. Virginia pine, repro- Trenk, Fred B. 1929. Sweetgum in Maryland. Balti-ductlon, growth and management on the Hill more, MD: University of Maryland, State DepartmentDemonstration Forest, Durham County, NO. Tech. of Forestry. 75 p.Bull. 100. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina AgriculturalExperiment Station. 62 p. Trousdell, Kenneth B.; Beck, Donald E.; Lloyd, F.

Thomas. 1974. Site Index for Ioblolly pine in theSmalley, Glendon W.; Bower, David R. 1971. Site Index Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Carolinas and Vir-

curves for Ioblolly and shortleaf pine plantations ginla. Res. Pap. SE-115. Asheville, NC: U.S. Depart-on abandoned fields In Tennessee, Alabama, and ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, SoutheasternGeorgia highlands. Res. Note SO-126. New Or- Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.

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curves. Societyof AmericaForestersannualmeetingproceedings1955: 80-85. Vimmerstedt,JohnP. 1959. Site Index curves for

southern Appalachian white pine plantations.Sterrett,WilliamD. 1920. Jack pine. Bull.820. Washing- Res. Note 131. Asheville,NC: U.S. Departmentof

ton, DC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture.47 p. Agriculture,Forest Service,SoutheasternForestEx-perimentStation.2 p.

Stiell,W.M.; Berry, A.B. 1973a. Development of un-thinned white spruce plantations to age 50 at Vimmerstedt,John P. 1962. Southern AppalachianPetawawa Forest Experiment Station. Pub. 1317. white pine plantations, site, volume, and yield.Ottawa, ON: Canada Departmentof Environment, Stn. Pap. 149. Asheville,NC: U.S. DepartmentofCanadian ForestryService.18 p. Agriculture,Forest Service,SoutheasternForest

ExperimentStation.13 p.Stiell,W.M.; Berry,A.B. 1973b.Yield of unthinned red

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O Service. 16 p.

Specles Ares Reference

Ward, W.W." Fletcher, P.W.; Armstrong, M.A. 1965. Site up_ndoaks centr,, States Hilt and Dale (1962) 1index determination for black cherry. Journal of Cherrybarkoak C.Mtsslstppl Clatterbuck(1987)Conlfere:

Forestry. 63:15-16. Spruces and balsam fir N. Michigan Bowman (1944)Spruces and balsam fir Maine Mount and Gore (1952)Spruces and balsam fir Northeast U.S. Meyer (1929)

Wiant, H.V., Jr. 1975. Schnur's site Index curves for- Black spruce N. Minnesota, Averell and acGrew (1929)

mulated. Journal of Forestry. 73: 429. Blackspruce,jackpine,red pine, white pine, aspen,

white birch, tolerent hwds Ontario Plonskl (1974)

Wilde, S.A." lyer, J.G.; Tanser, Christian;Trautmann, Black spruce E.Canada Heger and Lowry (1970)

W.L.; Watterston, K.G. 1965. Growth of Wisconsin Redspruce N.Maine McLIntockandBickford(1957)Norway spruce Central New York Jokela eta/. (1988)

coniferous plantations in relation to soils. Res. Jackpine Lake States Sterrett (t920)Bull. 262. Madison, Wl" Universityof Wisconsin. 81 p. S_ash,_ong_eaf,Iob_o,y.

shortleaf and Virginia

pines Southeast U.S. Crulkshank (1954)

Winters, Robert K.; Osbourne, James G. 1935. Growth Sashpine Georgia ........ Bennett (1960)

and yield of second-growth redgum in fully Slash pine plantations West Gulf Bailey et aL (1973)Slash pine plantations Florida Hebb and Burnes (1973)stocked stands on alluvial lands in the South. Slash pine plantations Georgtaand Newberry and Pienaar (1978)

Occas. Pap. 54. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department N.FloddaCoastalPlain

of Agriculture, Forest Semice, Southern Forest Loblolly pine Virginia, N. and

S. Carolina MacKtnney (1936)Experiment Station. 35 p. Loblolly and shortleaf N. Carolina

pines Piedmont Cotle and Schumacher (1953)

Zahner, Robert. 1962. Loblolly pine site curves by soil Lob,o,y pine stands & Va., N.C., Md.,plantations Del. Devan and Burkhart (1982)

groups. Forest Science. 8: 104-110. Loblolly pine N.C. toSWArk. Golden eta/. (1981)plantation

Zarnoch, S.J.; Feduccia, D.P. 1984. Slash pine planta- Loblollypineplantations NE Texas Lenhartand Fields(1970)

tionsiteIndexcurvesfortheWest Gulf,Southern Loblollyand slash ETexas

Journal of Applied Forestry. 8: 223-225. p_ plantations Lenhart, Hunt, andBlackard

(1986)Pitch pine Pennsylvania Illick and Aughanbaugh (1930)

Appendix I Redplne Central NewEngland Reed (1926)Redpine Northeast and

Lake States Spurr (1956)

Additional Site Index Curves Redpine N. Minnesota Alban (1976)Red pine plantations Connecticut Bull (1931)

References are given below for additional site index Red pine plantations Pennsylvania Ktnsley and Bartoo (1967)Red and white pine SE Ohio,

curves not included in the formulated and redrafted plantations S. Indiana Gatser and Merz (1953)

curves of this report. These additional references may Red pine plantations Michigan Van Eck and Whiteslde (1963)Red pine plantations S. Ontario Beckwith et N. (1983)

be of historicalinterest,or they may beof value to those Wh,epine Northeast U.S. Frothlngham (1914)

interestedin more complete coveragefor certain forest Whitepine S.AppalachlanaBarrett (1934)species. White pine S. Appalachians Doolittle and Vimmemtedt(19eo)

White pine New Hampshire Husch (1954)White pine Northeast U.S. Leak et el. (1970)

Inventoryof Site IndexCurves White pine Maine. Mass..

New Hampshire Barrett and Goldsmith (1973)Speclee Area Reference Northern white-cedar Lake States Gevorklantz and Duerr (1939)Hardwood==:

Sugar maple Vermont HawesandChandler(1914) Appendix I!Sugar maple, white ash Vermont Farrington and Howard (1958)Sugar maple New York Famsworth and Leaf (1963)Sugar maple N. lower Mich. Shetron (1972) Commonand ScientificNamesofTreeSpecies(LittleNorthern hardwood stop. Lake States and 1979)

, NE States Frothingham (1915b)

N. hardwoodspp. Lake States Monserud and Ek (1976)

N. hardwoodspp., paper Common name Scientific namebirch, aspen Ontario Plonski (1960)

Red maple NW Conn., W.

Ma,_ Foster(1959) Balsam fir................................ Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.American beech Northeast US. Hampf (1965)Sweetgum C. Mississippi Clatterbuck (1987) Red maple............................................... Acer rubrum L.Yellow-poplar SE Ohio, Western Silver maple...................................Acer saccharinum L.

Me. McCarthy (1933)

QuaKingand bigtooth aspens Michigan Grahameta/.(1983) Sugar maple..............................Acer saccharum Marsh. 41Quakingaspen N.MinnesotaSchlaegel(1971) Yellow birch.........................Betula alleghaniensis BrittonBlackcherry NewYork Hampf(1965) Paper birch. .Betula papyrifera Marsh.Black cherry NW Pennsylvania Ward et aL (1965) .............................

Upland oaks NW West. Va. Lamson 0980) Hickories................................................ Carya spp. Nutt

14

Atlantic white-cedar .....................Chamaecyparis thyoides (L,) B.S.P.

American beech......................... Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.White ash..................................... Fraxinus americana L.Black ash...................................... Fraxinus nigra March.Green ash ...................... Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.Black walnut ........................................... Juglans nigra L.Eastern redcedar .........................Juniperus virginiana L.European larch ................................... Larix decidua Mill.Tamarack ........................ Larix iaricina (Du Roi) K. KochJapanese larch............. Larix leptolepis (Sieb and Zucc.)

Gard,Sweetgum ...............................Liquidambar styraciflua L.Yellow-poplar ............................ Liriodendron tulipifera L.Water tupelo ........................................Nyssa aquatica L,Swamp tupelo ............Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.)

Sarg.Norway spruce............................. Picea abies (L.) Karst.White spruce...................... Piceaglauca (Moench) VossBlack spruce........................ Picea mariana (Mill.) B,S,P.Red spruce........................................ Picea rubens Sarg.Jack pine.................................... Pinus banksiana Lamb.Sand pine......................... Pinus clausa (Chapm.) VaseyShortleaf pine................................... Pinus echinata Mill.Slash pine......................................Pinus elliottii Engelm.

O Longleaf pine Pinus palustris Mill.Red pine............................................ Pinus resinosa Ait.Pitch pine...............................................Pinus rigida Mill.Pond pine...................................... Pinus serotina Michx.Eastern white pine................................. Pinus strobus L.Scotch pine......................................... Pinus sylvestris L.Loblolly pine..............................................Pinus taeda L.Virginia pine.................................... Pinus virginiana Mill.Cottonwood ............................... Populus deltoides Bartr.Bigtooth aspen................. Populus grandidentata Michx.Quaking aspen.................... Populus tremuloides Michx.Black cherry .................................. Prunus serotina Ehrh.White oak............................................... Quercus aiba L.Scarlet oak......................... Quercus coccinea Muenchh.Southern red oak........................ Quercus falcata Michx.Cherrybark oak....... Quercus faicata var. pagodifolia Ell.Water oak..............................................Quercus nigra L.Nuttall oak.................................. Quercus nutallii PalmerChestnut oak ...................................... Quercus prinus L.Northern red oak .................................. Quercus rubra L.Black oak .................................... Quercus velutina Lam.Black locust .............................Robinia pseudoacacia L.Northern white-cedar ..................... Thuja occidentafis L.American basswood ........................... Tilia americana L.Eastern hemlock ................ Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr,American elm .................................. Ulmus americana L.

0

15

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20 30 40 50 60 '70 80 90 100

Figure 1.--Red maple (Carmean 1978)NorthernWisconsin and Upper Michigan114 plots having 438 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

• ......

b1 b2 b3 b, bS R2 SE Maximum idifferenceH 2.9435 0.9132 -0.0141 1.6580 -0.1095 0.99 0.49 2.0Si 0.3263 1.0634 -0.0106 -1.2573 -0.0646 0.99 0.51 2.2

.... ,

16

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 2._Sugar maple (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968)Vermont Green Mountains

67 plots having 136 dominant and codomi0ant treesStem analysis, logarithm equation, anamorphic, original curves

redrafted from d.b.h, age to total age and from SI age 75 to SIage of 50

Add 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b, 1:)2 b_ b_ bs a = SE Maximumdifference

O H 3.3721 0.8407 -0.0150 2.6208-012661 0.99 0.88 0.3

SI 0.1771 1.2075 -0.0066 -1.7003 -0.2189 0.99 0.98 1.9

17

Figure 3.--Sugar maple (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan177 plots having 721 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b= ba b_ bs R= SE Maximumdifference (

H 6.1308 0.6904 -0.0195 10.1563 -0.5330 0.99 1.26 5.3SI 0.1984 1.2089 -0.0110 -2.4917 -0.2542 0.98 1.90 6.7

18

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2o 30 40 5o 6o 7o 8o 9oTOTALAGE(YEARS)

Figure 4.---Silver maple (Brendemuehl, McComb, and Thomson 1961b)Southeastern Iowa50 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b_ b5 R2 SE Maximum

O differenceH 1.0645 0.9918 -0.0812 1.5754 -0.0272 0.99 1.00 4.2SI 0.8972 1.0183 -0.0769 -4.8154 -0.3162 0.99 0.95 6.0

19

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3o 4o 5o 6o ?o 8o 9o zooTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 5._Yellow birch (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968)Vermont Green Mountains

38 plots having 68 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, logarithm equation, anamorphic, original curves

redrafted from d.b.h, age to total age and from SI age of 75 toS! age of 50

Add 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b 1 b2 b3 b, bs R_ SE Maximumdifference i

H 2.2835 0.9794 -0.0054 0.5819 -0.0281 0.99 0.78 1.0S! 0.5889 0.9922 -0.0096 -0.5473 0.0146 0.97 0.47 0.3

2O

®

Figure 6.wYeliow birch (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan119 plots having 459 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, ageto obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

I bl b2 b3 b, bs R2 SE Maximum...........i differenceH I 6.0522 0.6768 -0.0217 15.4232 -0.6354 0.99 1.29 5.0SI I 0.1817 1.2430 -0.0110 ,3.0184 -0.3180 0.98 2.05 7.7

21

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TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 7.--Paper birch (Cooley 1958, 1962)Northern Wisconsin (104 plots); Upper Michigan (4 plots)108 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b_ b+ b_ R2 SE Maximumdifference I

H 1.5980 1.0000 -0.0198 0.9824 0.0000 0.99 0.32 0.6SI 0.6258 1.0000 -0.0198 -0.9824 0.0000 0.99 0.32 0.6

L

22

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TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 8._Paper birch (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968)Vermont Green Mountains

32 plots having 56 dominant and codominant trees

Stem analysis, logarithm equation, anamorphic, originalcurvesredrafted from d.b.h, age to total age and from SI age 75 to SIage of 50

Add 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

O 'H 1.7902 0.9522 -0.0173 1.1668 -0.1206 0.98 0,91 1.1SI 0.5542 1.0540 -0.0184 -1.3053 -0.1435 0.96 0.49 0.6....................

23

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGEIYEARS!

Figure 9.--Paper birch (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan30 plots having 93 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b, b2 b3 b, bs R2 SE Maximum .,,

difference

H 2.4321 0.9207 -0.0168 1.5247 -0.1042 0.99 1.06 4.2SI 0.5119 1.0229 -0.0167 -1.0284 -0.0049 0.98 1.07 4.3

24

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 10._Hickories (Boisen and Newlin 1910, Hampf 1965)Central States, Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky30 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: 30 40 50 60 70 80Years: 10 8 7 6 5 4

...... b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximum

difference

_H 1.8326 1.0015 -0.0207 1.4080 -0.0005 0.99 0.60 2.1SI 0.524.3 1.0126 -0.0216 -1.5897 -0.0239 0.99 0.62 2.3

25

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 11.--American beech (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan19 plots having 70 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b, b, b_ b, bs R2 SE Maximum i

difference

H 29.7300 0.3631 -0.0127 16.7616 -0.6804 0.99 0.44 1.3

.SI 0.2376 1.1312 -0.0109 -1.8550 -0.1430 0.96 1.99 6.5

26

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20 ,30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGE[YEARS]

Figure 12.--White ash (Curtis and Post 1962, Solomon 1968)Vermont Green Mountains44 plots having 83 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, logarithm equation, anamorphic, original curves

redrafted from d.b.h, ageto total age and from SI age 75 to S!age of 50

Add 4 years to d.b.h, ageto obtain total age (BH - 0.0)

Q b1 b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE MaximumdifferenceH 1.5768 0.9978 -0.0156 0.6705 0.0182 0.99 1.77 2.5SI 0.6835 0.9882 -0.0167 -0.6218 0.0462 0.99 1.70 2.0

27

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 i O0

'rOYALac .(Ym S)Figure 13.--White ash (Carmean 1978)

Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan73 plots having 275 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b= b_ !::)4 bs R_ SE Maximum

difference (_H 4.1492 0.7531 -0.0269 14.5384 -0.5811 0.99 1.37 5.1Sl 0.1728 1.2560 -0.0110 -3.3605 -0.3452 0.99 1.99 9.5

28

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v-- 90 ..................... i i7--. :.60

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGEIYEARSI

Figure 14.--Black ash (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan

39 plots having 143 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH - 0.0)

b_ b, bs b, b_ Rz SE Maximum

O differenceH 4.2286 0.7857 -0.0178 4.6219 -0.3591 0.99 0.70 2.4

SI 0.2388 1.1583 -0.0102 -1.8455 -0.1883 0.99 0.99 3.4

29

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90 ................'_,__-:._:__.':_ ........'........._ ..........__:.--:--:-_'_ _,-,_,-:OC) --_-,-_--,-,-,-,- 2_-,-,'-.i-_,-,-_-._ -,--,-,--,- -,-,-,-.u ,.'_-,-;-:-.-,-_-,-_--.,-,..,-,-4_ -,-,-,-,--_-,-_-,- -,-_-,-,-.-_-,-,- .

o ,:i:ii:i :!i:ii'f:i:ii:;:80 :-:-:-:--::-;-:--:-i-:.z/--i-i-i-i--!-_---i-i-i:-i-i-i-]__-'-i-i-i-i-'-ii-i--.-i-i-i-i-_-,-_-"--_-"-,

:.:-_'_. _:_:.',_',__:_'/_! ......... .,._.:__.......... ._ ...................... _ - .;-:-.:-:-. -:--:- ,,--:- . .:- :.-:- :..-__-..._:_:.._:__;__.__.._-_..___-__.'_.-_'..'._,.,_.:-:,-:'-,-_-!-_i-.i-!!-_-_.-:-:--:--:--:-:-.-r:-::--:-:--,:'_:._..:.'v._:_'_:.'.:...:._._i_;_!.:..'_._v!._!..:.:.;`.:_:`__.._'.:._'_:_:.:._..:._._:.:_;_.:..`.:..:._'__70

<_ --_--_:-;--_.... :-/',-_--_-_-k_,-'_-_-_-_-_-:-_--_-:-_-:-_-,-_-_-__-_-:__-;-,]-'-" .... __ -..,., ...... , ........ /_,.,_,.__.,.,.,L. _,._,.,_-__....... _._-.,., ....... _-,-_-:--:--_--._ -:-,-',-,-,-,-',-,-',-.-:-'-:--:--,-,-:-,

,-!+i-,-i-i-+-_-,-i-!+i-/-,:--i -i "-t_,-_-i-i+,-"_-__-_,, ,-::-;_-,-,,-_-!-!-,-_-!-:-_,-__-_!-_ _-_........ / ..... .,/_._, ,_, ,_., , ,., ..__,_;.,_ , ._, ,.._,. ,._.4_L. _ ....... l__. .............. _.......

0 *r::--:::-',- -',-'-7:--;_, r 71 r: ", t_-J,_ ; ', : ', 7, 7", , ....-r-............. 4 _ '_.4'_

' ............ __ .... _: ........ _ ......... 60........... .................... -' :i "; "" .:_',_',_',..:_',_:_t'_:-:_:,_::_:::::::::::_:i:_i:,: _:_:i-:i :i:i:__;i:i_:_,:_:'.':-:-__-"-_'- "-_-__,7; [ ;', ; 2",;':-I" ,.,..,/_.._, ,_,__,_..,_,_,_'..-.-_---'-'.,-'-:-'-'-.-'-'--'-'-.-'-I-'-_._-'-'---'-'--'-'- -'--'-'-'-'"-'-:-"

o_-r_-r--_'_'_',- -,-T','_-" r_-r -r'_-r'_-''_- r'-_--_ .... _-ra-._-r_-r--r_-r'_-.-,-r-,-_-- ",-_-, , _ r_ _ rn r.... , .... , .... _,: ,,_:,,:::,,:::,::::,,,::,,,:,,::,,,:,:,:::,, ,,,,,: SITE

0 -'-'*:-',-_-"'-:-:-_-"-;:-__:'-":-"-"-"-:-:--'," i-':- :::-: :::= ':-:::- :--:: =i-;?i-[_[ INDEX-,-¢--_-;--, .... ',-,-,-;--_--' ,---:-4-:--',-_-:-;-:-I--;-',-;-:-.-,-_-,--,--_-,_-, -_-_-r-,-"',',',',- ,','_',-" , .....i L J _. _ _ _- * i I I _1 a _. I..j 5.2 i L - l__j.__j. I i j.l.j..a_k J_l. .kJ.kJ. -I-L-I*1 - 1 I l I...,_J.I.J. J_LJ.L

.... _................ -_,.;_,..',_',_'_:_ .':_:_:_.:.','_'. _',:.',__ .:.:._:.:._.'_',.'.',.. _''_:.__ :_--_:.... :':"",- :-_-71- , , , , -7",'7_,, ......................................_ , , , I t i i , i , i , i , i 1 I , , i , i i i i , _ , i i i , , i | | , | , , | , , i , , , , , ! , , i f i , , !.___L.J.L__* J_L_'_ .,.__'_.I...I_'.J.U. _U.I_I._)_. _I.LJ.L -L-I-A.*...'-J-'-J- J-LJ._ _LJ.LJ. _'.L-'-._- .J.-'-J.'- .,.J_L3_ .J_LJ-L

"_..............,_ ,_ :_": :: ,_ ":',_i_ _1-r_"I-;_,-,"--'-:-:':''',_-71"'I",_I"_"','I-_I-"7,'-:-:..................,,,, ,,,, _'_';

0 _....--'....'.....-_"_'-_-*-_-'_-_-'_-""-'-'"....'.....-'_-....-'_"_".......! -i-;!-'i"::'i-i!-!'!i-[............ _! _.i- "-'-'--i-!-i-'--t-i-!-i- -!-!?'-!-i-!---!!-!-i- -i-!-i....... ..... - -,_ ", - r -,- _"" - 7 -,- T %- %- T -,- 3 .....

35 40 45 50 55 60 65

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 15._reen ash (Broadfoot 1969)Mississippi Valley alluvium_Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,

Tennessee

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Stem analysis, graphically constructed anamorphic curvesAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH -- 0.0)

b, b, b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximum .d

difference qH 1.6505 0.9096 -0.0644 125.7045 -0.8908 0.99 1.20 0.8Sl 0.5672 1.0990 -0.0482 -38.2659 -0.7549 0.99 1.25 0.8

3O

@ _ - --- -- - " " " - """_-_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiii_iiiiiii__"""BLACK WALNUT --:-_-:--:-r_ _ PLANTATIONS :):i:::i:_:i:_::!:!:_:J:::!:i:!:!::ii:i:[-_i: :i:i:i:i:__

:_:i:_fi:i:_:it_:!-_-_t:_:_:!:_:t:_-_:_:::_:_:ii::i-il-i:-!:!-i:i-== ===================8O

......,-<_I.........I.........1....................,.........._: ....:_ ......:.<_:_ ..............,.,.

::- I : :-, , ,,,+: : .....o .................... , ............. , ,_.....:::_:.:.:_:.:.:_:_:.:.:_:.:.:_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-i--i-!-!-t-i-!-!-!-[-i-!-!-!-q-!-!-!-i-t-!-!-_!-!-_--,_-'_.-.......'-_L!!!-!-.-i_ 600

'-'-'-"-":_-'-""_ ":-'-:-: "-_"_'-:-_-'_-'-'-'-:-"--_-'-'-i::__-;-'--'-'"-:-

m-:--:-_-'-I-:-'-_-_-_-:-'-,'--:--__- _ ,-:--:--' --'--'--'--,--.- ---,-:--'-,-'- , --:- -'-:---:---'-_-,'--:------'-- '-:-:-:-:-, ,'__-:: :-:-:-r J-:-,-r-:-_ I.,',[__':-:-_- -:-:-,-,- -:-r_-:-l_i-i-i-:-:-:-:-_-" _-:-:-:--_-:-:-:-.-;7:-7-7]-i;TII7;-,i...................._-7-I-_-I_.I17-7-'T;-I .............50-i-i-i-i-t_-i-i-i-[i-i-i/-_-i-'),?-i-_-i-i-i_--"--:--!_i--"!--"-_-i-__-i-i-i-!--,--,- - -.-, .... _ - -4V-I- ,- -r1,-'l- -r7,--,-1- -r_'_- -r',-',-_- ..'_-,-_-,-,-,--,-_-r-'-l-t---;-'i-i'-l'-I-_-,'r--"

-:-_'-'-'-_'-'-:-'4"/: "t- ')'[-i-i-/.--.'-_-/:-'-"-'- -'_.-_-'-:-'-:-_-:-..:-_-b '-..-_-.-'.--_-.'-.'.-'-I-_-:-'_-:-.0 -,--,-,-,--I--,--,-,-;--!-/-.;_-',--,-;-;-/-.i-;--:.--._-_.-;--:--:-.;.;,,_,--:-.;--;.-:-..:-;-_-:--/-,.-',-._-.i-;.---',--,'-;.-;--I-._-_-;--:-.

-,,-_-_-:-t_-_-:-,-I__ ___ _-:-,_-_-_,-,_:-_-:-_-:-:-,-_--_40

-,-..,-.,-,--,-.,-,-,----,--,.-,-- ,-yr-:..-:-.-;-:--:-._--;--:--:-._--;.-:-._-._-,-:--:-._-_.-;-:-._-._-_.--:--_-_--;--i--_-._-_--:-........................... :,-:-,_:_,,:......._"i--t-,"-!-!--!-!--i-!-:"-!-!,,-!-_!-!-!-!-'-;-!!r- i!-!-!-l-!-1!!-

I::= 30 '"'! '"'-i-_-!-'-" ! ! ! -_ i _i_.... _.... -..... ;-"-_-:- -;-_-:-_- -;-_'-_- -'-:-_-;- -"-'-'---'-'-'-'-,--'-'-'-'-,-'-'-'-'-

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_iii_iiiiiiiiiiiii_iiii?iiiii!iiiiiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiili[-.,20 30 40 50 60 70

TOTALaC_.(Y_.aRS)Figure 16.uBlack walnut plantations (Kellogg 1939b)

Central States188 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenDetermine total age from stumps or planting records (do notdamage trees by using an increment borer) (BH = 0.0)

bl b2 b_ b,l bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

O H 1.2898 0.9982 -0.0289 0.8546 0.0171 0.99 0.44 1.7SI 0.7875 0.9963 -0.0281 -0.7823 0.0353 0.99 0.49 2.1

31

50 ..................... -:--_-_---:--:--:--:-- 50

BlaCKw,I UT ........... GM --N PLANTATIONS "-_--' __-::- -'"-' """-"- -'"-'-"45 ..............-%- _ , t

.............,, . , , , , :.-,'--,'-- .-.,_-.:,, , , - -,--,--,- -,-,.,. _,.._ "', , ,,__,.,.,-r .....r-T _- _- -i--(- r- T- I-_" -C "r- r r -t- I-_

40 ..............................................,._., _-_ , , , , "_-_ , .... :--:----,"""_ 40,.,-,-_ -;--:--; _-,-,-_-. ,- _--,--,- -.--,--_- _-.. . . _- _- ._.-,- . _

.... :-'-.--:-_"T-:':--, , , : : : : '-,'--'--: "-",": .... "_-,-,-, -,--_-;- ,-._--,--,- -T-,--,-! r',-,-, "'-"'-"-'-- ;";"-'"

35 ......(_ .:_z. , ...... '--'--'- '-- -:--:--:--" ...., j , "-,--,-- T- T"

-r-i- -',--C-r'f- -,--r-r-r--:--Z .... " ......-_°

O ' -Z -" .J-

...... --:--:-::..__ :::::-,- ,-,--,- -,-,-,--,, 4 -:--i _-'-_-" -:--:--:-'

30 ...... 30.___:_., _,__._,._;_, ,,..,,._:.... ,,_.'.-'-_"..',.-'--',--"r'_'_'_- -,-'c'r-r" -c-r-r--r-_-_-'_- -,--r-- r- _- -r--_-r

_t_ ..... --'--_-; "-,'--'--,'- --, , , ' ' : :, , ,___ .:.__.__;. -_-,-_-,-.........E_ ::::::--- '-"":-- -;_"

25 ..................-' : ',: -_--,--,-- '-:--_-'- ' :-:--',--._._. _____. -_-_-_-_

Z , , , , , .,, .', , _,._:.._ ,

_........ --,--_-_-_ -_-r-4-..--,--.-'" -.-.-.--:-'-'-"

N 20 .............................. -'-"..----.--'- - 200 ;.,.,_,._ _____: _:,--,--:-. :i:-:-!:_--,---,-,-_--::-,--,- -,-:Z-_22- ........

;.;_;_-' , _:.___ -'--'-;-" .... -..... _-;-_-_ -.--,--,--,....'_-;-4-4

15 ....... "......:::;-;-_-,,-- ' -_-_-; __"-",-_---_ '--_-_ '-"""-._ _,_,.,.,.-_-'SITE-,'-__.....:-:-:- -'--'-:...... INDKX

_A :::;:_ :,,::,;:;_::,, ,_, -:--:--:--;- __-'-,- ' -:--',--_-;-_-4--',--:--:-_..-;-_--:-.._............. . ................. --,--_ .....

tO 1U .:-:....... :-:-:- ' ..... -'-_- -,--c "r'r-

-_-_-_ -,--_-_-r- -_--r-e-_ _- _--I- -_ '-_-_-_-_-

__.,__ -.-_-_-

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_,_____._. ___ .w.-_._ _, _ , ,-,--,--_-:-. -:-:-:--,-.'--:--'--" .,._,__.-. ,

.............................: ......:..:__!.....................:::.............0 -,--_-,-,:-:--_;:!:_:::::'___-'-"-:-"_;-_"- ....:__-_-_--,-,-'-:--_; :-" -;-;_-:

5 10 15 20 25

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 17.mBlack walnut plantations--shallow flood plains (Losche and

Schlesinger 1975)Southern Illinois

19 plots having 85 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, site index prediction equations based on linear

regressions using Hegar (1968) model. Site index is height at 25years total age (BH = 0.0)

Determine total age from stumps or planting records (do notdamage trees by using an increment borer)

b, b2 b3 b_ b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference i

H 1.6622 0.8860 -0.1113 66.8363 -1.0584 0.99 0.57 1.9SI 0.6204 1.0542 -0.0373 -1.9626 -0.3491 0.98 1.62 5.4

32

70 -i-_-_-'.-_.._..'._.;-_-_-..._:.'...._-_-;._._-.--!.-':--i.i..-_.i-_-_7:-:-_:_._:_-L::_{--i:i-i- -i-+-i--_--i-i-i-! -__ -r _- --,'-r-r-r-' -_-_--,--r- '-r'r-l'_ - --,--r-r-r" *_-_--,--,-- "r'T-_'_"

_ PLANTATIONS _---i-_,--_ ....i_- --_:-_--

.... ', " " I ] " J ', L '. i " J ', L L ', " J " L ', i i J " '<.',__..__J_.L.L...L_'_: '.. 6O::::::::::::::::::::::]::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::":': _::":::":',:!:!::::i::!:":i::[_ :-!-!-_--i-+-_"- _'- T-'_'-_ .... ,-'C'r-T" " "_- -'' -'_-/"'F'T-_-'_°"........ , ........ _ _ _ '. '. , ' '' ' , .... /. _ '. ! '.. _,,"T. '. ] ' _' I "

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,r ,. ,:::::r.:::_:',::: :::::::::,::_:__;::--'___::.-_, >_,-:::....-:-:-_,,_._.__'--' --i-i-i-i....i--i-i-i-t-!-i--i--_--i-i-i-i-"....!--,:---i-i--i-i-'--'-_-i-i--_:i::-i-_::.'-:.'-.:--:,--

50 "r'_':':....r-r-r-_-i-i--_--r-r--:T,]-_....i--r-r-r-:i:_:5__:/-i-]-:--F-r-i-i-:,,.;"-i--r-r-r--!-,--i-:,."-r i-i-:.-:O -;-',--:,-:,....,--,"--,'--;---:--:--,--,....,'--:--:--:....',--:-,'--:--:,--:,-,--',--,-,"-',-:-i--r--:--'-,....:,-:,::i::'::_: 50¢::1 ::i:i:i:-::::::::;:i:i:,:::-g:::::,r.:::i:i:i:.i:::::::,;:i:i:._.:._,___:,__:_._i::i_:..:..:..:i:.i_--:--._-_-_-.......... _........... 1............. ,.... • ................. A----i--I ........ t ............. A-! ...... • ....0 [ _ ', _ ', _ ', ', ] ', I _ '. ', ', t _ ', ', _ , _ ', ', _I i _ '_q, ,, , '¢i], _ ', '. _ ',_,,_, : _ ', _ _ , '. i--

-,-,-,-,-,--',--,-'.-,- -'-..4'--',--_--'.-'-'-.4-" ...... "-',. ..... 4- ' ---_- --',- '-'-.,-.4 ........ - ..... - .... ,- .........

[-i]y':{-[-:-l-]7-:--{-I[-i-]-7 .... ',-".Z[;[-;2'7_7_7,;]',_{:E]-]__-_.W__,___-'_,[:-7:7_::{]I:]Y::I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_:_:..P-i:_:_ :i:i_::!::':i:':./_::_:--!-_-!--::..:

<_ 40 __<_:_',_:....',_.________._',__:_.',...._.___._:_:.,,_i_,<..__.:__,,________:._i__,,..__,,__,,_.,,___i.40--:-/-'-:- _-'-'--'t--:-'-'- :-_-.._--_-'-'.- -= :--:-_.' .... "-'-'-

-;-'-'-"....:--'-;-:--_-'--:--_-.-'-:-"_-_/:-_;__-!-i-"....!-!-:-i_--i--:--i-i-_:_:-;-!-:--'---i-!-i-_] !

-;/--i--7-Li'..4---'i--;-'--,-,-,-,--',-,-,--,--,--'--'--'--'-- 30

-,-,-,,.,-,--,--,-,,'-,-,--,--,--,,"-,--,-"-' ,7:!-7:]::

Z_;4-4--!-_"-::-:, ....!--:--_-!-:-!-?-i?7-:-;-::-SITE_,.. --I- -,--',.... _--i.--,--I .... ,--,.--I--I-- --,--,--,--, .... ,'-r-',-',-"i::.":::::_.:::,.::r.:.c:::.-Z_i-_/_:::;.._,--i-.._'_-...._,.,_....--:--'-_--_.-._.,,.................................................... INDEX

Zi_ii ::: ....-...._....-,-,-_---,-----.........'......."-"......,..., ;:!:i:!:i::::!:_:i:i::,!:-i:-!:_:i:!__:-'<:-':-i-i.........................................................r._ , i I : i : I _ t , -I,-1--;--,,---,,.-;-.I-4---;--;--,,--,,.--I-.4--:--; .... ,,--,,.-.I-.I,-.

-r-,....---'"-'_-_';"__'""'':'"-':'-_-_-''_"-!--k'!-!"-!-4--i--!'--!-!-!'!-"-i-'k'!-!-"'-'--'--'"'-'-'-"'"•_,__:_.,,.... :..:.___,./__.:= .:_. ::!:!:!:_:. :::::,,-:[:[-: :]-_y:::-:-: ::::::::::: ::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.-i-!-4-'- --i--'-!-i....i-i-+-'-:,i-i-i-!- --i--,_-_-i- -i-+-i--'-.-i-i-!-4-1 i 1 i i i i i i 1 I i - i i i i i 1 I ' ,,i I I I '1 , i I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I l.............. _........ _-_ ........ ' ..................... I - ",- -',--',--' ......................... _-_'_'_

.__+____ .... _.____.,_ ,_.....,.-.-...-.-.-. .... ,.._._-_ .... _._.._____.._.,-+-_. ..,--_._._- -_._.-,--_- ._.+-_-_._

-r-T-_'_ .... i--r-r-r- -_-_--|--r- "-r-r-_-_- --i--r-r-r- '-_-_-_-'r" --r'r-1-_- --i--r-r-r- -_-'_--i--,-- -r-T-_-_''

_.l -!-!-!-"....;-',-!-!" -?-!-'!'!- -!-!--i--!....!'t'!-!-'5 10 15 20 25

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 18.--Black walnut plantations--deep flood plains (Losche and Schlesinger

1975)Southern Illinois26 plots having 108 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, site index predictionequations based on linear

regressions using Hegar (1968) model. Site index is height at25 years total age (BH = 0.0)

Determine total age from stumps or planting records (do not damagetrees by using an increment borer)

O b, b= b_ b, b_ R= SE Maximumdifference

H 2.2349 0.8420 -0.0808 15.0884 -0.6292 0.99 1.10 3.0Sl 0.1758 1.2568 -0.0124 -1.9426 -0.3231 0.98 1.91 5.8

33

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120 :_'?: ! _ _.............................................................."" "" "'"_:-'_-'"' ::__ . J___,_ .,__.,.__ a._.__ .__..__L.J. .j.__,__.___.l._.,. , _.l.j_ __L_.L.._.J.L.J-.__.L.I__..__,_J_..-I-J-U_-___j_ ._F.L._._......._...................f.......................:".....:_................ i................................100j_t..,_oc __,j._..__, _,_a._.,__ a._.,J__ .L,J_L_. ,J__.._.L.,. ______ a.,.a. J_L,J.t...L.__C . ,.,._..,.,L___ _.1._._-'.J ,J. J.t.,J_L,

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100 ................................................................. .,,._ _,.j_;_j. _J.L.J_ -L,J. . _,_LJ.. J-'-_-'-._ ''_r-t-J- --_---_--___ L _1_ L _. £ ___ ,I. ___ _,_ 1_ 4___ J.L., . ,J.I.J. L-'- Z___ 1._.,. .,_j i_j ; J_L. L -LJ J. J-L _.. j * j_, _,.J.l..J_

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eo 3o 4o 5o 6oTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 19._Sweetgum (Trenk 1929)MarylandNumberof plots and number of dominant trees notgivenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvertd.b.h, age to total age by addingyears accordingto

siteindex (BH = 0.0):SI: 40-55 56-75 76+Years: 5 4 3 (seedlings)

2 1 1 (sprouts)

1b, b_ b_ b,= b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.5932 1.0124 -0.0"122 0.6245 0.0130 0.99 0.75 3.3Sl 0.6092 0.9895 -0.0113 -0.6219 0.0078 0.99 1.12 5.5

34

150 120

@ 140 110

130 100

12090

11080

Z< 100

7090

0

80_._ SITE0 INDEXt--, 70

60

® = 50<

40OE_

3O

2O

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

BREASTHEIGHTACE(YEARS)Figure 20.--Sweetgum (Winters and Osbourne 1935)

Mississippi Valley alluvium plus a few locations on alluvialsoils of South Carolina, Alabama, and northern Florida

25 locations having 99 plots, number of dominant trees not given(BH = 4.5)

Total height and d.b.h, age, anamorphic, equation not given

b1 b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

O H 3.5384 0.7932 -0.0244 29.2355 -0.7291 0.99 1.46 5.2SI 0.0055 1.6414 -0.0026 -1.7678 -0.2712 0.99 1.86 8.8.........

35

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TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 21.mSweetgum (Broadfoot and Krinard 1959)Mississippi Valley alluviummLouisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,

TennesseeNumberof plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenStem analysis, graphically constructed anamorphic curvesAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH --.0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference 9

H 1.0902 1.0298 -0.0354 0.7011 0.1178 0.99 0.86 3.9SI 0.9550 0.9639 -0.0380 -0.6685 0.1478 0.99 0.99 5.1

36

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I

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t

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90TOTALAGEIYEARSI

Figure 22._Sweetgum (Lyle et a/. 1975)Alabama

50 stands each having two dominant trees

Stem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphic, site index isheight at 25 years total age

Add 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

,,,

i b_ b_ b_ b_ bs R _ SE Maximum

. difference

H 6.0673 0.6774 -0.0391 9.6135 -0.5504 0.99 2.15 6.7O I 0.2520 1ol879 -0.0276 -2.0900 -0.2154 0.97 2.61 8.0

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 23.--Yellow-poplar--Piedmont (Beck 1962)Piedmont of Carolinas and Virginia117 plots having 4 to 6 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b I b2 bs b4 bs R_ SE Maximum I[difference

H 1.1798 1.0000 -0.0339 0.8117 -0.0001 0.99 0.78 3.3SI 0.8323 1.0051 -0.0352 -0.9706 -0.0303 0.99 0.86 4.0

38

160@ 13o

150

o_ 140

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o 110o 90

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o 60 ---::_-- -....- _.... ........................... 50

_-_ =_._ _:::============================:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::F,_ ::::,:_::::,: _]_ .::-:_1!!:!,_:_.::::!:_:_::_-_,_,:]_::-,:::_-,,!,_.:_::!:::_:_:::-_:-,:::._::_::__:_}_-::_,,,,SITE

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O .......... [ .... i ............................. ii::Z]:'ZC'_:r-Z]:CZE:]-C :£:2D::C[:] :,-r_[]: :,:C[]'D-crz: :,:,-[r: 3-,:,:r: ]DICE r

.''.-'-]'t'_'._,-]--F:_.-'. - ",_;_,_.--:-._'._.--'.-._._:'-_-._._ "1-',-_:"-,'-1-,_,_"_.-b'.-F'_._.-l'._ :::,:C :::.:t::[:_:::-[:,_ :_-,-, C::]-':':::]

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 24._Yellow-poplar--Mountains (Beck 1962)Southern Appalachians of western North Carolina and northern

Georgia267 plots having 4 to 6 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height andtotal age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b, b_ b_ b_ b_ R= SE Maximum

differenceH 1.2673 1.0000 -0.0331 1.1149 0.0001 0.99 1.02 4.3SI 0.7609 1.0097 -0.0346 -1.4002 -0.0402 0.99 1.18 5.6

39

Figure 25:_Ye_low-poptar (ScNaegel, Kubw, and Baughrnan 1969)West Virginia Appalachians123 plots, number of dominant and codorninant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anarnorphic, logarffhrn equationAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH ,=0.0)

A

b_ b= b_ b, b_ R_ SE Maximum _)difference

H 1.2941 0.9892 -0.03 t 5 -1.0471 -0.0368 0,99 1.18 2.1Si 0.7459 t.0t84 -0.03t3 -1.2121 -0.0717 0.99 t.21 2.4

4O

, ,, I ' ' I T......I

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_ WATER TUPELO L:ii;i;;:il_;_;iF__ii::iii;::;i:i_........:_i_.--I;!i_i!iiliiii_iiilii!i_iiiiFi!ii

120-:_:-:_:-:-:_ ',-_ ,_:-i:_:-::;:-:i_:-:_:-:_x_:-_:

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........ I ............ i_,-, ......................... 4...... f .......................... ; ........ -t--_ L_ ..............

6O

o 60 -- .........................................................................................

40 uii:_i_/_i_'iii:i:.:i}tiiiiii;iii}iiiiii-ii;i-iiii]i}i-ii}i4iiii:i:-iiii-iii'-ii}iiiiii:i}ii}-!-iiiiii'iiiiii-'_-iiiii'-ii_iii}.:-:"F'_:-":-,_':' , :-"' "....... ' '" ' ' ' ' '-' t'" -' _ ': 'l '-' "'' _:" ']: '" '" ' :' '

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 26.--Water tupelo (Applequist 1959)

Lower coastal plain of southeastern Georgia17 plots having 6 to 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b, bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

l

H 1.2721 0.9995 -0.0256 0.7447 -0.0019 0.99 0.59 4.4SI 0.7505 1.0112 -0.0259 -0.9213 -0.0475 0.99 0.60 3.0

41

12O m

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+..++..... ,._....... _ _..,_,+._++,+._++.,.'.+'.+:>++'.+_:-_+:+',+'+::-:I_:+',+I:.:+":+::"+.!!i!:::::!+_i_+ ............ _-.......................+_::+_:++_::++:I::+:_::::F::_::_::::+:::.+.:+._ !+++!:__+_ _+:+:::_":++::+:+_:"+:"+++:_+":'__...+........ _ .................80

< lO0..........i-_.... .... .... ....... ..... ++,++,+! +._+:_.:.:._+_ +,:-:+:-:-:-,':-:":-_-:"+:--:+:-:-+-+:-:-:.:-:-:++:-:++-:+++!-:++,..... +.... +"' '-"_..................... i:_+'+ .... ..+....

+ ++++:......,Liii ,+_t:: !;_ll_+l+[+:+, I.,_+t_JX :t,+; t,,+.+l_u0 90+ ,.............., ,..................... _++i+[!i;ii:++_i+_!_+!iS_+i;:::!_!!+[+___70i'.-;_:.+_-.:_.',-. _:-F+.'+',-:-:,+-;-',"' F',,_. _ -,.+,-,"-'_,F:: _;-:,+.F,-:,'--:_.+_I-;'_,:

_+l'._-e-++ +.r,_--------_rr,.'-,._ ,.._+i+_,,_,_ri+r',++r+_ r,-+,++_[,_..i,r-,_++t-t-.i_,_,-,'; 1-,,-,-,.'t +'i "+ I:::.+I+!_.:++:+_++:+/::+:-:++/:-:_:-_:::-::++"+-:-:+:-:_+:+:_+.:-+:-i-:+:+:-+_ ........ .............

0 ......... .r++; ,, ! .... ,L .... ; ......... + .... +,, i _ ........ .........

80 ii!!i!_!_!!_i_._ _Z:-'.++.;'-_ ':,+,.,,.,..i._i _.,_+,I,,.,,,,..,.,,.,-,.,,.+-:..:+.:--:':-:'-:,+-:-:_-'-'+,-,+,,.:-_:-'-:':-:.i.++-:,!:_._::-:++i:_,_-:+:-:i_:-:.'_:-:_i_:_,',:_ ,,.,_.,,,.,__ il+._l,,+,-,,,-.,,,..,+,,+-.,,-,.-,-,.,,.,-,..... ,[:,!!}ii[5 ! +,=,.it i!+"'5i:,:.ili i i?r;Pr:t.'-',"+A_,-+,";i::;11tl-b_,_,tt-',_t,"ti'+,+Xlt,_:t7:t:-ilt ,"'.;___--L.=Z.LI="iLi._l_i:' tXit,":_t);11,'1"__

m .... ..................... ........[!i!i:i!7M, i:2iii!j,::i:_i _.:F!_i i_',:_+'_':i!.:_. f_it:,ii!:{i!i!i!!!:iiFt!_,,+',-',_:=_:=_ _'. ,+_,,_Z 70 ,-,_-,::::1++,.+_/,-..fj[i_:_:-I_:_._'-":+"'.::+:-'_+:_:-:_-:-:-:_:,_:-,+'_`;_'.'-'-___+..........+............'....'...., $ , " ..... /" , [ .... _; ' I I r + , , 1 • i " ltl ,ll,]+l,ll,it, i i+i_ T ,'iT.-,+t+,77T,+, ;,-,'_ ,-,"++T,-,7+_+7'_+ +,

.,++_.:!:,+',.++:_+'._.,+:_++...._....+:+,,...._ ......._.....-,.,f........_.......-,,t...._........17>-_',7 + ,T,-;tT+-,77,-+',TF'++-_,T, ", _7_'+' 7,'+5 ,-JS_+ +,"17 ," "++ T ,"+ ' 7¢',-,,T,-,_

iili111 .....................................+...._:, _.i:,,:il_i__i+=.i,:,:F.i!iiil_ii!

.......... ";:':+:__i: "'-'"+........ 1....-,.....+....... +.+....1....+-+...... _-.....,-+,-+....

_ ,,;,i+, '+'_L'+2LL Ji'+ .+_J'L'.'J %'2_-++2+-_-J+-L+_'Z;*. ' ++.'-'J''+'2L_-+++L+++I-'I +,,-' -_L'- +'_+-'2 +...'25'+--+-_+--'J_'

40 :-:_;_:;_+_.:-:.++:,.:t+i_:_:_ii:I!_+_-.._-_..,-,._,.t_,-,,++::::::::::::::::::::::::-_::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::,-,._. _,-,.f,-,..-- t_,-,.I,-,.,f.... J.r,,:=:f:::;::::+::::SiTE4"+'-'4:--i-;,'-:-'_'-",r-;','-F++:+X"F:": "H" :-:'_+:-,+H"",,;-, ,r, + :,-,; ,-,_r-,+,_-l+,_r'_r," r,'_ ,-,_r ,-,r_-,_', _r,-, i'_"

=:=-_.=_,.,_.....,.........+...._....,........._.........+........t.........,....:.........,....+....:_+.,.+:+,:.,.:,?.::INDEX

z'+=::::: .... t...... q......... +,-+..,++.... _........ , ........ +................ +....... ,-........ -'-"+I [:2; ::.,'::".::, _ t ,........ +.... +......... +.................................................... :'.'-:I.."tlt :'i .+.":i I ."t

_;::i;_::]_-_I:_:-[]+,F+l_;_-::;_:_t:-:::;::::_I:__;_:-+;_:_i_:-:_[:-:_':_;:-i_;_:-+_:_j_:-:_:-:_;f:_+_+_:j_:-,l:]:i__-i.!_:i:_::[!!!<_ :-:_"....- ...................... ......... ................ i,,-,,r,-,,,;........................................ [ ]'........... !.t_t .... [+"'l::],+',q......... t+"+.... _,.... t;_:,+: ,+X+,r,_+,:.:;::]::X-t:X_:x::r:_:_-:':,+.+-::;:]::x!

_1 ""++ ................ . ........ - ........... " ........ ,'_i.'I," 'it+;'+? .... ?,"i,'U'I+ 71".:71:+ i+,t? i?,',

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 27.--Swamp tupelo (Applequist 1959)Lower coastal plain of southeastern Georgia81 plots having 6 to 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH -- 0.0)

b, b2 ba b4 b5 I R2 SE Maximum

difference

LH 1.3213 0.9995 -0.0254 0.8549 -0.0016 0.99 0.59 2.4SI 0.7224 1.0117 -0.0259 -1.0375 -0.0428 0.99 0.61 3.0

42

180 1:80 110

J-_.L .JJ.*-L J .1 J.,.L LJ J-I- -LJJ-'-'L t J * ._. L'_

lift-? ,_,_,-,-,_,11- ,_;',_................. I-,/K:-,_ 1-',-:-_Jf,1-:-,_._,11-:-_f_,_4_,- ...... ; ..... I-._._-I-_-_,_

• , _L %

_l'rr_l_-_-cr _//-l-,-rT -rr "l-_-rr

C) ...... '-P ....

.............. ,-,- ,!'_:'1 _'_,:.-t!_-:-,-m___ ' 60

E" !_-::1_<: " _: -"'- -!:i:_ii_ ,-,-,-,-_:-,-,-,:-,',-r,_,-,F,_,,_--_-,r,',_;V,:,_60 :i:,:!:l:;;i-:- _,:i-i:_; :_,:fii:,::,:::::::F::::::_iii:,:F;;i:,::::i_:l:':::: SITE

lo 15 ao a5 so 35 40 45 5oTOTALaG_.(Y_aRS)

Figure28.---Cottonwood (Neebe and Boyce 1959)Southern Illinois bottomlands and a few uplands65 areas having 172 dominant andcodominant treesTotal height and total age, anamorphic, site index prediction

using straight line "curves," equation not givenSite index is total height at 25 yearstotal ageAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

dHference

O H 0.9813 -0.0675 1.5494 -0.0767 0.99Sl 0.6901 1.0316 -0.0655 -1.8288 o0.1226 0.99 1.05 3.3

43

"}.I, : : , .,-,_,. ,.. J-,-,-,. -"-

COTTONWOOD .............................140_...i :,:,: : [ _.3 :,- : C ] .:, :,- :,.- _..t j_ _,. L ._ J..,. L L .t . .'_ L _ a . -'.*- L .t .'-'. L L i "'*-''7 I ] :' --':" : 7"3--':'-" : [- '] :' :'- _-i" L _ J J-l- L L '_J " -'- L "L'J '

140 ........ ..........................................................,,_,__._,,_..,.,__,_.,._,.,..-_,_.-,-,.,,.-,-,.,,_.,-,-_,,._-,-,-_.:_,,,,-,-_ .,-,-,-_ _-,-,-,- ,_-,- :,j_,_:______:,::_:_:,:::_._._

_-,-,--r_n-,--rTn-,--rr_---,-r_n--,-,-r_--,'rr_',-,-r_'-,-,-cr'_',-,-r '_-,-" :_-,-,',- !]:"-[."_r-J-'-.r'_]-'-.-'-J-- '......

7--,1:30 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_._d_;:_ :=::;_ :__:::::::'::::__:_-::::__:;:::_;;:-'_1_0_,.,..,-,. _ ;q-:-7,_.,,_-:--rl_-:-,-r;;-_._-,-_,,:

_-_ ........................ __,,_ _.:.:_:,_i __:_:_,.__-_:.__-:-,-:- _;_-,-:-___.,_-,-,- _-,--_,_-,-; ..... -,-_-,--,-,-,_-_-_b-,-,-,- _1<-:-_:_i]:,:,- [i:,:,::CI]:,:.C[]:,::,:[i3::C':_'.:':C- ::,:,:"- ....... 3:,:,;_.--:,:,: :i:,:,:,:_-[]3:'::'-'i]:'::C[]]::'_

=================================::: : :::; , ...__ ,......_4 . _ _ " :_ ...... _ ........ ................. _: .... _ :

u 110 _:::::_r_-',:::rr-',_:::,::--r_--::_:'_,::',:':':_,_:',:::::.:_:,_:-,-_:-'-.-'_'-:-,-:-:-'-_,,,--__1O0..,i ...... 5̀ .`'<.'-`-_....... _ -'-.t-t-'::-.'-11-'.-,-.'-."I-I- _L

or] 1O0 -:-',-" ?-',-"r' "" ,'_

-_-,-,--_;-,-,-_;x,--,_- _ : ',:, __',.L_ ;,__,-_.:.:_Lt,'_L._:-.,.L:, ..... ,.:_.,_L,.,__.,_-._-_-,-_!_!:::::_:::_i:-i!_<,_ - :::'-_:

o 80 _iii::::)ili_::_:<_:_;_,__ ::::::-_:_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-'-_"_ :rr: . rr 1-',_ ,,:_i;,, '-_'-'- _;_-'--;;4-'--;;4"-._;;_J-'-_;_

O

!7_:_;_:;:_;:::::'::;:;¥_-''_'r''-_;;-. _i::_i:i_i _:::7i:i-::,':-i:i_::i :i_,:":7_:i_,:":i:i!i::i!iii_i':iii_ii;iii:i-Tiii: SITE

:',/_"_[]::::::_z-,-,-_ _:,:,:__:,:,:c:,_:,:,: ,_:,:: ............. i............ _-'-,_,_

:,,_:i:_:_:i::_!_:r_!_:/_:_!_.. ' -,.-,-,-,-,:_,_,_,.__,..:_,-,.,_:,<,......,...._.........,_....._-:--;;4-;--',_-" i-;-',4--' _;_--;-;;4 -',-_;;:-;-;-;;.':_-;-_;'_-;-;-;'44-,-_ ,_-,-_ ,_-,- ,,_-,- _,_-,- .... --_,_'-_'_

LJJ.*..L_J.,-_ _J -- _J--LL_J -*-L_J, _I.L_J. J._-L_ -'J-_ _J-'-- J-L -'-'. , J-_-- J .... _.....

< 40rl_-¢--t_1-¢- " v1"_--rfl_ -I-rr_l_'-rr 1 --rye' "',*r"l'T l-l-rr _'_-I°e ' _-¢-r 1 1-1-r 1+'1"1 I _ i _-I 1

rT_-¢" r T'_'I- rfl] -rrT'l -i-rF_ -I-(_T1 " "_'l-rT _-i-rr l---r l_-i-r_ l_-i-r "_-I- I''1 "l"l-'r'f _l-I''rTl_" -r_'1_'-*'rT

0 _::'::'--_-_::-_-_-_:--'-'--'-'-_-'-'""...... _ ....._J ....._i -'-'-_ ....._ j-'-'-_ _-'-_ fj_ .... :_---_---_-c_::__] j.__.LIJ_l. LL J--.LLJ3 .LL_ J--i-L i i. ; t i j t _.L J-I- L Jk -_- ijj "° "Ljj--_L_J-''L£JJ" *1.1, _ J LLJ"_-" J .... . " .. --7,, -,',,,'-,%,, _ • , ,t, • , , ...... ,, .... ' ' ' ' ' ' '_ .....

i_ JJ L_ J L£ J-J LLJJ Lk)-J i LL J i LLJ i ._.L J--LL J _l_l. _. J J_. J-I.L .1_ _1__ _l .... i_

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 29.--Cottonwood (Broadfoot 1960)

Mississippi Valley alluviummLouisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,Tennessee, Missouri, Kentucky

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Stem analysis, graphically constructed anamorphic curves, siteindex is height at 30 years total age

Add 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

bl b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 1.9426 0.8886 -0.0640 21.0753 -0.6786 0.99 0.90 3.4

SI 0.4754 1.1190 -0.0429 -5.6452 -0.4912 0.99 1.64 4.8

44

130 _:_:_:__.-_-_:_-_:_7 !:!_:;s !-i:!-:!-i:!:i:::i-!!i:!-:!:!!:!::!!-!_:_i:!_i_!-j_!:i;_:i-:-i:!:!!:E!-:77-_c' n,r,,r,c_,_n tin .:--:-_!_-_£L_: i_: :iii_;:;:i-i!:i-t-i:i:i:,::_._i-ii:i:

--:- %.,,%#.i. ,I. VI_I 111IVVI.,#-'.-,'--;-_--:--F_-;-.-:-'-;-'--_-'-:-;---i--,'-'<-'-',_ _-,--,-_-,'-;--;:,'-: 12O

;_-:--:-_-i:!-i-i--i-_-<:::-'-i-:--!--:-:--:-i--:--:!-'-'-:-_-:-'_-!-'-:-_-:-:-_-:-'-:-+_-'-'--:-'' i", ,-::->-'-,'-:-.

_;t,__q._i_;l.:.:.t___..,.___1_ti_r?:?t_,_:.t_;'t_-t_;_''-t'_1-:?'_ _ _I_ _ _ _ _ _ I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _

-',-F-',-_Tf.;.,.:.> ,.:.,__,_>.F-:.,'--;Zi-y'-_-'-,'--;-'-',-_-[-'-I--;-F--"-'-',--',-_-'-'---''''-_-_-;--;-'.

'I'I

•<-,'-<-,'-_ :-',-",----',--i---i-'-,_!_r--,'--i-f-i-_-;--'-;-'-,'---i--',-'-',--;-,'--'-:---'-'''_-'-"-'.--_-,-_ _---, _:_i!!---,-,--,-,-,--,-,-,-_--,-_,-_-_ -,-,-,-,--,-,-_,--,-_,-,-100::_-_--:-:--_-:-:--:-I+'-:-_-_-:--/....:--/....:-':w_,-'--:---_-',-._-.'-:---:-.-_-_-_-:-_--,'-__-_-:---_..::7::::::::::::::::::::::::::;zc_:;::_r-:::::_:_::;:::::;::::_-,-_c.-',:::i::--::::_:,::::7:::::_:::

-',-_-:-_i- -:-+7-_-_-_i_:!:::_:-!-:-_-:-_--.-:-"-_--'-:-_-:---:-_--_-......-,,-_-_-,,--,'-:---_.90-,- _,_ I-,-,-,-,-_-,.F,__/.,.,7_-_...y._-F-,-L2,__ -,-[Z- -_-,-_-,-_--_-c,-r--_2_.,___-,-_-,- -,-,-_--_-_,-,.

_-_.-, i-;-:-;-',- r;-v-',-4/-4 b/-7.-1-7_-- g--_-;-_-,-,--._ -,-'-',-4--.-..-.--._-_L= _-',- -',-4-bd-.7-b4-;.

-:-_-:.___.:.,,./I,./::_-_ zf !:_:_ :_:/__:_._:-_ __•.:. __. _:_,,_,._•_:_:__:_.:.:__:._-I--'-'-'-'-_- --_---•:n- ",'r -r-;-ih; . -c_lL:-_t - , '(it_-r'-_"<_-i'-,-_'_ ,-r-i-_':.e'*-,-'l-i-'l-"l-rl-r--r-l-r-.,L - -,-,-_l-,- -,-_-r-i---i-r-t-r- _ltO____

-"_""" '- ' '" __ &-Zf-;::::_:.:'- :,-. :_._3_: :_:_:_::'._::_: :',:::',:;::I:::'.:_ :',;_:_: :_:_:_:

z _iiii!_/..? _--'.-',-:-;-;-::-'-:-:i-'.;-'.:-'.:-::-'-:-'.-:-:-'-:-;-:-:-'-'-"-"-'_s,_• --I-L .... !-i-l-I-, --I. 2-1. 2- .J-i.,2.L.-L)- L.i- .I. _ -I. I--.2 .I-_-I. -'. 2.L__ .J-LJ.L._._ ._,,_:.____,,_;.,,.._:___:__.._.___._____:_-:-__:-_-._.:_,.:__:__._,..____-_.

__,_.: • /_, , ,<_L,.,_,.4 "_"-'-:" -'- ' '--'- "-;-_-;-,'-"-'-'- "-' .... --'-'-'-.-'-'--'-'---'-'-'-'- -'-'-'-'--'-'-'-'- ,-'-'-'-'---'-'-'-'-?o _,.. _. :_,_,,-_,,_::t_-_:._/¢:-/....-'"'-'--"'-""i"-_--_'-'-"-:-:-":"-:'-:::"":-_-:'iiii!i .i-'_,i_.i'!,_i-i:iiii_:i;:_;_:;::;::::i_i.i.i.:_L].L]_7._]__i_:7_:7......._:......._:...._:_,_..._,_,__,...-,-,.-',-;- - ,-', -: ,-',-'--i-" .,-;-I-:--_-;--',-.-',-_-:-_--;-',-_-',-:-',--;-',-4-4-:-4-_-4-_--:-;--',--',-_-',-;--_-',-4-,-.-',-4-_4---;-;--;-b-

:.:_:_/,:/,:/::_-__ii_::.:_:_::_:_:_:.:_:_:_:i:_:_i:,:_:f_:_:_,:_:_:.:_:_:_:_:,:_:_:_:_,:,:i:!_::_:_i_:@ o_ 60 `._.._./;__./.``_._`._._._.._..`.:.`.:._._._.:._._._._._._...._..._..._.i._.:._._..:._._._._.__- -,'-- -" -'- -,-:- -;-,---' -'-'.--' .... '--',-'--'..... '--,-'-. -..,.-,_,.: _,..,_,.-,.k._,_._.._.._,._,_ .,_._,..__..,._,.,_-_,.,_,__,..,_,_,_,;

::::-: _iE:/::/::!Z!:....... ,-_i......................' ....... :......_..................................".....t : ............. -, , ,-, ,-,..-,-,-,-,-',-;-i-,'-i- i-,"i-:.-;itG-I--t--t--i--,-:,-,"i-:-:-;i-,"i-:"...... , ,.. , _, _,.... __ _:.>4_:_ _>4_._,,.... :.,_:.,,._,__,...,.__:__,.,.:__:_:._._.:.,_:_, .:_,._:_f____:___:.... _,,__;. ",-:-,-:

_:71:7_WFi:_4!:_:!!:_;_:F1:7Y_::`:7_:_:_:_:i:7:i::`:.:7:F!:F_:_:7_:7_:71:_:!:!:!:!:_:7:_:_:7:':_:1:.:1::_:7_:!:

{:ii:i_:k:;:-i::i:;i:r;:ii:;t:;ii!_::_i:::i!::::::::7!i:ili_ii!}::i!::i!iiti!iTi!i,li!iii::lTii::i::ii,ii!i!!i!ii!ii--:-,--,-_ -.-:-.-'- -',-.-;_ ...... ,- -,--,:,-.: .-,:,-:;:,-: :,:',:_:',: :',:_:_-_::_:_:_: ::_::._: ::',:;:,:;::_;,:_::: ::_:7_:!_:_:_:_:!!:iI:._--;.::::l:.......I......I.................i........................,.........................................-;-,'---:--_-f-:-,_-:-t-'-'-'-J-l-_-,-_-- -:-'_L ....... '-'-'--]-_-'-_-'--'-'-'-'---'-'--'-'-.-'-'-'- ....... _-'- '--- '--'-" ...... -',,--,:L-,,,--,:,-:

o -_-,-,-,t_,!_!_l:,-,-,-,-f_-:-_-,--:--_-,....:-_-,-_-_-,-_-:--,,-_-:-_---,,-:-_-_-;.-_-:--:-,_--_--_-,,-.....:-,-,-.-:-.-:--:-;:,:7:,:_]:_:_:t:i:!:7_:,7:_:::F_:7:::::::: ;:::::::::::::::::::::: i::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::

20 30 40 50 60 ?0 ,80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 30.--Cottonwood (Brendemuehi 1965)

Iowa bottomlands

66 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b, b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

O H 1.2834 0.9571 -0.0680 100.0000 -0.9223 0.99 0.96 3.3SI 0.7688 1.0412 -0.0462 -14.4222 -0.6595 0.99 1.56 4.4

45

1O0 m

_.:............................................................... _...... 80r_ = QUAKING ASPEN :.!]h._i:4z_]:;_._:.-!-f-!-!-!-!-!-!-!-l-!-_:_:!

...... t:-.........t................t......................................r_ _-,-r-l-r--T-i-T-,-t t f {f';T-rl- 1-,-3-r -r-;-r-;- *,-r <-r -t-,-_-,- ' ....-1- "I -I- 3"2 ........... n-rn-r -rn-rn- -,-r-,- r-- _-,-)_ IZ-_-l-r 1- _-rn-r'

90 :i.ii:i_i_i_:i_i_;:_i:Ii_ii_ii_!i_I_:_:i_:_::I_:i_?:_::i:ii_i_:_i_ii__,:::i::i:_Ii:ii::v

O3

, :.,', , ,-,',- ",-,',-,- ,', ,', -, ,', ,- ",',-,-, -,-:t-,- -,-I--,-'I-bI-, _- ,fi',_-, - -,-f-'" i'I-,-I-: -,-1-b,-I _-, ,-,_

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -'zT:L!:_ ]:!]:!]t __:!:k

.LL_;_Lj_;_LI_LI.Li.LJ.LJ_L.J_L.I_L._.L#_:.L'.._.<__i.L,2t?_,_-L]_;__i-;.LJ.L]_L__ L_LL_L°,.i.i.:.;__.L;._J_L;.-...... L-',-_-',-_-;-:-;-:- -',-_-;-_-_-:-_-_-_4-'-,--',-'-:-;--' ,-;-',- _!:F_-;_-,'-- _4-;-',-[-:-;-:-;-I-' ' -:-_-_- 4-_-;; : ; : :: : : : : i : : : ; : : : '2 '-'-'- ,-,,:7 ,-,,-, -, ,, ,,- ,-,-, ,-60 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 50

_._ -:-b-',-'--,:-:-;-:- -:--_-:-4- 4-:-4 -" ,-:--:- SC--',<-..._-',-'-', - _-_-',-'-L'-',-'-' -k'-b-',-i-',-'-:-'-i-' q-k<-,'-,,,, :_....I....!_"_ ...................._. .........

-',-:--,'- ',-4- ; -',-'/,- ,/<- "_- 4-"--;- ',-.,.f-:-I - ;-.2"/-,'--:- -!-._--:--'--'-'__4c'--'-'--'-.-'-/,--:-_-:- _- -:-b "- :--:- ;-

.... : " ".... ".......... ".... _ .....t:!_:...... ' "i .... _'_-_:-,;_-i[_ _i[_i_:!:::!::i:_:_!_ _i _i_!ii]::: i:!!:i:!ii_i_]7_![_i_i iii{iii_iti_i!i_i_i7.'7i[_i_i[_i[ SITE

_-i__:-!"'--:-''-i-_ :_:__-_ !_ :'_::_-_-i-]-__--::-i--ii_il_._:-i_i-i!i:INDEXo ,,,,,,,,,,,__/._:./_:ix:____i_:_i_I_:_._._`_._._:*..:_,.:._._.._:_...._`._i:_::_:_I",_'I-i-';",-,"," ','i-' ,"I'_',', " -,"I",_I - "i':-',-t -;-',-t-',-i-',-1-:-i-'l-,_l-, _ -,_I-,_'I," "',-t",'t'l-t-','1-:- ":-I-,"I- l-,_1-t

<_ 20 _i]i_[_l___.I:;71-:::iI-:::;::I:i:;i:;:ii:ii:_i:;::i:i::;::::i::i::i:ii:;iiiiiilliiiiii::::::::::::::::::::::ii!i!i!!i!!}!il_::i:;i:i:);:;:_i_ " "

o i;7_;7-?i!;!!J!?!1!71!1!71!7!71771;.... ;i;!i;!:i!i;!!;!!!!!!7ti71;!!!:i!!:;!;;!:i7;7;7471!1!!1!7_0 30 40 50 60 ?o 8o

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 31.----Quakingaspen (Gevorkiantz 1956a, from Kittredge and

Gevorkiantz 1929)Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R_ SE Maximum

differenceH 1.4475 1.0098 -0.0200 0.8489 0.0146 0.99 0.15 0.4SI 0.6755 1.0000 -0.0213 -0,9367 -0.0002 0.99 0.04 0.1

46

Figure 32.--Bigtooth and quaking aspens (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan13 plots having 42 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b_ b4 b5 R2 SE Maximum

O differenceH 5.2188 0.6855 -0.0301 50.0071 -0.8695 0.99 1.58 4.5SI 0.0612 1.4390 -0.0050 -3.9080 -0.4350 0.99 1.90 10.4

47

9iii!_ ....

90120

O3110 80

<Z

100?0

0900

60,_ 80

Z; ?0 50ZI,,.,..i

60O q

go sn'_.O INDEX

40

O30

20<

O

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 33.---Quaking aspen (Oeschamps 1989)

North central Ontario99 plots having 3 dominant and codominant trees per plotStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicSite index is total height at 50 years breast height age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE Maximumdifference I

H 2.1567 0.9374 -0.0155 2.4997 -0.2338 0.98 0.51 0.3SI 0.2356 1.1332 -0.0082 -1.0342 -1.0772 0.99 1.01 2.7

48

@

f j l ! _ i ...-._ -r180I _. , ..... _ , ....--,'"___----_-I

u.I 90 r'-...........:- _:--:-:::-:T-;--:-----:--:---+.....:--:--T-:......:-;-:-:_-:-_-:-;--:-:--:,---__..-"'-......:-............._-.;.-,,n"_-;.....;;-:-.---HI.;I. ' ' ,i......... li........ _--T,j....._ ,.,'**• _.i........ ....'"*'*......_"_"....- ..I..,""""_ ""-7".-_,:I...-_.170• I .... I .......... '_ _,_" "" ' I .... ._ _ _" .........r- BLACKCHERRY ....,....,;,r.........-.--........

--- • _.... !;. . i;::i:;_:;,,'_-v,...-;"r:;._,.:..--"-!I...... _ ............ I...... t I" ..... .," " i ''_".....I " "" _...... '80 .........._ ........:......._ __-" __..----.:, -_...-,.--_60........-V..................._...................-,., .....................--.7---............. •.........!........._........,,! . . I.'.._ -.I.... ,.._.,.-'.7"--....._... ......

....... I....... !........ I ' . ._...... I_,._*.... ! :.._....,.,*

•: - .;:;.;.......i " _ ' I • ! " I ',I

:::::::::::::::::::: I ---::I........._io _......_ - ; -:: 40............. i .....

60 i ..... . .....I- _ ,l .............. t

i I

....... i ....... I "II ...... _ .... i. 01 'I"I"

z 50 ............. _.....*..........'_JII L-

.............. T .............. I ,

"= ....... ....I.... INDEX.................... I ....... ' .......... i ............. I

I ....... " .......... I ....... "

_ I......:::::::::::::::::::::::::40 ................. _..................._..........

'._::.::::;:::.:::.I".......I .......t .......I_..........._........'.......i ::;-::I

30 ................ _- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;i:i;.:.;i_;..........;-I....i-- _ ,.

I,,l,,I .......... *................. _...................... i ..... -........ _ - --_......: .......I .... I. • _ _. .I........_ ..... !....... _....... _ ........!........ I....... i ...... _ ...... i.

............._...........i............_........._..........._...........i....... _........_..........i.I

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;;.:I;::::-]: .;..l::::::::I.I........ I........................................... t................. :..........]....... _ ........... _...... I.............. _ . ! ' ' _ .......I-I• i ' I .... _ - _ .... _ .... I , . _.... _ ..... _._

I-,,,,

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTALAGEIYEARS)

Figure 34.--Black cherry (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan ,42 plots having 126 dominant and codominant trees

Stem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

I b, b2 b3 b, bs R 2 SE Maximum_ I difference

H ! 5.1493 0.6948 -0.0248 20.9210 -0.7143 0.99 1.55 5.4SI J 0.1073 1.3455 -0.0070 -3.3034 -0.3899 0.99 1.77 9.1

49

14o ....................... , t""'7-;"

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0 1O0 _``_:_`_``_._``*._`_``_._`_.:_`_;+`_`_.`_`._``_:_``_:_`_``._._._+_.__.>....-;':-;4--;;4-; 4-;;4- 44-;; -;4.-;-; 4-;;4- ;4-;;.-t4;-4-; -;-;_'-;--;:,-;-,;" -; :-"- ":-':_-,-,-_-I-_,-,-_t-,-_,-,-_,-,-,,$,,-,-_1-,-_,-,-_,-,-_,-,._,-,.,-,-z,-,-:;_,-;,-_i__:_ __-_:_ ]_i-_:ki:_-,_-,-_-,-_,-,-:_-,-_-,-_,-,-_,-,-;,-,-_,-,-,,-,-,-,-,-....-_-,-,-_-,--,-,-.... -,-,-,- _, ,-,_::':i:_ %4,:.!_:t-',:,::O 90 _-"_'--':'"-:'-_'"'-'-_-:'-":-'-_-"'"";"'-;"-'-"'_":___"":_-"- '-......,_t.......1........_......].......t...............,......._,_,_..._.,:_..,.._,__:_-,-,-_ 60::-:::1--,_11-,_ =:.:L.1_-r_i-r1-_-..,-1_-.,-_-,.-_t-i.-_-,-,.,.... _,_,.,_,_,-.,__:_,-

_--,'-I-]-, _ -:-,_I-1- ;-:-,_I -,_I-:-,"," -I-_;-L-" -f-:-_,"I-:-,'-,",-,'-._.-'R4-,'-;-

< 7o ...............f_-,: r _-l.-..r7-!-,- 1-,- r _-,-F _-,- r _,_-y_ -,. ,-. :_ ",j.,

......_,.......,........_,,:.....,,__ ............-I.,............._!._:_!!-_,.:,40

-;:_v-_,z'-:-_, ,-/-',-:_,-_-_-,,,, _:-_,-',- ->_,,-,-,, ,:.,. .... ._.... _ .... _.... F....C,:C:,/'_,::]-_,:]:-_.i'-l: _ "_,..2:,: -;--_i::Ci:,:, ,2_,-_.:,. ,.,.,..._ .,...__,.,- .,.,.l.,. .__,.,_._.

! ....,....:....................,..................................0 Z-.__ :!_i__ _¢i_:.i.:i.i_i_t_ii!iif :_F.iii_!i!l!i!!_if!!:i_i SITE,;; ,; _/:;; ;:-_ :_ :,:.... ,"::_;::;:-:'::":_;_:;-_:_;:_-_:_-;:_;_:;-_:;-.:INDEX

'" "" :i:,,,..'r-:-_-:-,--,-,':,-:-74-:-,':,-,-, <-,--I- -,':-_-,-,- -,-,-.,-:--_-,-,-.,-,-.,-:-,--,-,--,-,-.,-,-,-,-,-_,-,'---_:::}-_:;:::-__:::_:::,':_:':':_:'_____i :::;:-_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_,:::_j::,_,:;:_ -',,_-_/-_._-_,._'--_-_- ..... ,.,. _ .... _ ........... _ ........ , ._,_,._ ............ _,.._.,__ ___ ...........

_-,:2::i77 i7i?i7_iTi-_iii7,i7i-!7i?i7iiiTi_!iiTiii:.7_i_i77,i7i_ii_iT.i-7.i?i7__i7i7,i;::_;:/_ i lilll - I i i i i 1 i i i i i i i i t i i i i i _ - i i t i "_'_'_T- Ir i i i i i i i i i i i t i t i i i ¢ i i i ] i

0 :,;c.::,:__:,:,:__J:c-_,:,:cJ:,:_.._:,:[ :,:,:c._J:c_:,:__J:,:c__:,:L_:,:c:,::c: :,:ci :,:c._:,:t__:,:c__:,:_:,:ct :,:_.:,:,:E._:,:c_:;:,:,:._::c_:,:; ,.1:_J:',:':J:',:_:_;:',:_: :::_i:',: ',_:_,.,_:_i:::,":',:_J_:i:',:_i :_',_:_ _:_',:',:',_:_i::_',_:_ _:,";_::J_:_i:

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 35._Black cherry (Auchmoody and Rexrode 1984)

Northwestern Pennsylvania Allegheny Plateau6 stands having 39 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, site index prediction equations based on second

degree quadratic regressionsAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference ¢

H 7.1846 0.6781 -0.0222 13.9186 -0.5268 0.99 1.54 4.4SI 0.0063 1.6337 -0.0010 -2.4168 -0.2635 0.99 2.39 6.9

,,

5O

.... .... i :

......_. ......:_.:: :-: ........ : ; • :

' i

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGEIYEARS!

Figure 36.--Upland oaks (Schnur 1937)

Michigan south to Georgia, Missouri east to Pennsylvania andMaryland

404 plots, combined data for white, black, scarlet, chestnut, and redoaks; number of dominant and codominant trees not given

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

bl b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 2.1037 0.9140 -0.0275 3.7962 -0.2530 0.99 1.67 6.6Si 0.1890 1.2031 -0.0081 -2.1975 -0.2582 0.98 2.23 4.9

®51

G._. 140 _!T!!._:_:!!i_t!_:!l:._._:i:_:!_:_!!!!:i!i_-i_:i-_!!ii!!i_!_!-_iiii_,!II_-!_III!!II_-!:!_!_I_!!!II_

'-_"_-_ "J--_'_-'_........... '' _''' . '_ .__.'.,-,._._'_ _ _ _. •. w _._?_-,-_" _ W. • ? _ _ -_-_ -_,-L_*+ +.| _ .,.___._.L_ _,, _ _._._.

v _ _ *_ _ _-_._-_--,-,-,-r-rrr,r "_'_'_-_.... ,'rF'rrr_ _'_-,-,-,-r rrr/._[_ ..... r_.__'f_rr _-_-,-_rl'rrr_'_

_- " " -__ ..... -_-'--'- • F r-T "_........... r r rl '_n-,-, .... _- - !" t" r r T ' "i '1 "_r" -,'_-F," :'4" _ r T ' "T "1"i "i_'_"T"_ F_- I' C l" r T / '1 "l J.'_ _.-A,,"_-Z_'T- L L L '- 33 - J.

-rr_r_r .1-_-1.-3-_-i-,-i-r-rrvT l'_-,---,--r" 'rrrlr "_ n-_ , _ -rr )1 "1 ,-,-,-r" "_'_ * , _ ' _ _ "_

zzz;" ;_:,:,:,:,:c,_z, _.): ........ ,-_'"/II/I--_-'.-.t ,'__'* _.._._.I..... -J_,,-_' "_.d.;.."_Y.'.".',_._._f .11_.I.'.-:-:".-.':_

-_;--,_-,---;,_'_,_'-,-,,-","-": X:._,'2;T,"'-"__,._ _ ,, ,.._ ,,, _. ,. .. ,._, __._,..:_m,]]];-,_-..._.,__.,C:[_i]_,--,.._....... Z,C[[[,]:];',",",-',",-,___---_ 70

"Z[';-'3 ....... 1::_:, -333"--,__G_:IZy ];_'3:'___p-_::..;Kz; i]_j<.:,:,:,:c Z[E,,_]3:::,:,:C:,-_*._J_._J-.'_':EL'-.L_*,'_-_'_-

t:113

I_ _ -,-,-c,-Prrr T' _'lh'J_ _: "_'1"1"1"

......' ==========================================50' ' "442-:-:-:.-;'? ; ; ' '._44- -'-'--;I.; ;LLI_;-,-r_ ;, ; 1?_4J''=

-,-(-rr __ 'rrrr _'_n" Z "1"qrr r )]__._,'_--'_-'-'_-L-[Err[ [.I"I_

OU

r,_ !:: _/:; _-,-::_.:_..:t:-_._......;;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-_-_-- ::_-,.-,-,-,-,-::::: :_:0--,..... c:::::_::::::::......................... <

ii:i:iiii:_--"!_%_'---"-;-_;"":_:;;';-_;_'-;;; _;_'....-'-""'-'::::::::::::::::::::::::::...._]13 _, _._ _,_.,.L_.,._,_., ..... _-,-.,-,-_, _-_--'-'-_-'-F _ ......

= 20 i}ii .....................:.... .... ....,...:............... snz..........,_///::v_-:__..........................................................................................: : INDEX

-,-,',', ........... ,_-,-,-,',- CZ:: :]3D .... ,-; "EZ[: ']]]3: :,:::,:I:Z[[i ']]DD::,:,:C,_.LL_ _J_:_[_,:: ._.._'_ :_:I:C : [ .[.,T.,:: "J,.._._:l ....... LLLI. JJJ ............ I-*-L "_.LL; JJJJ L _.LL_L !JJJJ .... LL .LLL_..._JJJ

:;;;;. _44_-;-;-;-_-_;, -;444.... ;4-.;-;-;.;. 4444--;-;-;-;--_ _4_-,--,-,-,-,:-,-,,, _',',--,-,-,-,-',,,, -,-,-,-,--,-,-,-,- r,,, _.,-_,-,"rrr'r" "_'l"l-_'_-,-_',-r'rrt "r 11nn-',-,'cr -rrrT' 1"1'1-_ ....... rrrv :111'3--_-i-ci- -rrrr "_1"11" -,-,-or "rrrt l l_'_--_-,-rr rrrT r11"1"1"ZZ::' ]]]D::,:,:CC "Z:i: ]]35::,:,:CC :EZ[i: 515:,::,:,:CC "[[[i [:]]]::,:,:CC ZZ[: :]]]: :,:,:,:C :CZ:i ]]3:,::,:CCC £[[i ::.331,

E-,10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 37.--Upland oaks (Olson 1959)

Virginia-Carolina Piedmont and northern Appalachian Mountains269 plots in Piedmont, 428 plots in Appalachians, combined data for

white, northern red, southern red, scarlet, black, and chestnutoaks; number of dominant and codominant trees not given

Total height and total age, logarithm equation, anamorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_ bs b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.2866 0.9962 -0.0355 1.4485 -0.0316 0.99 1.22 3.0SI 0.7709 1.0063 -0.0356 -1.5038 -0.0419 0.99 1.29 4.4

52

®

120 _!_;_:L_!!_;_!!!;;:_:_I.,.:::_,:::i.:_::i.,_:!;i;_i!_:_i!_::i>i!_hi:i!!!:i:;!!!_:L!!!,_:_!!!!li___ NORTHERN PE n n^v _'_::-:"h:_'i_):i:":_'_:_:::'_:_:-__:::+":_'_'r':L80

"r r'_-)-cr !l-)--r _'_*'r t'_'_-,- r*r'_-,- "r_'1-,- rT'_'_" rrT'_ -t'r*')"

_ AND BLACK OAK , ;_;,_:;; ...................................

_ 1O0 70:ii!::fiiii:fiiii:Iiiii:i:i:iii!_:iiit::!!iti:iiiti::iiiii:_:_,_._ :_i_:_

-- :_-,_"'__ :_'7,,-] ;_,1_-_,',':_,'t:,*:IT,';;_, "

70 ................................_{_:i:J:v_!_:!:__!!:i:t'_i:i:i:_!!:i:i::;!!i:_-',-: _ .... <_:i:i:!"-:-,.;:-:-:-;;-:5 '':-:--r_:-:-7;:-:-77;:(-7;4.

:_ 60 r r I -...._ '® o1_ .;JJ,L ilJ,:, t_J_:_ LI_.:_L:.,._, '_:.:__:::, ,._.:_:_,,..:_:.,__ .:.... _-._:_:_...,.:::: _,.:_:_:.:, _,..:_ ..:_ _:__,,_:.,..__,, _:__._.

7+:!_?i!!I_?I!! ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::40 ................................................................................,,.,., i , , ( _ ) _) ) , /i ; , , , ) , ,._))_) ,)), _l'i ,_ )(_ )_) ) ) ) , , ), ) ) _ ( ) _ , , , , , ) ) ,, , ( , , _ )'t'l-I'l- rT'_i=, " r - _i_¢_,"_ ,'F- G-)'F7 - %'l-T';'_','Ui;ll (I ")-_')"Fi "_-,%'F "i%-l-F i-i',-," T";-i-)" Ti-,'," "FT_-,- ;T';-_" )"TT"l -,=FT"I"

, ,, ,,t:]7_FH:-:;F,_",_!:FF_II:F.:F!I=,:FF.!7:FTtT_:FFl_Ti:i:fi77:!:_:r;Ti:F_;i:.:l:_i;it:FFi!:/'-_i"...._ ......; ......._'......l .......<_..............l ....,,_l..,....._......-.,-,...._......._.... _....... INDK

_gkJ ....l....'......"'_........t....t....t............f....f....f........f....f....t...._=_ '_J.;.;__L1J_',.'r,',it,._ LL; J__,'.',1j 4_;.L[; __;_;_[ ,[4_;.;_L;.l J-;-;-:-' J.:_LL JJ_;.L_] J.;.Ll ;J_;_;._;._J_;_:.;.; J.;_).L; JJ4-;-',;J 4-;-;-:-J

- e. r .,..) .I -,=. r .,.._.

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 i00

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 38.--Northern red oak and black oak (Graney and Bower 1971 )

Boston Mountains of Arkansas

Number of plots not given, 142 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, polynomial equation, anamorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

O b_ b= b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 0.4737 1.2905 -0.0236 0.0979 0.6121 0.99 2.01 10.3SI 1.6229 0.8134 -0.0439 -0.1886 0.6157 0.99 1.46 6.5

5_

m.......1.......i........_......_.......1.......L......_--,_-_l-,-_,_-,,-,-_,_-_,_-+I_-_,-,-,_-_,.-_,-,-__-_!_-_

[.v.] .!_ J._, ,..,,,.,,+r_+._,.LL__ t "-:-:-t-:-"_-:-•_':-:-_-I-"+,'_:-t-',-:-"-:--_-:-"__:_.,,_ =;-H-:-t"_'-)-e:.[:AND WHITE OAKS ]_it_i!_._!_:iit_i_ii_._::_:-_di:i____iu_ 90

::r:i_ii1:-i':Fl!i!_;!l_;Ii1".................._::_,:_:,:,_:_:-_---:-,_-+,-.-,---,-,:+70,,, ',I-,_ -I,-,_t i - : -::->t"-r:+,-,+ +,,+>'rt1,"t!-:!!-! !-:-! t:_-! !-:-I !-:-! _1-"_-:-:t -:-:" -: t "-:-" "1-:-"-:-:-t -:-:-"-:-•+-:-"-t-" -'-_ ..........

i::iiii::liiiiiiti::ii::i::fii!iitiiii::ili::iii::fii::ii2..iiO

--:-,-: .....................+n 50 :!:i:!!::!!-_:!--:!!:i:!-::!!_:!]_""-':"-"--:/+::::i:::__.,+._.__+.___::_-_'-''-_'"-'__'_:,:+_::__::.)-_:_:_+_:+_:"+40

:!::,:::!:t:_:i:!_:!:!_:i:!_:!_:_d_ ' " -:',-.-:'_-'i-i-:-:'-:-+-:-:-.......-:-:-." : ._-:--."+''_-i-i-i-i----i-i-i-'i-i-i-i.... "I,-_-"/I-_,I .... -" +,jff?-,t i-,+ t I,-_-t I-.++,_.-,'-t -I-,'- I-,_ t I-. t I-, `-t

_o 40 :_:::!!:-!_-:-!_-:-_-:-.]_-,z'__:,:':x-'.__.+._,__,,__,+.:_.Z!!-_)+!:i:_-::_:i:___:!:!t_:,_!:!::!_:!!_:,_!:i:,__:_:i:f!_:,_:SITE1-r'_+", -,+:1-,+t1-rtl-.", ,-, _-, ,- _,_

.... ........................................' !:i:!!::!!:_:!:: _" '-' _:'::--1-t-,+1-,-r1"1.-,_ , . , _ .... : .................................

o _:-:-,_--:::-:,.+.,-:: ,--_:_-i!':i_1::!i_':i._!iii!i_!!i!.iiii!i.!::ii_!ii::i!!!iii!!!iiii-.!i!il= i::i_ii::1::!!_::!__ _ _:-f+-,-,-+t-_+-:-:-t-,-:-_-:-!!_!!!i_!_i_i!i!_ii!!_iiii_!!ii!1111i!!i!_!+-,-+t-:-+-:-,-t-,-:-,-=-+-:--+--:-+-,-:--,-+-:-f+-:-:-+k,--I !,-:-_--_,-,-_ -' _; ,-

_- L._ew._- #L_._-L J..L-J-_.L -_-L _- . I. /.+.L2..L I -_-L 2-L.Id.I. J--+-L).--L I._.L, J-L._. _- .._J-L_* .I.I.+_L d. LIJ. ._.I_LJ,,

= _-:-':"-_+-"-:-i__-:-_-++-:+-:-_+-:-f+-:-ilt-_-:-_-:-_+-:-+-:-)i_-:-_-:--:-+-:-+-:-:-+-"-+-:--:-_+-:-fi--_10 ++: i-i-ii-i-ii-i-i-,-_:-_-:-_--:-_".--'-:-:--:" :-',-:--:+'--:--_-:--'-:-.+-:-:-"+-'-:-,'-+-:-:-'-',-.+-:--'-',-:-+-:-:--:-:-'-:-_+--:-_1-i-rl-*r_-i-r _-rl-i--1-_-r_" -rl"_+r -_-rY'l- 1-_-rl--r T-_-r' -1-r 1_- "l_-rT--r1_-r' _-F1-1- "1_-rl -_-r _-rT_- Y-_-_T'

E_ +,-:-,_+,-,-,_,-:-,_,-:-,_,-:-,-_,-:-,_+,.-,_;-:---+-i+-+-i+-+-+-+4_+-+-ii-i-i-i-+-+-+-+-++-i-+-+-+-i-_-i+-?+-_-+-+-_+-+-+--+-+-+-+-_+-_-+-+r T "+" I -i" r _ " "r _ -i" r ' -i" ¢ _ -+" "T -+- r _ "- r _ "l - +"' -_- ¢ _ "_- ' I "_" i" T "r T "_" +" -+- r _ "+" t "l - +" _ '

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 39.--Black, scarlet, and white oaks (McQuilkin 1974, 1978)

Missouri Ozarks---Clark and Mark Twain National ForestsNumberof plots not given; combined data for 399 black oak, 276

white oak, and 66 scarlet oak dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, anamorphic, site index prediction equations usingHegar (1968) model, separate equationsfor black and scarlet oak,

andfor white oak (McQuilkin 1974)

Add 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0) t_

b_ b= b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 4.9676 -0.7459 -0.0154 7.3640 -0.5144 0.99 1.92 3.5SI 0.0064 1.6595 -0.0003 -1.8660 -0.2916 0.99 1.82 2.7

54

®

, i ....

130 WHITEOAK; :;;* _*_...... ; j 80t : /

L,, i"

120 r

/

_ 100

E 90 : :: :' 60

80

70 r ' ..... 5 O,_C ....j .... IL ...__.,.

O ...,, , {....z 601

• } , ,

50 ..... 40I-.., ,

t._ __ t Ia.u 40 _ _

-., SITE_'- 30 INDEXIn" I ..... :

i ,i_ttl, 120 _i;i _,_

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGElYEARSI

Figure 40.--White oak (Graney and Bower 1971)Boston Mountains of ArkansasNumber of plots not given, 136 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, polynomial equation, anamorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

O b_ b2 b3 b4 bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 0.5605 1.3105 -0.0145 0.1779 0.4323 0.99 1.17 6.2SI 1.4040 0.8163 -O.0314 -0.3078 0.4260 0.99 0.98 3.4

A

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10 gO 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 41._White oak (Carmean 1971, 1972)

Unglaciated uplands of southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southern Missouri

41 plots having 112 dominant and codominanttreesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age(BH = 0.0)

i b_ b_ b_ b, b_ R_ SE Maximum

difference 4H 4.5598 0.8136 -0.0132 2.2410 -0.1880 0.99 2.69 (1)Sl 0.3387 1.0135 -0.0076 -0.9644 -0.0176 0.99 2.90 (1) ....

(1) Value not calculated because model was fitted to original data rather than to site index curves.

56

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eo 3o 4o 5o 6o 8o 9o

Figure 42.--Scarlet oak (Carmean 1971, 1972)Unglaciated uplands of southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,

southern Illinois, and southern Missouri.25 plots having 88 dominant and codominant trees

Stem analysis, nonlinear regression, _:_lymorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

O b_ b_ b3 b4 bs R _ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.6763 0.9837 -0.0220 0.9949 0.0240 0.99 2.77 (1)

SI 0.7423 0.9677 -0.0223 -1.0260 -0.0137 0.99 5.29 (1) . __(1) Value not calculated because model was fitted to original data rather than to site index curves.

57

130 @r__ _ CHERRYBARK OAK 120

120

Z"":: 100

o 100 .................

oo 90

90

8080

z

70 70

0 60 ,__::_::::::::_ SITE

o 50

40 ....

_0 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

AC (Y A S)Figure 43.--Cherrybark oak (Broadfoot t961 )

Mississippi Valley alluvium--Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,Tennessee

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Stem analysis, graphk_ally constructed anamorphic curvesAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain tolat age (BH = 0,0)

-I •b_ b_ b 3 b,_ b_ R 2 SE Maximumdifference

H i 1.0945 0.9938 -0.0755 2.5601 0.0i 14 0.99 1.03 4.2SI | 0.9452 0.9987 -0.0762 -1.8868 0.0861 0.99 1.37 5.7

58

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30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

TOTALAG (Y ARS)Figure 44.--Water oak (Broadfoot 1963)

Mississippi Valley alluvium_Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,Tennessee

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Stem analysis, graphically constructed anamorphic curvesAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH -- 0.0)

O I b_ b, b_ bL bs R _ SE Maximumdifference

H 1,3466 0.9590 -0.0574 8.9538 -0.3454 0.99 0.62 2.2

Sl 0.7317 1.0415 -0.0504 -6.1926 -0.3191 0.99 0.69 2.4

59

®,.-. 120

r_ _:-NUTTAI_ OAK ,_........I

m 110 ........ _....'..........-:-b-i-} .... -:-; -,:.4-_-{-:-,i.:- + } fi....,<- {-:- -',..4 -:- g-._ g- } ._. }

to ........ 90

Z; 80

0 ......._.......

70!-}!7!-

O 70 _,'-:-,-:-I

.... , .... SITE

60 *

.... {

35 40 45 50 55 60 65

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 45.--Nuttall oak (Broadfoot 1969)

Mississippi Valley altuvium_Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,Tennessee

Number of dominant and codominant trees not givenStem analys_s, graphically constructed anamorphic curvesAdd 2 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_ ba b, b_ R_ SE Maximum 0

differenceH 13295 0,9565 -0,0668 16.0085 -0.4157 0.99 0.38 1.9

0.7488 1.0424 -0.0597 -10.0941 -0.3709 0.99 0.42 2.1

6O

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 46.--Chestnut oak (Carmean 1971, 1972)

Unglaciated uplands of southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, andsouthern Indiana

18 plots having 59 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, p_lymorphicAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = O.0)

O b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ J R_ SE Maximum

difference

H 1.9044 0.9752 -0.0162 0.9262 0.0000 0.99 3.28 (1)

Sl 0.4124 1.0394 -0.0100 -0.9980 -0.0583 0.99 6.85 (1)(1) Value not calculated because model was fitted to original data rather than to site index curves.

61

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TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 47.--Northern red oak (Gevorkiantz 1957b)

Southwestern WisconsinNumber of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

bI b2 bs b+ bs R_ SE Maximum Jilldifference

H 1.5403 1.0006 -0.0216 1.0616 -0.0044 0.99 0.86 0.7SI 1.0000 0.9058 -0.0269 -0.5382 0.2108 0.98 1.19 3.4

62

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALA6ElYEARSI

Figure48.--Northern redoak (Carmean 1978)NorthernWisconsinandUpper Michigan37 plotshaving136 dominantand codominanttreesStem analysis,nonlinearregression,polymorphicAdd 4 yearsto d.b.h, age to obtaintotal age (BH = 0.0)

D ] b_ b2 b3 b4 b5 R" SE Maximum] difference....H I 6.1785 0.6619 -0.0241 25.0185 -0.7400 0.99 1.32 4.9

Sl I 0.1692 1.2648 -0.0110 -3.4,334 -0.3557 0.97 2.09 7.8

63

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 49.--Black oak (Carmean 1971, 1972)

Unglaciated uplands of southeastern Ohio, eastern Kentucky,southern Indiana, and southern Missouri

120 plots having 300 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 3 yearsto d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

J b, b= b_ I:)4 bs [ Rz sE Maximum, difference(1) iH 2.9989 0.8435 -0.0200 3.4635 -0.3020 I 0.99 4.09

Sl |o.2598 1.1721 -0.0107 -2.3272 -0.2825./ 0.99 4.42 (1)(1) Value notcalculatedbecause modelwas fittedto origina/dataratherthanto siteindex-curves.

64

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10 15 so s5 3o s5 4o 5o 55TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 50.--Black locust plantations (Kellogg 1939a)Central States

170 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 30-45 46-65 66+Years: 3 2 1

O ! bl b2 b3 b, bs R2 SE Maximum

difference

-H 0.9680 1.0301 -0.0468 0.1639 0.4127 0.99 1.42 6.0

sI 0.9411 0.9941 -0.0535 -0.4600 0.2242 0.99 1.85 8.7

65

@i_' ! ' ! ' I '_I _:_' :I_:'_'I:_""':I_:_'_P_'_'i_

110 .iAMERICAN BASSWOODiiii ! i::i::i: ! ::::

¢= 80 -¢= ........ t_ " 50

• ,

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALA6EIYEARSI

Figure 51.--American basswood (Carmean 1978)

Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan122 plots having 483 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b_, bs b4 b5 R_' SE Maximumdifference

H 4.7633 0.7576 -0.0194 6.5110 -0.4156 0.99 0.70 2.7SI 0.1921 1.2010 -0.0100 -2.3009 -0.2331 0.99 1.24 4.5

66

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0 40 :........,.-,-_.::-,;;.:,,_._;__:.:,;>.z.:...._.__,_.;_,.......:__,.,.;.........'-.-'-'....:-'-:-'--:-:-:--,-:--:-,.:-_-:-:-'-_"--'-:- -:-:-_'-I-:-__ ,-._H-_--',-;-_-_.-',-',-_;_-',-:-;-; "-:-:-;-.-;-5:-;-.4-:-,-;- ,_-,-,- ,_-,-,-_-_,_-,--_,:-,--_,:-,--_,_-,-,- •....... "........ _';! -_" " ..... "-: .... ':-7-: ..... :_: _-:',": ]-'-:: '].:':': ::-7: :::-',-':::T::::::2:::::::-::::_:7-::::............... ", , :ic,";;i',-,',_ti,', -, , :',i-, ,_, ,i-,-,, ,-7, , ,', ,',', , , ,"..... - ..................... ' ....

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20 30 40 50 60 '70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 52._American elm (Brendemuehl, McComb, and Thomson 1961 a)Southern Iowa

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

given

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not given

Add 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

D b1 b2 bs b, bs R2 SE Maximumdifference_

H 1.0370 1.1906 -0.0030 0.1391 0.2655 0.99 0.92 2.5SI 1.1330 0.8807 -0.0160 -0.1140 -0,4054 0.99 1.22 4.1

67

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100TOTALAGEIYEARSI

Figure 53.--American elm (Carmean 1978)Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan109plots having 416 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

i b1 b, b_ b4 bs I R" SE Maximum

differenceH 6.4362 0.6827 -0.0194 10.9767 -0.5477 0.99 1.12 4.4SI 0.1898 1.2186 -0.0110 -2.6865 -0.2717 0.99 1.99 6.6

68

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3o 4o 5o 6o 7o 8oBREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)

Figure 54.--Balsam fir (Gevorkiantz 1956b)Lake States

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Total height and breast height age, anamorphic, equation not givenSite index is total height of dominant and codominant trees at 50

years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

I b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

_

H 1.0438 1.0708 -0.0222 1.5915 -0.1068 0.99 1.08 1.6S! 0.4358 1.0650 -0.0179 -0.7497 0.0251 0.99 1.18 2.1

69

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:::-::'-'::'"".............. '......,, i ...._.... ".... _...._:_:::::_ 7_-::_ ':::,':7::::::::':_ -,-_ :::;:_:::;.:::_ :f:7:::::::::::_:',::_:::;:_::!:::": _-::': __

20 -,.,.:_ :_.:-:._.<:-_.__:.:-_:..__:.,.___ .:_:.__:._...:.:._..:___:_:___:.:._.:._.:_:..:_.:_._:_:_..:.:.__:.__:_,_:." ............... _-_'_'-:_i:_:::_7_:_q:7 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,:.::::7:_:;_:.: _:,::: SITE

._-:-_--_-_-:-'._ -._-_,-,-'-_:-',-_-:--_-:-:-_-_-:-_-:-:--:-:--:-:-r+-:-:--:--:-_-:-:-,-:-"*-:-"_-:-:_,-:-_-:-:-'-:-:-*-:-_*-:-:-_ INDEX

_-,-,-', -,-4-,-;-.- , -,- -";-,- r _ -;-4--:- --_-4-:--.;-:-r.,--_-.;-',-;- -;-;-4-',- ;-:-,-4--_.;-:-k -',-k;-',--;-',-:-., -:-.,-',-,-!-,-,-,-,'--,-,'-_-.,f l.........................._,,,.,,l,,,,f,,,, ,"1"I,-," I",_I"I-.II-FI"j',"+,'I,',".'I-,":'I" *,I-,'-,"I-,'-,,'I,-7 "I,-,"*,'I-.',+'I-F: -,"+,'I-,"''I"F*,I".'3"I,'7, +"

.J_*_L2 LJJ_L. _,.L.{__. J.__L2 .LJ.'-L..__L.I..'_ J.'-L J.._&-_-L -_.L 22._-._.___. _ .L12_ _. -'-L1-¢- -_.'_L2._LL._oL .__L1___.£2._--'.

i:.:!FTIF;7:I:I:7_:7_I:;!F;I:.':_"]::_:77:I:7;F7_:7!::1:7F:;::7!:,:7_:7!=::_:77_::i_:7_,_:7;7::;::7!:20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 55._Balsam fir (Carmean and Hahn 1981, revisionof Gevorkiantz 1956b)

Lake StatesNumber of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, Gevorkiantz (1956b)

equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by addingyears according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 20 30 40 50 60 70

Years: 15 13 11 10 9 8 /

t b_ b_ b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximum

difference'H 2.0770 0.9303 -0.0285 2.8937 -0.1414 0.97 0.95 1.7sI 0.410o 1.0799 -0.0205 -2.1577 -0.1295 0.98 1.07 2.5

7o

_!BALSAM FIR !i_!_!i_!i!,!i!i!i!!!::!i!_i!i!i_!i,:i_:i_:i:::ii_i_i_:;i:_i:_i:!!!

vo -ii!............!ii!:ii:!!! ii:ii . i ii i:6oE--, "-;4-;.' ................................. ::_ I:._: .........

-r_-r-_'' -_-I-rl-'l-rl-r -r_-r_- _-r'l-r" -r-*-s-(-! -rl-rl- .l-r_-rH'r_-r'_- "

...................... _i.i iii

60 ......... iJU

_________i__.,..,_a.L__ _.k.___. __._. ___.*._..x.,._-,-. -,-_- J. J-_ -_ -'-_-'-_- -'-

-:-_-:-'--¢-,-¢-r -,- _-._-_-_

• "1-v-,- -l'_'r'_ - -_-t'_-r -r'_'r'_" m-r'_-r--v-*-_-,- " " _-r -r_-r'_-

z 5o ............................. .... 40.J.CJ__._&.I_&.L -_-_.C_.._._J-C.-_J-CJ- J.k_l_&..&-¢ _-'-. "r _''1-i -r_- - -_-r-,-r- _-r_-r

" "_'-_-;"":-"-!i!!_-!-! -_!-!!-J-!_.... ";-',-:-_,-_,:Fi_

_-_::-_--__-_-_--_'i_- _ /_ -'--_-_ _--_-_______,_,.,_,_. _,_,.,.,..,____ __ __ .,x_;_',_)x.;-:-y-

.... -:v,-:- . INDt____i_:-!!!:i:::i:i!J:"'-;' __:_ .:::'_,_:::-'-,_::.......................................................

".ii!._!!!_L_/ :i:_:::: .............. _.............................._._,_,_,.,.... .'' '-'_-' '-' '- -'-'-'-'--'-'-'-'- -:-_-_,- 4-_,-_,

"_-r'_-r T','_-,- "*'-_-'_ r_-r _- -"

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.'-_,-:,-',,_............................... _................................................, , , , __c__........ _......... ;-,,:.t-_,.-,;_-,;_,.................................... , , , , -;-;-:-;--;-:-',-:- -:-,,-,_;- .;-,_,-,_

, , , , , , , , , , , , , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ....... , , , , ,

......,,,," ........................................................., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , _-,_,-,_ .........................................., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,_-r_'r "'r'_'t-, "' -_-I','I -1-r-_-r' "r'1*r_" "n-r-,-r -r-,-1-,- -_-_-rn- _-r_-r -r_-r_- -,-r-,-t "_',-_-,'' -,-_-r'1" ''_-rm-r

m-r_-r-'T'l'T-_'' "1"1"rl -_-r_-r -rm-r_- "_-r-i-F -r-*-_-i- -i-1-1-1 m-r_-r -r_-r_- -¢-r-l-r -_-,'_-,- -,-m-rm- _-r_-r

10 20 30 40 50 60 ?O

BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)

Figure 56.-----Balsam fir (Griffin and Johnson 1980)Northern Maine (Ar_stock and Piscataquis Counties)

42 plots using stem analysis of "six tallest trees" (dominants) oneach plot; trees older than 45 years breast height age

Stem analysis, quadratic regression, _)lymorphicSite index is height of dominant trees at 50 years breast height

age (BH = 0.0)

D b_ b, b_ b, b s R_ SE Maximumdifference

-H 8.1200 0.6748 -0.0111 6.4229 -0.4586 0.99 0.95 1.1Sl 0.0061 1.3539 -0.00019 -1.0286 -0.0723 0.99 1.61 8.2

71

_-i/-> _-:-I->-; _-:-:--_-_"-> -;.__-i-_-:-;-_-,'--,-,-, _•

ATLANTIC WHITE-CEDAR _i':::_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i':_-!-_ii_-!-_i_ t _ ti-::li:,:i:,:.!iV:.:ii:,:!:.:ii:,_::_!_:_:ii!i::_

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E-,......._ .......:_ .......t.............._ ...........................Pq .,.,_:;..,_,_L_.,.,_,._-._-,.,.;,; .....,-f-, ; ..... _._.,.,..L.:_'_-;_.'..'-_'..'-'-_ _.-:->_,_--:-:-:-:-'->_<,_,-:-:-:-"_-:-:-:-:_,"-:--_"-:--'-:-:-:--':-'-:--:-:- _et_r_ 40

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U_ =============================:::::::::::::::::::::::::::e_ ::-_ _-' ......._'_-',-:-_ _,:-',:_,'-'.-:'',-__-_'.',--_......' ............_",JU,-1 °' _ r';"_444_, :l:>_:'_-:-:->_4-:-:-_ "-:__ ,_-:-',-'-;44-:-'-;44-:-'-_;4-:-'-I-:-_4-'-:-_!_::::: =_ -:-_;: ,_-,-.... -,-.,......_,,_,_...... -__..__,_- pr_.. :_- ................................____ __,.=.._--_:_:. ,.,,,

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11 u .'.LI ....... J ...... J_ .............................................. J .... L ...... L, ............ L,;..LL _.2._'.L!!.2. L '- .:_:._i .:-:._.:-:.:._ _.-.:-_-'--:-. :-,'_.:_:..L__:..'.:-_;-'.-:-_'-',

:-_;_:_ :-:-_:-'-"_;'':__"-"_ '-'-"_'"-'-'-':"-'-_:-'-_"-"-_'_"-"_';-'-_"SITE.............. _;.;.___.', , .............

::ii]]::::iii]::::::::ii]!i!iii]i!!_i}]i::ii]i::iii]i::::::i!i]]::::i'i]]::!...... ::::::-'::::...... INDEX..................................... ",_tI"I....

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 57._Atlantic white-cedar (Korstian and Brush 1931)

Florida to Massachusetts

63 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Years: 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

bI b_, bs b, b_ R_ SE Maximum 4difference

H 1.5341 1.0013 -0.0208 0.9986 -0.0012 0.99 0.18 1.0

SI 0.6528 1.0000 -0.0213 -1.0243 -0.0046 0.99 0.23 1.1

72

Figure 58.---Eastern redcedar (Hampf 1965)Tennessee Valley"Based on 271 observations"

Total height and total age of dominants, anamorphic, equation notgiven

Convert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

SI: 20 30 40 50 60Years: 14 12 11 10 9

D i b_ bz b_ b4 b5 R_ SE Maximum

! difference

H' 0.9276 1.0591 -0.0424 0.3529 0.3114 0.99 1.10 4.1SI 0.8965 0.9895 -0.0397 -1.0981 -0.0242 0.99 1.41 7.0

73

®

._EUROPEAN LARCH ............................................................I......r_ '_PLANTATIONS .....................................................................-- 80 ........... ..... ii!iiii!!ien " " 80

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10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 59.---European larch plantations (Aird and Stone 1955, Stone 1957)New York and southern New England147 plots, number of dominants and codominants not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

ib_ b_ b_ b, b_ R_ SE Maximum

difference

H 1.1151 1.0000 -0.0504 1.3076 0.0009 0.98 0.72 4.2Sl 0.8821 1.0047 -0.0511 -1.4863 -0.0271 0.98 0.82 1.4

74

9O

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__LL". 77- -I-i,'::. 1i,11 "1_ ' ; Z ; _.,_. ".... __.]__ :U,;(_._'J_._."" 77!' 7777.7:':'7.._,._"-M'_,, .111111+,11. ,': ; r r r,"rr "FFt i-I';I,-;T

................ ', , ', , ',.... _ ,,-t_,_ .......... ",'-f,"',I,, t .... _ ..... .... _.... _ ...... - ,,,>>:-:-};-:-:-:-I-:-:-:-;qqdq_4_/(4 ;/_7 ; ;/_ -:-:-:-:-_qT: -',q-; dg4;.J_-4_ ;;;b-TP:-:-k-:-:-:-;--:-:-;-:-q444"___b':-,'-!-!-]-:-::!- !

:-:-;t;::-:-::-' ,4: 44', ¢,'-: .'b',-- -,_,-:-',---:-:-:-:-'i-, 4444 4¢;; ":-:-:-.:-'-'-'i .... -:-:-:-;--:44".4-:44i-'.','-:- b:-:-:--:-:-:-:--t-;-:-:.

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20 .... "_ ...... ' .... J'_" ..... '"" .... " ..... '"" .... ' .... ' .... ' .... ' : _: : ' '*": "'" : : :' :: :"

,--, _ :::::i:_:.!iiiii!!;!i_i_))L:):::::::,:_::_!I!:.I!II.

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LLr*.+l.. Li,.l_}__l_l#.J J_l J, _l4 _ L_L& LI. tl.--I.,_..I--L -i-*-tJ, J.,JJJ..Ij _.l J.ai,L ,L LLLL .L.l.l.._..l..i_i.l--_l._l_lJ. JJJ J, ,AA _i_i,_I.LLI. _LI..Lt,. ,t. LLI__I.JJJ.o iiiilF-t!iiiliiiii!!!t}iii;!ii-:7!i::',::',i!::!!!ii!!i!i;! iiiiiiii!!i!;!!!;i!!!--l:-iiii20 30 40 50 60 ?0 80 90 100 110 120

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 60._Tamarack (Gevorkiantz 1957d)

Minnesota

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):Sh 20 30 40 50-90

Years: 12 10 7 5

b_ b_ ba b, b_ R_ SE Maximum

differenceH 1.5470 1.0000 -0.0225 1.1129 0.0000 0.99 0.52 1.4Sl 0.6464 1.0000 -0.0225 -1.1129 0.0000 0.99 0.52 1.4

75

" ', '.'__ '.v_' '"__ '4-'-_.''_-'-L_''-'-_';_'-]-_;'4-L'' -'-'''.M x' JAPANESE LARCH =:=-_::r '.,:-:_!:_:. '_--_-:_,:,._.,_,_,:_!-i:!!_,, f' ,-:-,, I-:-:-; ,-:-:-,t, ,-:-, ,,,',-_,,,':-',_'_,-,,,,-_,,1I-',;fI80 ...... _:_:,_ 80II Ill I I I ...........IJJ.'. L1 J.'..L4J.'- LLJJ_.'.LIJ -_.LL_ J.LLJ -'.'.LL, J-'-_.L ,JD.'_L d.'_'-L Jd-_- '. ,/Jl , /j _LL3j._ ]

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......_......_-............i....._......_......_.............................,,-,....._ ...._,<_-......._.-_.......t-,-i 70;4-:-;- ;_4-:- ;-44+ ;-_4-;--;-_q -:-:-_4-;-;-_4-:-;-;-_--:-:-;-_-.4-:-:-_4-:-'_ 4-;-;-' -,"q-:-:-' 4-:-P;4-_-' _-_-;- ;-_4'',-_;4._,-:-:-_,,,-:-_,,,-:-_.... -t:-,,,_-:-,:',v,-:::_-:-:-,_:.-',-:-,_,__,-:-:-,_:-:-:-,'_,-:-:--:._,-:-_;:_,-::._'_-:-_:_>_::-t:-,_;;-

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60 ;_._._._._._._._.._`_*_..._._._.___._.;_:_._._.:_._.._;_.i.``-_` 60.......t......[......t....I......J......]......1......__,.',_'.Z..............._:'_:i_.......:_ii.__"t/_Ui:

_-',-',%_-:-_:-t:-w_-l-:-_,-:_-:-_-_I-_ ,_I-:-'_Lz1.,-:-:-_-__-',-J/-._'-',-:-._-._'-:-_:-,_-:--,-_;_-i-',-:-'_-............................. _..... IT,'-/ ........... _'_........ r...... I.[..... ' ...... [ ..........= X=======:=====-::_:[;:=======:X::; _,-:_ -,:r.;'dI::,:_::::: _,..... :: :>_--__...... :._.,._-_. ::-::t ......... J........ ........ : _r 2" :Z 40 '"_'_- .....--_,,,--1,_,--_,-_,,/,-_,_-__-__---_-,-,-,_-,_,,_--_,_--_,_-....-,-_,__-;-; ................... <'-_Y,',-_ti_ :i-:-: i_ .... ;-;-_-;:-_i _.,__:_;__-_.r._.;_i.:_:.;_::__;_L_:.-.._:.J_;._::.

0 :,__.,,,,.::li,,;_,/(:___Y_ ......[......_......'..............I..........1.......INDEX30 _:::-:-..:::, :..,r_-_,:-_ _.:._._._.._.¢._._._._._.._._._._._._.._.:_.._._._`_._._.._;.:._._._.;.:."-._,.."t :q','-r ..... t .................. r ............ ..

_:_::_!!_:zi_<__ _i_ :_!!:__:_,-:-:::-:-t_-,-:-:-i;-:-',-:-_-_,-:-:-:-,_-,-_-:--'_;-:_-:-:-:--:.,,_-,-,-,_,,-,-_-,-,,-:'-_;_:_-,:_-,-,-_,-,-,-_,:-,-,-_,_-,-,-,-I:-:-,-:;-:-:-:-.__-:-:--_-,,-,,-I__-:--_J-:-:-__.0 , t11:,,'t1":-___-,;_f,-- ,,"t" -',-,t" ,-btt I-',-,",'1fi-:-,':i_,'[-i i3:!:,[i ]]3-'- ::]]':: :[:S-q: [i]3,:[[]] :[[:]:

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"iii::::iii'i' _ii_:_ii_+iii -i-_i -i-_ii_,-iii'+i-_i:",_-i-i'i_,-i-_ti_,-i-'?'i_,+i-l-ii_,+'-ii_-i¢ii_+'-_i_-i'ii(:

_:t Li !_:[Li!&LLL!:'_t_L/!!]_i_LL!].!-LL!]-_!_LL'A{_L!_!-_LL"!_-L!_!-_i_L'!!L!.'.Li.:.!.'.LLiJ.LL!!L'.Lii i ',_LLZ!._t_I_I:::__',.I:::,'.t_I_-I:-,'_',?:,':,_'_I:::,'_;_j:::,'.,';-I,:,:,'_',_:::,'_tI:::::,":I_%:,'._.I:::,':_1_<:::t;_:::.;:,.1_-t,'__j._:.,:,'._:::,'.,_'__:

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 61.----Japaneselarch plantations (Aird andStone 1955, Stone 1957)Southern portion of upper New York25 plots, number of dominants and codominants not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equation not

givenAdd 3 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R_ SE Maximum Idifference

H 2.5878 0.8755 -0.0220 3.5505 -0.2882 0.99 0.36 1.5SI 0.1684 1.1840 -0.0051 -1.4894 -0.1879 0.99 0.83 3.7,.,

76

.......... I......:!........... .... L.....;.....1.....l ....1.........._.................... I....-J....._......ii I jjj£ ,LL._J J4J, L LIJJ. AILL .L_JJ :,tLLL JJJ,l LLI._, JJX,L I,J_lJ_ J J. LL .L_JJ JILl. J_l/J, LkLLJJJJ, t. LI.L

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i................................................................_........ ................................... 60

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60 ::-m::rrr771 :::,4-:..:t,.;-:-:;i,:fr..1;:::-rT:;::rPT:: !:,_:,'-1:7::l:rr17::;f,'-:71:::L-,,d,_,1::r,L-:7:.:ht,::,117::!---- _r,'-_

:-',-',-:'_;_:-_-I-',-',-_'_;_-;-:--',-:-:_-_-;-',-:-_-_-_;I-:-',-',-14-_._--:-',-',-:._'_'_-:--',-:_";;-:-',-,'_ -;; _i .... _.;, .;.;J; ';iLL .; " ILL .;.;J;-LLU.i,,,,,I ['-'_1::[[!"_]3, :[[[r'._3:t [[[":.]3::_[F__,11: :," F_'-'.GI::[" '_i._] [',21_,_._.i.;.]2_::........ , .... : ........ ,................ , , :,_!-: , _,;_50 -:..... :-"'_'"' '- .... :":"" '-' ....

:,.,:]::i:[,_:,:i::[:_i_Iii_:_i_ii[i_:-]iiii._:__:i._.i:_.._ :_-::iiiz.......;_""_ =_::'_"_'"'::_:_":'_-",_I_"_;_'";::':_':::'_::=::'_0 ,:-:,_.... !-:,,,i .... l-:,,,t,,,:-i .... f,,:-:] .... "'::"!;';:_!;:7' _'_":_2:j,.;' _::: _:::"'-'_:_ _'=;_'" _" 40,',',-," l!rrr-,-,771 _rr,- -,-,-i-i, Ti'l-i''l*t'IT'r,'_'_''lTTr'_-l'_7" lfrt ,-,7_ '_'%'_-773 T

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20 ::,,:,,:_:'i._,'__ _:i=:::,"-i:,i:i::iI:_i:::-;l:,ii:l::F:_:i::i_:i:,l::::l:,:i:,i::i,-":i::,:liii_:::::,:!:-o :":"_'_: _ .........I....4..............I.........I....I....1.........1....L..............I.,,':4........['-I :-:-:-:.'_;_:-P'>_;_._v:--:4_;_:-:-:-:._;_:-:-:-: _;;:-_:-:,_;,'-:-:-k-,"_:-:-:+:_;;:-:-:-:_-:-:-:_ _;v,-.:-:-:_t;_:-i-:-:_;:-:-:-:

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............I....I....I................................I............iii:!ii::7i:i!i::i!i!ii::7::!iiii:!iTi!i:77:!' -',_ c�.',-:-',-',_'_ ',-:-H_',-i:_/". _'_.:'.'._,_',_i--',__!'F'- ,.......:...................................

:0 :5 3035 5o55 6o65BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)

Figure 62.--Spruces (Griffin and Johnson1980)Northern Maine (Aroostock and Piscataquis Counties)40 plots combining data for red, white, and black spruces; "six

tallest trees" (dominants) on each plot; trees older than 45years breast height age

Stem analysis, quadratic regression, polymorphicSite index is height of dominant trees at 50 years breast height

age (BH = 4.5)

/b_ b_, b_ b4 b_ R" SE Maximum

difference

H 1.0716 1.1276 -0.0018 1.2495 -0.0029 0.99 1.83 3.2SI 0.0063 1.3985 -0.00024 ,1.1102 -0.0944 0.99 2.11 4.0........

77

NORWAY SPRUCE li_i_-i_-_i_i]_}_liiii iiiif_ii_l_ 6070 _ PLANTATIONS ___._!_i_i____

................................................................................ I....... Z't.............. : .....

"_ i_iiii_iiii!iiii__i_iiiiIii_i_!___!iiii_iiiiIiiiiIi_i!Iiiiii_iiiNiIii_i1i_!iii550r_ }iiiIiii_::_I_iiiIiiii_iiii_iiii_iiiiIiiii_iiI_)_iii}_iii_iiiiIiiiiIii_:_i_iiii._ilii_i::l_iiii

e-, iiiiliiiii::Iiiiiliiiitiiiiliiiifiiiiliiiil_4_i_i_i_'_i-:i_i::i_iii_ifiii_i::liiii7--, 50 __iiiiIiiii]iiiiIiiiiIiiiiIiiii_).i_iiiiIiiiiIiiii!_iI_iiziiii_iii_iIiiii_ 40< iiiiIii::::::_i?ii!iiiiIiiii_iiii_iiiiIiiii_!!ii_Ii_i_iiiiIiiii_i_::ii_i!::_ii::N_iiii.._iIiiii_!::iii

t25 •::,-;-,-,-,-,-.-,-,,-,--,:_,-_,__,__,,;_,-,-,-,-,-,,-,-,:_:-,:,:,::-::::.:-:-:::_-:_t_;:t_f_2_:i:'-_:-_: _ fi_:_.:_,':,':::=::::::::-_-_,-::_t_;_; _f_l_,:,:::',:t::--_::::

20 _::>>r_`_i_`_`_:._.._-_::_._..`_X-_'_._-_>H_`._(<_ . -,._-;_::;.:::.::_:,-',-'.-_->>:-',-_-',-:<-:..-',-',-:_,_.'_,:_r;_::::-_-,-'.-',-'.-H-'.-:-I_.,-,-f,-,-,-,-1-,--,-,l._._t_._l.._Z_:!i_i_,_-_.d_,_4_-F:-:-:t-:'_,_ t.._.,_._f_._f_:-f-:-_-:_

:co:cf,:,:,:,_Z_-, t::_ fc_,-cf o:.,:,:1:,:,:,:,t:,:,--,-_:-_,_-_t,.-,.,_.,r _r.r.f ccc,:_,:,:,:,t:,:,:,:,:____"_t____ _-':_r f " cc':fc,:,:,::,:,:,:,

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

ACESINCEPtaNTmC(YEaRS)Figure 63._Norway spruce plantations 0Nilde et al. 1965)

Wisconsin

Number of plots and number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic curves based on average of

Wilde's two height growth curvesConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 40 50 60

Years: 17 15 13 I

b 1 b_ ba b, bs R= SE Maximumdifference

H 6.7791 0.6876 -0.0280 12.1447 -0.4142 0.99 0.94 2.2SI 0.0259 1.2496 -0.0021 -1.7841 -0.1088 0.97 1.81 3.8

78

95 _k__.-_i__-___,l_:._=-_-!,_,_,_!i _!_i_!_!____!_i!!_.i:=,_iiiiiiEiii_i_

90 iTNORWAY SPRUCE :=!!::iii---Jii-:Jiiii::ii-:!iiiii}i:_ii_iii_J::::iiiiii::i!}i_}i!!}::I!}_60

_J,J"5"-£]-'£]'-E. h-£]h" "]-,'C] -[]-,'£ -,-E._',- ]',-£]''Ci-'£ "-C]3- 'i','Ci_-C]'-C -,-Ci-," "iD-C] "C._'.C D:C_D: ;D'__

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65 _:::_-',:F;-:_:_._r--_'_:-F_:_-_'_-F-_`-_1->_-_-'_._:__._-_-'_-_:.__ ...................... _ ....

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60 ::::::::::::::::::::: ;7":_; -_;_:_ _:_;_:['-'_:_::':':_;_:: :":r-:'::i_-:-_--_-z_ _-_-:--_-_,--_-;-_-_:_-_-_

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_:,:_::_:,:_::,:c_:,: _:,:c_ :c_:,:c :,: ,:,::;- c_:_ :::_:_:::_,_:_ :,_ _:::::_:_ :_:-,- _:_: :_:_:

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:':_:] :_=_:_:gk_._: ::_:_::'._._:_:_:=h:_._:_._.=::_ _:_:'._:_::

40 _!_i:!!_,:!!_:_!-:i_--_=._:_-_-_ ,-_-:-........ _: _:i{-_i ::__;_il;__::i;t::_i_i_'i::i;_il;__::_iiSITE

ii::i_iii]_ii_i:_i_::i_i::_ _--i__-',_:-_t_::-_::_-i__ :_ii::i!_ii:_i::!i_::ii_::_-i:!__ii_i_i INDEX

_-,=;;_-_,-.-_-,-_,_--,-,-_,--_,_-_t_-_,-,-_,_-_,_t-_,-,-_ _-_,_-E,_:_:

:_::_]:-_].::.:_,i-_,-,i]__ ;-_ -,-,,-,- ,-,-_,--_,-,-, -,-_,_- ,-.-_,-_,_-_. _-_,-,-,_-_, -_,-,-_ _-_,_-,_-_,.20 .....................................................................................:;:":;;::;;_:;'J "'_- .... _'-"_ "_'-'-_-"_'"_'"-_'-'-_'"-'-_"-_'_'_I_-_'"" "_'_'1-_'"'_ _-_'_-I'_-_'._.t i,,.J i,.,,1,,.,ii,. 1,,..t.I ..,I_.I,..,,I,__I...I.._.I.,I_I.I,..L.__ . ,.l_. l,,.,,l.l_ _- .i,..l_ l. l, ,-t_l...,l,,a_l. ,t,,-i__ .,i..i_ _ ,l.,a. i,- ..,1__._1. I _,,.1_1,,._._I,.__,LI,,..'_I._.,I._I. _,,.,i..i,,._.

eo e5 30 35 40 45 50PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)

Figure 64.--No_way spruce plamations (Hannah 1972)Vermont99 plantations,numberof dominanttrees notgivenTotal heightand plantationage,anamorphic,quadraticequationSite index istotal heightat30 yearsplantationageConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by addingyears according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sh 30 40 50 60Years: 13 11 9 7

t b_ b_ b_ b_ b_R" SE Maximum

differenceH 8.6744 0.9986 -0.0031 0.8904 -0.0006 0.99 1.04 2.8Sl 0.1149 0.6638 -0.0005 -0.5680 0.0958 0.99 0.55 2.3

79

OE-_ _,.Mn]:_W^V _PT:_ITP]_ .J...................i....................................,:_::i::

: PT,AN'T'ATTONS --;-,_-:-_,--,_-:-_-:-i-,_-:-_,-;--',-_-:-;--:-_,-:-,_---I-!;,Z#_:-_,-;:_.... r .... r .... 1.... 1............ : ............ Z'::!: _:!::

¢n ............................t.........1................................................ !:Y.:!:................. 60E-, ::i:_:!:_:_:!:i:_:..................................:.... :.:;.:.....:.........;.......,,,.,__;:_::::::

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5 10 15 20 25 30

BREAST HEICHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 65.---Norway spruce plantations (Gordon, Williams, and Taylor 1989)

Southern Ontario

55 plots having 220 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, site index prediction equations using Hegar (1968)

model

Site index is total height of dominant and codominant trees at 25years breast height age (BH =,4.5)

..... tb_ b= b_ b4 bs R= SE Maximum

difference

H 2.0854 0.9547 -0.0427 3.8109 -0.2288 0.98 1.22 1.4SI 0.7847 0.9416 -0.0680 -0.8085 0.2206 0.99 2.14 5.3

80

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20 30 40 50 60 ?0 80 90 100 110 120

BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure66._WhRe spruce(Gevorkiantz1957g)

Minnesota

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Total height and breast height age, anamorphic, equation not givenSite index is total height of dominant and codominant trees at 50

years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

i i b_ b_ b_ b4. b$ R_ SE Maximum

i difference

H 4.4803 0.7382 -0.0289 26.6132 -0.6461 0.99 1.60 3.0

.SI 0.0816 1.3801 -0.0119 -3.5684 -0.2906 0.99 2.05 3.4

81

®

Figure 67.--White spruce (Carmean and Hahn 1981, revisionof Gevorkiantz 1957g)MinnesotaNumberof plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenTotal height and breast height age, anamorphic, Gevorkiantz (1957g)

equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 20 30 40 50 60 70Years: 15 13 11 10 9 8

b,= b5 R2 SE Maximum @bl b= bsdifference

H 11.3079 0.5419 -0.0345 34.1568 -0.6078 0.99 2.18 6.4SI 0.0380 1.5142 -0.0124 -6.4840 -0.3550 0.99 2.29 6.4

82

WHITE SPRUCE ii!!!t!_i_71{!Tiii!ri!!_i!!_i_!_17_i_!_i_!_i!!_i_{i_!_i_!!i_!_i_" P_tINTATI ON S ,IJ.t.l '.l..iJ.I. J_k. lJ. i J.I- I .1. i J_t., J. i,,. i .% i __1., ,.i. _l. i .,.k,. .J.t. i-I.. I -I_'. 1 ,J__ 'I':: !_-!!-ii-_-!:-_-!_i-_i_-!i-!!_-i._-_!:-t!._-ii--i!-__._-ii._-z-r._, ,-',-, , -, ,-',-,_-',-, , ,- ,-:-, ,-, ,,-, ,-, ,-i- , ,-, ,--, ,-',-, r ,-,, ", ,-, ,

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_5 20 25 30 35 ,io ,15 50ACEFRO_PIaNT_NC(Y_.aRS)

Figure 68.--White spruce plantations (Stiell and Berry 1973a, Berry 1978)Ontario---Petawawa

46 permanent growth study plots, number of dominant trees not givenPlot remeasurements, quadratic equation not given, anamorphicSite index is total height at 50 years from planting

Add 5 years to d.b.h, age to obtain age from planting (BH = 0.0)

b, b_ b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference

i H 1.3342 1.0008 -0.0401 1.8068 0.0248 0.97 1.07 2.1Sl 0.7485 0.9939 -0.0383 -1.7116 0.0320 0.99 1.38 4.2

83

85 _{-_PLANTATIONS i:ii_i-_.."-___:_i-i ............... ii_i:

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45 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.................................................,_" ,:.-"_-i__._.. t ---I_:..-.-;_"'-........... _;" ""'-__t __:"-_¢_'_z_"_ :............-....... - "'" ..... i ] "_': :_:__} : ?':'-"r:_- -__f._}_::":'_ _:-I--_--I __:::;: _']?'t---:::::_-__] ]_:_.... _._i] : ._:::_[:} I ]._:,_. _

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)

Figure 69.--White spruce plantations (Thrower 1986b)North central Ontario

46 plots having 3 dominant trees per plotInternode measurements and stem analysis, nonlinear regression,

polymorphicSite index is total height at 15 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

b_ b_ b_ b_ bs R_ SE Maximum 9difference

H 20.3317 0.4049 -0.0275 7.2043 -0.5166 0.94 0.54 0.7SI 0.00033 1.6606 -0.00025 -1.2755 -0.0715 0.99 1.35 3.6

84

100

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 IO0 110 120

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 70.---Black spruce (Gevorkiantz 1957a, derived from Fox and Kruse 1939)

Northeastern Minnesota--Superior National ForestNumber of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees not

givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not given

Convert d.b.h, age to total age by addingyears according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

SI: 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Years: 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.7620 1.0000 -0.0201 1,2307 0.0000 0.99 0.72 1.9SI 0.5675 1.0000 -0.0201 -1.2307 0.0000 0.99 0.72 1.9

85

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Figure 71.---Black sprucepeatlands (Payandeh 1978)Ontario Clay BeltNumberof plots not given, 60 dominant and codominant treesStem analysis, polymorphic, nonlinear regressionAdd 15 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b_, b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximum gdifference

H 16.2120 0.4580 -0.0135 8.0105 -0.5321 0.99 1.22 2.9SI 0.0008 1.8529 -0.00016 -1.7043 -0.1933 0.99 1.66 7.4

,,

86

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BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 72.--Black spruce (Thrower 1986a)

North central Ontario, mineral soils

44 plots having 2 to 5 dominant and codominant trees per plotStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicSite index is total height at 50 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

i b_ b_ b_ b_ bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 2.9232 0.8737 -0.0178 4.6529 -0.3319 0.97 0.40 0.2Sl 0.1324 1.1 955 -0.0061 -1.2545 -O.0943 0.99 1.31 4.1

87

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Figure 73.--Red spruce (Meyer 1929)Maine,New Hampshire, and Vermont201 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not given,

originalcurves revisedfrom SI age 65 to SI age 50 yearsAdd 15years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH - 0.0)

b1 b_, b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximum 4difference,,

H 1.3307 1.0442 -0.0496 3.5829 0.0945 0.99 1.19 4.0SI 0.9333 0.9124 -0.0585 -3.1832 0.2184 0.99 0.91 3.7

88

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30 40 5o 60 ?o 8oTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 74.---Jack pine (Gevorkiantz 1956c, derived from Wackerman et a/. 1929,and from Eyre and LeBarron 1944)Lake States

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant trees notgiven

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Years: 9 8 7 6 5 4 4

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SI 0.6124 1.0000 -0.0223 -1.2419 0.0000 0.99 0.50 1.1,,,

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BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 75.--Jack pine (Lenthal11986, Carmean and Lenthal11989)

North central Ontario

141 plots having 3 to 5 dominant and codominant trees per plotStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicSite index is total height at 50 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximum Idifference

- H 2.0141 0.8989 -0.0236 7.9469 -0.5084 0.98 0.54 0.8

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_0 _5 _0 _5 3o 35 4o 45 5oTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 76.---Jack pine plantations (Wilde et a/. 1965)Wisconsin

44 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 4 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_ b_ b4 bs [ R_ SE Maximumi difference

H 2.3102 0.8350 -0.0512 152.9926 -1.0625 i 0.97 1.44 2.6$1 0.8618 0.9312 -0.0190 -1.8004 0.1877 0.98 2,42 3.7

91

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20 30 4o 5o 6o vo 8oTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 77.--Sand pine (Schumacher and Coile 1970)Florida--Ocala National Forest

54 plots having 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationAdd 5 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 bs ] R_ SE Maximumdifference I

H 1.2660 1.0034 -0.0365 1.5515 -0.0221 ! 0.99 0.63 1.7SI 0.7523 1.0085 -0.0360 -1.7997 -0,0657 0,99 0,67 2.2

92

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10 20 30 40 50 60 '70 80 90 100

TO AI.,Figure 78.--Shortleaf pine (USDA 1929)

Southern States

188 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 40-55 56-75 76+Years: 6 5 4

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H 1.4232 0.9989 -0.0285 1.2156 0.0088 0.99 0.37 1,7Sl 0.7286 0.9946 -0.0296 -1.1733 0.0266 0.99 0.51 2.4

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 79.--Shortleaf pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960)

North Carolina Piedmont74 plots having 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 30-55 56-75 76+

Years: 6 5 4tl

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10 20 30 40 50 60 70

TOTALFigure 80.--Shortleaf pine (Nash 1963)

Southeastern Missouri---three areas averaged309 plots having 7 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 30-55 56-75 76+Years: 6 5 4

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10 20 30 ,1.0 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTT.Figure 81.---Shortleaf pine (Graney and Burkhart 1973)

Ouachita Mountains of west-central Arkansas and southeasternOklahoma

216 plots having 2 dominant and codominant trees on each plotStem analysis, nonlinear regression, polymorphicConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH -- 0.0):SI: 30-55 56-75 76+Years: 6 5 4

1b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R_ SE Maximum

difference

H 2.2746 0.9019 -0.0220 2.1554 -0.2208 0.99 0.82 1.8Sl 0.4280 1.0711 -0.0139 -1.3230 -0.12069 0.99 1.13 3.6

96

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10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE FROM SEED(YEARS)Figure 82.--Shortleaf pine plantations (Smalleyand Bower 1971)

Central Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Northwest Georgia104 plantations,numberof dominant trees not givenTotal height and age from seed, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 yearsage from seedConvert d.b.h, age to age from seed by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <40 40-55 >55Years: 6 5 4

,, ,,.,,

b_ b= b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.7327 0.9998 -0.0384 1.14,30 -0.0004 0.99 0.28 0.6Sl 0.5383 1.0180 -0.0383 -1.2795 -0.0315 0.99 0.30 0.9

i

97

960 =======================================_::: I�050

" SHORTLEAF PINE :::::: ...................-'-'--..L _.z._ .L

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15 20 25 30 35

PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Figure 83.--Shortleaf pine plantations (Gilmore and Metcalf 1961b)

Southern Illinois

61 plantations, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at plantation age of 25 yearsConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sh <25 25-40 >40

Years: 7 6 5

b, b=, b_ b,= bs R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 1.41 05 0.9977 -0.0747 2.0668 -0.0104 0.95 0.73 0.6SI 0.6996 1.0078 -0.0761 -2.2217 -0.0262 0.95 0.71 0.8

98

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15 ;80 _5 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 84.---Slash pine (USDA 1929)

Southern States124 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH -- 0.0):SI: 60-75 75+Years: 3 2

i ........, ,,, b_ b_ b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.1557 1.0031 -0.0408 0.9807 0.0314 0.99 0.37 0.7SI 0.8565 1.0002 -0.0421 -1.1093 0.0124 0.99 0.45 1.0

99

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20 30 40 50 60 ?0 80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 85.--Slash pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960, Coile and Schumacher 1964)Southeastern and southern States231 plots having 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationConvert d.b.h, age to total age by addingyears according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: 50-75 76+Years: 3 2

1b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R2 SE Maximum

differenceH 1.6072 0.9192 -0.0390 12.9271 -0.6427 0.99 0.58 1.6SI 0.5764 1.0893 -0.0268 -5.4782 -0.5358 0.99 0.37 1.0

100

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TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 86.--Slash pine (Langdon 1959)

Florida

90 permanent growth study plots, number of dominant and codominanttrees not given

Total height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years total ageConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):Si: <40 40-60 >60

i Years: 4 3 2

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.3379 0.9999 -0.0534 0.9608 -0.0001 0.99 0.88 3.6

Si 0.6874 1.021 2 -0.0555 -1.3771 -0.0775 0.99 0.92 4.3

101

._. 80 .... --'.,--i--_--'.I--+.._----i--.... --,_-:-_,.... :_.,,,, 80SLASH PINE !ii ....

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10 15 20 25

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 88.--Slash pine plantations (Barnes 1955)

Florida

328 plots, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenSite index is total height at 25 years total ageConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <40 40-60 >60Years: 4 3 2

2.0185 0.8815 -0.0902 18.8088 -0.5520 0.99 0.91 2.00.3372 1.1467 -0.0342 -3.4365 -0.3336 0.99 1.08 3.2

103

m

r_ iii SLASH PINE iii iii?iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii?iiiiiiiiiiiiiii_ii_iiiii_- PLANTATIONS :- .... ] ""_--:--7:' ' ' ' .... ' ........

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::k:i-_i_:-:

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PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Figure 89.--Slash pine plantations (Bennett, McGee, and Clutter 1959; McGee and

Bennett 1959)Georgia middle coastal plain and Carolina sandhills310 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years total ageConvert d.b.h, ageto total age by adding years accordingto site

index (BH = 0.0):Sl: <40 40-60 >60 41Years: 4 3 2 1

I b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference• H I 1.2144 0.9999 -0.0916 1.7968 -0.0002 0.99 0.38 0.9

SI ! 0.8474 0.9983 -0.1000 -1.9954 0.0020 0.99 0.20 0.4

104

-,,%

.. PINE t_.......................!1............:i_:I.........110

....=:_....... i!_!ii!!!,'........1...........:i:...........::::_i......... 70z 100 .......... _.................... ,_

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0 ........:!:::::"'

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I0. 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Fk:jure 90.--Slash pine plantations (Zamoch and Feduc¢ia 1984)

West Guff

247 plots, some plots remeasured, plantations mostly outsMenatural range of slash pine

Total height and plantation age, anamorphic, nonlinear regressionSite index is total height at plantation age of 25 yearsConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sl: <55 >55

D Years: 2 1

difference1.8395 1.0001 -0.0335 1.0774 0.0001 0.98 O.72 t.40.5!35 1,0t69 -0.0348 -t,2309 -0,0278 0.98 0,79 1.9

105

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u_ _ SLASH PINE _j:i:i:i:i:_:i:ii:i:_:i:i:_:i::i_:?:i:f:i:i:?:i::i:?:_'-_-i:i:i::_ DIRECT SEEDED ?]iii!?iiiili!ii_?iili!i::ii?i??_?iii:-Eili_i!i;i_Z!ii?l?!_r_ 100

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10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE FROM SEED(YEARS)Figure 91 .--Slash pine direct-seeded (Lohroy 1987)

Louisiana

218 plots in cutover forest sites that were site prepared anddirect seeded; remeasurements from most plots

Total height and age from seed from 10 or more dominant andcodominant trees on each plot, anamorphic, logarithm equation

Site index is total height at 25 years age from seedConvert d,b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sl: <55 >55Years: 2 1

b_ b= b_ b4 b_ R" SE Maximumdifference

H 1.4698 0.9998 -0.0645 1.7575 0.0009 0.99 1.17 1.3Si 0.6687 1.0058 -0.0655 -2.0012 -0.0294 0.99 1.10 1.6

106

i2. Buchman, Roland G.; Pederson, S.P.; Walters, N.R. 1983. A tree survivalmodel with application to species of the Great Lakes region. Canadian Journalof Forestry. 13(4}: 601-608.

!3. Buchman, Roland G.; Shifley, S.R. 1983. Guide to evaluating forestgrowth projection systems, journal of Forestry. 81(4): 232-234.

14. Buchman, R.G. 1978. Timely resource information through processmodeling: the North Central system experience. In: Integrated inventories ofrenewable natural resources national workshop; 1978 january 8-12; Tucson, AZ.Tucson, AZ: 344-349.

i5. Buchman, Roland G. 1985. Performance of a tree survival model on nationalforests. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(4}: 114-116.

16. Ek, Alan R.; Randall, Bryan L.; Hahn, Jerold T.; Buchman, Roland G. 1985.STEMS model projection capability with plot and tree data aggregation. NorthernJournal of Applied Forestry. 2(4): 121-127.

i7. Hahn, J.T.; Belcher, D.M.; Holdaway, M.R.; Brand, G.J.; Shifley, S.R.1979. FREP 78: The updated tree growth projection system. In: Frayer, W.E.,ed. Forest resource inventories, Volume I. SAF-IUFRO proceedings. FortCollins, CO: Colorado State University, Department of Forest and WoodSciences: 211-222.

i3. Holdaway, M.R. 1986. Modeling tree crown ratio. The Forestry Chronicle .62: 451-455.

i9. Holdaway, Margaret R. 1985. Adjusting STEMS growth model for Wisconsinforests. Res. Pap. NC-267. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart_nent of Agriculture,Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

2_. Holdaway, Margaret R. 1984. Modeling the effect of competition on treediameter growth as applied in STEMS. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-94. St. Paul, MN: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest ExperimentStation. 9 p.

2i. Holdaway, M.R.; Brand, G.J. 1983. An evaluation of the STEMS tree growthprojection system. Res. Pap. NC-234. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Depart_nt ofAgriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 20 p.

22. Holdaway, M.R.; Brand, G.J. 1986. An evaluation of Lake States STEMS85.Res. Pap. NC-269. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, North Central Forest Experiment Station. I0 p.

23. Leary, R.A. 1980. A design for survivor growth inodels. In: Brown, K.M.;Clarke, F.R., eds. Proceedings, Forecasting forest stand dynamics. ThunderBay, ON: Lakehead University, School of Forestry: 62-81.

24. Lundgren, A.L.; Essex, B.L. 1978. A computerized tree growth projectionsystem for forest resource evaluation in the Lake States. In: Navon, Daniel,comp. Operational forest management planning _thods: proceedings, meeting ofIUFRO Steering Systems Project Group; 1978 June 18-24; Bucharest, Romania:International Union of Forestry Research Organizations: 13-23.

25. Miner, Cynthia L. 1984. TWIGS: A computer program that simulates forestgrowth and management. National Woodlands. 7(5): 11-12.

102

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TOTAL A GE (YEARS)Figure 92.--Longleaf pine (USDA 1929)

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 94.--Longleaf pine (Farrar 1981)

_astal plain of Northwest Florida, Southwest Georgia, South andCentral Alabama, and South Mississippi

182 permanent growth study plots on naturally regenerated lands,remeasurements of total height and age from dominant andcodominant trees

Weighted multiple linear regression, anamorphic

C<mvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

SI: 40 50 60 65-95 96+

i Years: 10 8 6 5 4

b, bz b_ b4 b_ R _ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.3196 1.0000 -0.0356 1.4271 0.000017 0.99 3.43 8.6SI 0.6398 1.0401 -0.0:345 -2.6970 -0.1749 0.99 3.78 8.3

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20 30 40 50 60 70 BO 90 100 110 120

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 95.--Red pine (Gevorkiantz 1957c, derived from Eyre and Zehngraff 1948,

and Brown and Gevorkiantz 1934)Minnesota

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant treesnot given

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH -- 0.0):SI: 40 50 60 70+ tlYears: 8 6 5 4

b_ ba b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.8900 1.0000 -0.0198 1.3892 0.0000 0.99 0.64 1.4SI 0.5291 1.0000 -0.0198 -1.3892 0.0000 0.99 0.64 1.4

110

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35

SREASTHE_CHTaC_.(YEARS)Figure 96.---Red pine plantations (Richards, Morrow, and Stone 1962)

New York

96 plots having 6 to 10 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and breast height age, polymorphic, independent curves

plotted for each site classSite index is height at20 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

Ii b1 b_, b3 b4 bS R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 19.0635 0.5885 -0.0111 3.3922 -0.3418 0.95 0.76 1.1SI 0.0199 1.01 92 -0.0081 -0.7730 0.0424 0.97 1.09 1.9

111

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2o 30 35 4o 45 50AGE SINCE PLANTING(YEARS)

Figure 97.--Red pine plantations (Hannah 1971)Vermont

92 plots having 2 to 4 dominant trees on each plotTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 30 years plantation ageAdd 7 years to d.b.h, age to obtain plantation age (BH ,,,0.0)

b_ bz b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference q

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H 2.0401 1.0003 -0.0361 1.7914 -0.0090 0.94 0.62 0.4

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112

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5 3o 35 4o 45 5oAGE FROM SEED(YEARS)

Figure 98.--Red pine plantations (Wilde et ai. 1965)Wisconsin

69 plantations, number of dominant and c0dominant trees not givenTotal height and age from seed, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 7 years to d.b.h, age to obtain age from seed (BH = 0.0)

b_ b_, b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximum

differenceH 2.6359 0.8259 -0.0389 21.5578 -0.6271 0.98 1.05 1.6SI 0.0102 1.4990 -0.0004 -1.4930 -0.2058 0.99 1.62 4.0

113

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........................................................................ 50_ RED PINE -_-_---'--_-*-'-.... -'-_----'-:::'-_-_-_-_-,,.-"_"_-.... :"::--:'"::__-_r_ _PLANTATIONS _-_---'--'-_-'--_-_----'....*-*-'-_-"--"-'--_"--__,.,:::.:...........

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15 :'" ','" _-_-'-: ..... _ ..... ,'....;._L._.:___._._;..__.._.__;.__....................................................... I" ," ,-',_-t-t'1-, ............-_-_-4--_....:._:___.__.===========================:_:,:_::_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: INDEX

..................... _ .................................................. " ....... ,_'t" "'-""",_" "- ;'"'-'"................................................................................... iI--I _ .... J. Jt--:--IL-. = ii- - i¢ ._l-J -

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10 15 20 25 30

BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 99._Red pine plantations (Gilmore 1967)

Illinois

60 plantations, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and breast height age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ ] R_ SE Maximum 1difference

H 0.7666 1.0909 -0.0733 3.2335 -0.2947 0.98 1.17 1.2Sl 0.3862 1.1649 -0.0646 -1.0878 -0.0287 0.97 1.08 1.0

114

110RED PINE LiL:2::_::_,:F_iii.iiiiti:i:_,:_:iiiitiiiit-_:i:,:_Fiiiilii:,:,t::_:_,:[__:,:

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Iz:I 40 ._,.,:.:,...:_-,,_,.__:!__:_i;;._.t_t:i:!:i:i:f!_!t_!:;:_t:i:i:i:::f_;t._,_::i SITE

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15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Act.SINCr.PtaNT]NC(Y .ARS)Figure 100.--Red pine plantations (Stiell and Berry 1973b, Berry 1984)

Eastern Ontario--Petawawa

31 plantations having 56 permanent growth study plotsPeriodic height measurements, anamorphic, quadratic equation not

givenSite index is total height at 50 years since planting

Add 5 years to d.b.h, age to obtain years since planting(BH - 0.0)

- b_ b2 bs b_ bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

-H 2.0434 0.9978 -0.0147 1.0937 -0.0035 0.89 0.44 0.4Sl 0.4950 0.9965 -0.0143 -I .0491 0.0039 0.92 0.51 0.5

115

G: RED PINE _....__.__;:,_::_..__,...._.,::_,._,....,_,_,,. ,

75 PLANTATIONS ,._;,,.....,...,...,.;, _:::::= -............................................ t..................... ]..... _ ... _:: .....70 ....t...._1....f....t....:4....f........................................ :_;;:,::::

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5 I0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

BREAST HEIGHT AGE(YEARS)Figure 101.--Red pine plantations (Thrower 1986b)

Northcentral Ontario25 plots having 3 dominant trees per plotInternode measurements and stem analysis, nonlinear regression,

polymorphicSite index is total height at 20 years breast height age

(BH = 4.5)

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximum i

difference

H 13.6713 0.5404 -0.0283 8.7720 -0.5308 0.94 0.55 0.5

S!.... 0.00098 1.4784 -0.00023 -1.1602 -0.0574 0.99 1.35 3.7 •

116

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20 30 40 50 60 "tO 80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 102.--Pond pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960)

Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia

130 plots having 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and age, anamorphic, logarithm equationConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sh 50-75 75-100Years: 5 4

i b1 b2 b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.1266 1.0051 -0.0367 0.6780 0.0404 0.99 0.61 1.6SI 0.8682 1.0012 -0.0384 -0.8561 -0.0016 0.99 0.68 2.1

117

,.,..,.,. ,..,.,:. y_"_=,_,_.,..,.,_.,.,, ,, _,., ,. _.,.._.,j: _:_,_,..o<,>2! _0:,:.,..,., .__._., _,__ . _.,.,. ,..",. ,_,.,............. .,.,.., 7::;7:;-:TT._, i, ,. ,.,. • ,:,..,.-'_.?;/t'i_.... .-_.-t

r_ _ EASTERN WHITE PINE iiiii_iii_i_::;_i!ii_:}_'_:__)7_i_

70

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30 ..................................' .........:.........................' ...........":

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00 II0 I_0

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure103.--Easternwhitepine(Gevorkiantz1957f,derivedfromGsvorkiantz

and Zon 1930)Northern Wisconsin92 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height andtotal age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 40 50 60 70 80

Years: 12 12 10 8 6 _.

I b, b= b_ b, b_ R_ SE Maximum

difference-H 1.9660 1.0000 -0.0240 1.8942 0.0000 0.99 0.66 1.7Si 0.5086 1.0000 -0.0240 -1.8942 0.0000 0.99 0.66 1.7

118

....... IIII1

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20 3o 40 50 80 70TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

F_ure 104._astem white pine (Beck 1971a, 197tb)Appalachian Mountains of Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and

G_rgia42 plots having 3 dominant and codominanl trees on each p_otStem anatysis, polymorpNc, nonlinear regressionConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to sffe

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 50-65 66-80 81-95 96-110 111+Years: 7 6 5 4 3

b, b2 b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference

H 3.2425 0.7980 -0.0435 52.0549 -0.7064 0.99 2.24 2.8Si 0_4732 t.0520 -0.0168 -2_2944 -0.1984 0.99 3.95 9.6

119

_ _ _, i u illliHHHHliliHilili I I II I II I I I I I I I IIIIIHIIIIII II IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIIIIII

EASTERN WHITE PINE --_-_PLANTATIONS ::_::-I:::::....u. 50 .....

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10 15 20 25 30 35

BREASTHE CHTaG .(YEaRS)Figure 105.--Eastern white pine plantations (Gilmore 1968)

Illinois48 plantations, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height andbreast height age, anamorphic, logarithmequationSite index is height at 25 years breast height age (BH = 4.5)

b_ b_ bs b_ b_ R_ SE Maximum _difference

H 0.6689 1.1249 -0.0785 1.9792 -0.1365 0.97 0.97 1.0SI 0.4143 1.1539 -0.0771 -1.0397 0.0379 0.97 0.96 1.2

120

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15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

AGE SINCE PLANTING(YEARS)Figure 106.---Eastern white pine plantations (Hannah 1971)

Vermont75 plots having 2 to 4 dominant trees on each plotTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 30 years plantation ageAdd 9 years to d.b.h, age to obtain plantation age (BH = 0.0)

....... b1 b2 b3 b4 bs R_ SE differenceMaximum

....ILl 1.5269 0.9955 -0.0550 1.9118 0.00048 0.98 0.89 t .6

_S! - 0.6457 1.0096 -0,0564 -2.0691 -0.0119 0.98 0.86 1.5

121

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10 15 20 25 30 35

AGE SINCE PLANTING(YEARS)Figure 107._Eastern white pine plantations (Vimmerstedt 1959, 1962)

Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, andGeorgia

111 plots having 5 to 6 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years plantation ageConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):

SI: 50-65 66-80 81-95 96+ ;,_Years: 7 6 5 4

i bl b2 b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference

H I 1.4638 0.9979 -0.0743 2.2460 -0.0040 0.99 0.51 0.9,SI I 0.6590 1.0117 -0.0744 -2.5813 -0.0423 0.99 0.60 1.3

122

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Figure 108.--,Scotch pine plantations (Hannah 1971)Vermont

31 plots having 2 to 4 dominant trees on each plotTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 30 years plantation ageAdd 5 years to d.b.h, age to obtain plantation age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R" SE Maximum

difference

H 1.2096 1.0027 4:).0671 1.2282 0.0335 0.99 1.50 1.1SI 0.9618 0.9587 -0.0690 -0.7625 0.1719 0.99 1.49 1.2

123

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3o 4o 5o 6o '7o 8oTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 109.--Loblolly pine (USDA 1929)Southern States

146 plots, number of dominants not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):Sh 60-75 76+Years: 4 3

b_ b_ b_ b 4 b_ R_ SE Maximum idifference

H 1.1727 1.0042 -0.0439 1.3558 0.0240 0.99 0.50 1.7SI 0.8765 0.9902 -0.0447 -1.2443 0.0502 0.99 0.60 2.1

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124

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20 30 40 50 60 70 80

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 1lO.---Loblolly pine (Schumacher and Coile 1960, Coile and Schumacher

1964)Coastal Plain from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland to Mobile Bay, Alabama420 plots having 8 dominant and codominant trees on each plotTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH = 0.0):SI: 60-75 76+Years: 4 3

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R _ SE Maximum

difference

H ...........1.1421 1.0042 -0.0374 0.7632 0.0358 0.99 0.73 2.2Sl 0.8485 1.0038 -0.0389 -1.0031 -0.0145 0.99 0.82 3.0

125

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5 20 3o 35 5o 55 so e5TOT . Gv.( E RS)

Figure 111.---Loblolly pine (Trousdell, Beck, and Lloyd 1974)Coastal Plain of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina22 plots having 2 dominant and codominant trees on each plotStem analysis, polymorphic, nonlinear regressionConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0)"

SI: 60-75 76+Years: 4 3

b_ b_ b_ b_ b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 3.0849 0.8076 -0.0341 26.2342 -0.6702 0.99 1.45 5.2S! 0.5694 1.0415 -0.0204 -1.4874 -0.1242 0.98 2.70 6.5

126

I ' I I'll'r"ll

110 ,- _ 100

100 90

......... :t :{:............

0

80 70

70<z 60

600

_ SITE0 50 :i::i:_:_.o_,,..,..._-i- INDEX

o 40

30,..a

20 30 40 50 60 70

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Fig_r_i12.--[ob_ollypine(Zahner1962)

North Louisiana and southern Arkansas

211 p_ts on poorly aerated soils, number of dominant andcodominant trees not given, additional site index curves givenfor loess soils and well-aerated soils

Total h_ht and total age, anarnorphic, age coefficient fromsoil-site regression

Convert d.b.h, age to to,at age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

St: 60-75 76+

O Years: 4 3

-- b_ b_ ba b4 b_ R_ SE Maximum

difference

1.1643 0.9999 -0.04i3 1.1057 -0.0002 0.99 1.t2 3.50.7973 1.01 65 -0.0408 -1.6634 -0_0974 0.99 1.22 4.6127

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,,%,

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2o 25 30 35 4o 45 5oAGE SINCE PIANTING(YEARS)

Figure 108.--,Scotch pine plantations (Hannah 1971)Vermont

31 plots having 2 to 4 dominant trees on each plotTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 30 years plantation ageAdd 5 years to d.b.h, age to obtain plantation age (BH = 0.0)

b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 R" SE Maximum

difference

H 1.2096 1.0027 4:).0671 1.2282 0.0335 0.99 1.50 1.1SI 0.9618 0.9587 -0.0690 -0.7625 0.1719 0.99 1.49 1.2

123

LOBLOLLY PINE - ','u"= PLANTATIONS -_"- ""-_- "-__..... : '_.

II N,,j

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10 15 20 25

PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Figure 113.--Loblolly pine plantations (Shipman 1960)

South Carolina Piedmont220 plantations,number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years plantation ageConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):Sl: <50 >50Years: 3 2

b_ b_, b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximum

difference....i_ 1.1579 1.0000 -0.0930 1.4274 0.0001 0.99 0.15 0.3

Si 0.9150 0.9936 -0.1123 -1.5988 0.0347 0..99 0.74 2.2

128

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10 15 20 25 30

PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Figure 114.--Loblolly pine plantations (Clutter and Lenhart 1968)

Georgia Piedmont141 dominant and codominant trees, number of plots not givenStem analysis, polymorphic, nonlinear regressionSite index is total height at 25 years plantation ageConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <50 >50Years: 3 2

| b I b2 b3 b4 b5 R2 SE Maximumdifference

'H 2.9579 0.8274 -0.0581 9.3221 -0.4616 0.99 0.37 1.3Sl 0.1483 1.2560 -0.0155 -2.5747 -0.2990 0.99 0.66 2.6

129

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5 10 15 20 25

AGE FROM PLANTING(YEARS)Figure 115.--Loblolly pine plantations--Piedmont (Amateis and Burkhart 1985)

Piedmont throughout most of natural range68 plots, cutover and site prepared land, 1 dominant and 1

codominant tree on each plotStem analysis, differential equation, polymorphicSite index is total height at 25 years since plantingConvert d.b.h, age to age since planting by adding years according

to site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <50 >50

Years: 3 2......

b_ i:)2 b_ b4 bs 1:t2 SE Maximumdifference..

H 1.0060 1.1098 -0.0535 0.5548 0.2433 0.99 0.01 0.4SI 0.8459 1.0028 -0.1241 -1.4067 0.2398 0.99 0.01 3.4

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........................ _ i!_ !::............i:i _.i!_........!i.......!................................i i:i.'.ii :::7.__iiii_

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_E_ ._-z_J.a .... __._._.__ _a__._l.._..___.a_a .... i___.___ ............ ____a.a .... ,_-_._._- .J-_--_-._- .......

.................... ;I : I ............ ,_ t _, I

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_ .........................................

5 10 i5 20 25

AGE FROM PLANTING(YEARS)Figure 116.---Loblolly pine plantations--Coastal Plain (Amateis and Burkhart 1985)

Coastal Plain throughout most of natural range105 plots, cutover and site prepared land, 1 dominant and

1 codominant troe on each plotStem analysis, differential equation, polymorphicSite index is total height at 25 years since plantingConvert d.b.h, age to age since planting by adding years according

to site index (BH = 0.0):Sh <50 >50

i Years: 3 2

b, b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

_ ,,

H 1.0107 1.1384 -0.0393 0.4584 0.2413 0.96 0.78 0.5SI 0.9172 0.9646 -0.0982 -1.0330 0.2288 0.99 1.96 3.5

131

1O0 !!!:_:_:_:_::_.:._._:_:_`_!_!_-_!_`!_:!_-_!._U:!_!!7:iil7!_i_!ii_i_!i!i.!_!!!!i_._._77_._-_/!_iq!-_._ 100 ill_ LOBLOLLY PINE ___-___.__iil PLANTATIONS ii!iiiililitilili_iiiiiiiililiiiiiiiiiiilili_iiii__iili_'!__-_-"-___, _-"-"-" _-___ ':-'7-!_-!_-_: .... "!": ....:-2" _ !-""--:-l! �x�_

80 !!i_i!?_i!!!_i_!i!i!ii[!i!!!!il!_!f_i!i:_-i!!it!!!!i!!_!!l!i::!!!!!_;___8070_.__.___....:_._._.__,.__...:_._.._._.______+_:.______:,_,__:,___._..__

I I I I I I I l __

i!i!ili!::lili iiiiiiitiiiiiiii::illi!i!iii!iliiiii!

=<so som 40 i!:ii?::ii!i::iiii!iii!::iii::!"iiii_7'____tiiiii::ii!_::fi!ii::ii!i0_ -!-_!-_-_-:-_-!-!-t-!:",-__'-_-._::_-:_!-_ ....',--i--_-!-t-!-?-',--',-[!-!-!-_-:

o ao=========================--::!:::i::!::':!:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_::i::i::i:::_:_:_:!::

- :-._..__-,'_..,._,-_:.__._. - -',--',............. , -.' ' ' -,--,-- i--_--4--,'---I--:--i--_- .i--',--I--',- ;--_---_-4.... :--',--_--_- -I--,--:--',---l--_---;--{-r-,,-._--l-- -,--.-.-.-.-.-.--,--.- --.-.-.-.-.--,--.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.- .-,--v-',-._ .... r-r-r-,'-' +..I-_--,--,.-- -_'-,,--_-'_-.

:!:!:!:_:::i::'_:!:!:::_::i::i::i-::!:_:!:_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-- ¢--.-..,- _ .... ,--.-.-.-,-.-.--,--.-.-.-.-.-.-.--,--.-. - _-- 4-._- w- _--_-- .-*.- _.-.*-._-..4--,--!..-_--_-- m- _- _--,--_-_- -_- - +-.,-.4-.

.,._.,..,........ ,__,__._._.,............ ,..__i__,......... ,.._,_._,.............. ,.,_,_. _',._L.[_.,_.;._,,._;_..,._,.____..0 -_--_--I-4---',--',--7-{--.-,--',--',--',-- "-_--l--',- -'-4--',--',-- -i--_-_-4.... ',--:--i--_- -,--,--,--,--,.-,-,-,-,-r-_-_-_ .... ,--_-r-_-. -_--_--,--r-- -r-_-_-_ .... I--_--_-r-' -_--_--_--t-- '-r-_-_-_ .... ,--.-.-.---.-.--,--.-' -r-_-_-_-"

5 10 15 20 25

aGEFRO_PtaNTING(YEARS)Figure 117.---Loblolly pine plantations--welldrained (Pienaar and Shiver 1980)

Coastal plains of North and South Carolina_all except very poorly drainedsoils

154 plots, site prepared lands, 2 dominant and codominant treeson each plot

Stem analysis, nonlinear regression, anamorphicSite index is total height at 25 years since plantingConvert d.b.h, age to age since planting by addingyears according

to site index (BH = 0.0)"Sl: <50 >50Years: 4 3

b_ b= b_ b4 bs R_ SE Maximumdifference,,

H 1.1519 1.0000 -0.1003 1.6640 0.0001 0.99 0.08 0.01SI 0.8680 1.0000 -0.1003 -1°6650 -0.00004 0.99 0.10 0.02

' 132

B _ 100 _!:_:_:!i_::_!:_:j_:_!!_!_L:_:_:_:_-_iiii_!i!_!iii!i!i!!_!iii!_!_!i!_iii_i!!i!_!i_i!i!iii!!!iIi__100_ LOBLOLLY PINE _i-i_,--i, __-::-_'_-_-:-:':_-_-:j__--:-'__"",'-,-'_'_'1--,--,--,--, .... '_' ™D�d�c�"-:-':"_-_--'-':--:--:---_,:: &����"

u,_ 90 -- PLANTATIONS :::::::::::::::,::::::::::::::::__:._,_::i::::_::_::!::,::i:-,--::i_:!::90

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

0 '70 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::4./..` 70--'-'-'--,'- --:--,'--'- �"-4--:--',-- -'-'--',--,'- --',--',--'-'-i-4--,'--:'-: ..... "-'-'--._,.,_,._.._,_.__,.,_._.___.__,.___.,.,__._.,.__._.,___,__._,_._._-__.-'-;-"--'....'--:';''--""-"'-"'"" -"'"'"--'....'--'--'-':"--"-'--'"-_- .2 r-_-' ''_-'-"--'-" -'-"-';-""

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-_-,-:-:-I......._-:-1--..........._.....:---_..........•.....:..............'..........."-'-_-:..........._.......:--.,.-_,.,w.,w..-,-._.._._,- __.__._.._-_ -,.._.-,.,__- --,.-,-.,--,. .... ._..w..._--,-- .-.-,-.-.-.--,--.---,- -._-,-_--,--_--]- _-,.._..w..

_-_4-::t-"-"__t--:-:-"--"F-_-_-4--:-T-''--_' 4--::: .... "_-__- -"""-'-t-;--'--'--'--F -_-''-:o ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_=_:::::::_:::_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::5 10 15 20 25

AGE FROM PIANTINO(YEARS)Figure 118._Loblolly pine plantations--poorly drained (Pienaar and Shiver 1980)

Coastal Plains of North and South Carolina_very poorly drained soils inpocosins

25 plots, site prepared lands, 2 dominant and codominant treeson each plot

Stem analysis, nonlinear regression, anamorphicSite index is total height at 25 years since plantingConvert d.b.h, age to age since planting by adding years according

to site index (BH = 0.0):Si: <50 >50Years: 4 3

b_ b, b_ b4 b_ Ft_ SE Maximumdifference

H- 1.5177 1.0000 -0.0551 1.4360 -0.0001 0.99 0.08 0.01Sl 0.6596 0.9998 -0.0551 -1.4347 0.0002 0.99 0.11 0.02

...... 133

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.". -; - _ -'- _ -' ....... 1- - -,- - -r " - r -,- r-,- -,-r --T --1 -'1 "," _ _" " _'C 2"-[:_::PLANTATIONS :::::::::::::::::::::-!:_:,_::_:_::::_::::::_:::::>:::_:_:::_.::_.-._:r,,T-iV

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10 15 gO 25 30 35 40

AGE FROM SEED(YEARS)Figure 119.--t_obblly pine planiatbns (Smalley and Bower 1971)

Central Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Northwest Georgia

270 plantations, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and age from seed, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years age from seedConvert d.b.h, age to age from seed by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <50 >50Years: 4 3

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

-H 1.5861 0.9999 -0.0390 0.9753 -0.0017 0.99 0.28 0.7SI 0.5990 1.0131 -0.0394 -1.0892 -0.0272 0.99 0.32 1.1

134

ii_ii

, _., 80 [ii:_;_;_:_:_::_:_::_::_::_:;_::i:iii![!i!!_i_!i_iii1ii!_!i_.iii!:iIiii_:.i_ii_ii_]i__ 80_ LOBLOLLY PINE :-:!::!:::::.::_:::::;::_:::i!i::ii_::::_::::::::::_'::_:::::_iii::i:::::::

PLANTATIONS ......................75 .................................. .._.____,. ..,_ ..... __.,_ _,_.1. _,,___"-,-- _ "-,'''¢" , , _ , _.., , _2..._ ._.,._,__ ,_ ._, _.,___,_.- _ ' ,___'..L..'

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70 ....................................... ::- 70Z -,--_--r--, .... r--,'-_--r -r .... _--r--,-- - -r--,--_--r---,-_,....._-_...._......._ -,--_--,-,- _ .....,.....

-,--_--r--_-- -r--,--.--r -_--r''_-'_-._l_

N 65 ............... ::::.__. ___ __.a._ .a_. _. ___ _.

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-,--_--r-'_-- r--,--_--r -_--r-_--_-- -r-_--_" --r-_--_--r-"

60 .......................... 60___ _

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35 :- ....- -_--F--;--I ....'--'--_ ::: ::: -'-_-"--"-'--'--_" SITE_,.. ____..J_. ._. .__.

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10 15 20 25

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 120.--Loblolly pine plantations (Lenhart 1971 )

Interior West Guff Coastal Plain of Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas

699 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphie, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years total age

Convert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according tosite index (BH = 0.0):

Sl: <50 >50Years: 4 3

bI b2 b3 b, b5 R 2 SE Maximumdifference

"PI-- 1.1547 0.9973 -0.0915 1.2294 0.0029 0.96 0.59 0.8Sl 0.8550 1.0066 -0.0931 -1.3579 -0.0163 0.97 0.65 1.2

135

,_ _ ,* _-T-;-T_"T _Y-T%_77; i-_ , , ...... _ _ ' ' " _ ' _ ' ' ' _ ' " ' ' ' J ' J _ ' '

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;_-;-_;_-"_'_=_-_-_-_:-=_:_=_:='-_"_=_ :____-i-_.";_i"i_=i-"ii_-+"_iiU_ii_-'-_:ii__i-tlt_..i_--',_.1..... _ "_.t:.i:;:_.:J:Z:Z:tJ _iZt_.t: _:::_.,_ 1.'::t, _ j.1:tt j_:iZt :_:;:Z__J.':Z:,".tJ.izz:.tJ-i::,"_JJZ-_..t_Z

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10 15 eo e5 3o 35 4o 45 50TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 121.--Loblolly pine plantations (Popham et al. 1979)Lower West Gulf Coastal Plain of eastern Texas, Louisiana,

Arkansas, and Alabama293 permanent growth plots on cutover sites, number of dominant

and codominant trees not givenRemeasurements of total height and total age, anamorphic,

regression equationsSite index is total height at 25 years total ageConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to site

index (BH ---0.0):SI: <50 >50Years: 4 3

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 2.7644 0.9991 -0.0090 0.6293 0.0003 0.99 1.20 4.9Si 0.2937 1.0738 -0.0112 -0.9033 -0.0801 0.99 1.42 6.9

136

< __

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15 20 25 30 35

PLANTATION AGE(YEARS)Figure 122.--Lobiolly pine plantations (Gilmore and Metcalf 1961a)

Southern Illinois

53 plantations, number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and plantation age, anamorphic, logarithm equationSite index is total height at 25 years plantation ageConvert d.b.h, age to plantation age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <35 >35Years: 4 3

Ib_ b, b_ b4 b_ R= SE Maximum

difference'H .... 1.2697 1.0002 -0.0885 2.0238 0.0006 0.99 0.73 2.3sI 0.7050 1.0303 -0.0860 -2.7362 -0.1026 0.99 1.17 3.8

137

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10 20 30 40 50 60 "70

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 123.--Virginia pine (Slocum and Miller 1953)

Piedmont of Durham County, North Carolina116 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, equatio n not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <45 45-75 >75Years: 6 5 4

b_ b= b_ b4 bs I R_ SE Maximum

- ' I differen_H 1.2096 1.0140 -0.0380 1.3247 0.0374 0.99 0.87 3.7SI 0.9100 0.9645 -0.0396 -1.0279 0.1133 0.99 1.10 5.6

138

- _:__

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E-, i VIRGINIA PINE ...... 90................... _...... _...................... :--:- _,-_-)-_

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30 .._ _: ................................. -_-:--,_-:-_,-:-.-,_,-_,-:.... _,-:-,_.... _,-:-,_--_,-:-,_-:--INDEX:--,-,-i:i --'_-' ,---; ,-:--:--;-_-:--:--;-'-:--:--'-,--:-,--;-,-,-,...... ,-,---,,-,-,-,,-,-;-,-,-,-,--,- __.Zt_:_:_::.. _:.:_:_:__:.:_,.:._:_:_:.:.:_::.:_:_._:_:_:_:_i.:_:.:_:_:...:_:......./¢/__//.,,,_,__!_/___.-._.:._:._;-_-:--:--_-:--:--:--_-:--:-_--:--:--:-_--:--:-_-_---:-_-;-_-i--:-_-_-:-"-_-_-:-

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20 30 40 50 60 70

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 124._Virginia pine (Chaikenand Nelson 1959; Nelson, Clutter, and

Chaiken 1961)Piedmont of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas166 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height andtotal age, anamorphic, logarithm equation notgiven

Convert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

SI: <45 45-75 >75Years: 6 5 4

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.1204 0.9984 -0.0597 2.4448 -0.0284 0.99 0.92 4.6SI 0.8421 1.0090 -0.0490 -2.1682 -0.0762 0.99 0.99 4.3

139

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i

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :k:_]:J:,:i:!:]:!:T:i:j:]: :::::::::::::::::::::::::_" 90 )i7i":f:"::i:i:!i:i:f:7]::_:77:7:!:i:f:;_-::-+:f:):)i: -i-fT_:-"iii-7-ii)i:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::-:::-:-.:_i-':-:-:-::×::_: 80

80 _:!:i:-7!,:::__7:7::::1 :7:71:_:+?::!:TL_L:i_?_/d:7:]:O ................7:r:1:_:i:t:7: .................!,_,....__i:_:{:_,:,::!:: 70>.-:-.'.-;--..-'-7-' ' ..' ........ -,P-;-_--D.-' ' " -r--;-;-" "-',-.....(--4-4-' ........ "-D--4.--_-.,,' . : ' ' -4--

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oo 70 ,i:!:!:!:_:!:_:;::!:r_"_:!t:!:!:!:[-__-_:!/:!_.:!::::_:!L__<_O3 :-fi-I -,"- - -:-i-, ,"-]I].I]!] _ [.-_-Z--_,_ ]i.}).:.I-,- ,-, -,'- -1- f -, ...... f- -) I-.It -,'--:- ,-/:- -',-',-1- -, -'._,- t- -:--',-,-, - -:-I - I ...... 1- 1-7-:-k...,

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0 50 i,,,_:-7;_i_'--!:_::i::r:::_.:i:i:i_X:_i_:_:_:_::,::._:_: ___: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

M SITE

30 _ INDEX,..]

3o ,io 5o 6o "voTOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 125._Virginia pine (Kulow, Sowers, and Heesch 1966)West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania922 dominant and codominant trees, number of plots not givenTotal height and total age, anamorphic, logarithm equationConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: <45 45-75 >75Years: 6 5 4

i_ ! difference

H I 0.7716 1.1087 -0.0348 0.1099 0.5274 0.99 0.88 3.1Sl I 1.0955 0.9455 -0.0527 -0.3886 0.3628 0.99 1.25 4.3

140

100 ....... ...................................- L-: [_ -_-,- J ...._,_ _:_,_, !: :,_,.;:_. :,_, j.. ,._.:. _,.,.,__,..,._-,.,--_-,--,-,--_-,-,-,--,-,-,-,---,-,-,-,--,-,-,-_-_-,-,-7-,-

E-, i VIRGINIA PINE ...... 90................... _...... _...................... :--:- _,-_-)-_

-, 1 r "1 _o_-- -;-_-l--;- --I-_-_--;- -_-l'-;--;-' "r'r-,-'_'' "r-'-,'l-'-r-,-*_'T" ",--,-_'r''" _-r---,''l"r-¢'-''t'T-r', -

................. ,-,- ----- , .... , , , , _ , , , , , , , ,,i,....__

":--V,-,-I-,-,-,-,---,-,-,-, :,',',',-/-,',-,--," ",', ....... _ ...... ..4.._....... i ....-,--,',-,-l--,-,-,-,-'-,-,-,-,--i',',-.-,',-,-,-,--,- -_-r',-.- -_-,"-,"_- :;f-,-','_- '-,-',-_,.-" '-,-_-,'r'--,-_-,-_-.-_-,-r-,-"--:-:-r-I-:-:-:-r-,-:-:-r-7-i-:-:-r-:-1-:-,-7,--;-,-;-:--: -r;:x",-;-,-,S.,:-._:, ,-::-:-: :-r---: ::,-_ 80

7--, -:-___t-:___:__:I__-_:-t;-_:--:-__:_ :_!-!_-"--:-_-_-::__'-__-_ :,., _ L t--, J , _ -, • _ '-4 _ , L , -I , _ <..... ,_,._,..,_._,_,,__.j..../W-_p__.__._,..J_J._A,_,___._._ ..... _.,.,._i_.J_,.L ....-,.... b-,...... ,- 4 1 v" _ . _-L . . .

Z 80 ,,: ,_r,_ :-r-.:-:-:-r,-,-:-,:-:--,-r-:" -r-:--': r -,-,- :-.:'--. . ,-='-'-_-,---'-:-_--"'-_-_.... | ........ J .... I ..... LL_;d..... ._ ........... _ .................... _ .........-,--,-,-,4-,-,-,-,-_-,-,-,-,-:I-,-,-,-,-I-,-,-_-,--;-/:-_--S,--!-,--_-:_,-;--,---,-,-,_--,-,-,-_--,-,-_-,--

i,--,i .......... i--................ .-i......... -.i.......... .r...... ; ........ _',_ 321:....... :-:_."S.,:]: i : [: - "- ] - [ [ i- ]- 1- [ ......, ._ L I.- ' J ._ I. _ _- ' .4 J _- _- ' 4 '_-_- .... '- P:'-}--'-::_ .L-,--,-4,,,,'.- -' .... '--'=..-._-'_---' ...... ' ......... '--,",-:-::-l:-:-:-:,-:-:-::l:-:;-:-i: : :',._ :',/, : ',..v,'r :',:: ,..-v--r: ', : : ::' : :::;-"_:'-_- '70--: ..... t:-":::: ":..... t-::::::::::::::_l:i_:,':::: _:.:i: ::;_ :::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::0 '--,-_,')- -,-_,', , _, _,',"," ", ................................-,-,-,-, -_-,-,-,-_ - --,-_-, -,--1-,-, -_-,- -,- ;/,-:- _,.4-_-',-_ -_-,-,-, ;..4_-:-_-;- -,--,-,-__- -,-,-, -_--,-, -_-,--

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60 :::: ::::' :::: :' : _,"._..,":_:-'_-_"_:-_":- -"_'_'_'--:-::-:-"-::-::-'-:-:-::-,-.-.-.----.-.-.-=.,_--.-',--:-_-:-- -:-(-;-)---:-.I-;.-:- -: ;-' -:-. -f-)-',-,,k-"-)---(-I- .,;,+-"N,-l-t- .-I--(-,-,-.-',-(-;-_-_-_,-t-)-',--_- -,- 'i - r -,- - - -I- T- r -c "

....."...... -................-',-",-_-_---:-_-;-'',-'-'-', :/!:?-:-;:::::7 ::::_:'.:========================50::::]:1:[:_]:]:1:7.: ]: -t -; -_.- _..... :-'-/, .................... _ ..................:__:___,__r.:___;.,__i._:.l_y_:_//7-:-_- -_- -7-:-_-;-.__..,-,-;-;._-:-_-_-_--_-;-_-:-..-:-,-:-:- -:-_,-:-,_-i-• : .-. :;:_;:i::::':i: _'::':i:i:::::i:i:;: ::____ ..,_..., . ,__:..:-,. _,,._:_--.:.... ..... ....... :_-.. _-=_.._._.............._,__:_,.,._,_,_,.;.,.,_. -,.. ._ _---,,-;-_-.-;__ -,-;-;-;--;-:-;-,,-:i:i:i:i:_:i:i:i :::, ,::: :,, . .... , .... , ........-:-'-:-:-I-.'-'-'.-'-i/.'.- -" -.'/-_-'/ __'__ _::,':__:i:_: ...........................

-:-A-I-_---:-4 '-'-/-'- -' :-J/-,-i--'-:- -_ ,-:--,- _ ......................................

a, ii!iii!i?_ ..............................................0 _ -,--,- , , , .)_:_4_(..._A___;.. _,..(_,_,,_ _:___I..:..__.__)_:.

4--I -"Z!:2::_":_:{:'-:S.:-'-[_ '"--'--'- -_'"-' .... ;-'--' .... '--'- " ' ......., _._;_/.. _____.._;,_:_.,__...................................................................... SITE...... "/' ' ' ._ ....... i .... I .... i .... i ' ' ' : I ', ', ', ', i ', ', ', ', i

..... _/X- -; "-/_-"-;'"-'-"-;"--""-"-'- -_';'-_--'-"'"'_-:-&'-"-"'-" ......................

30 .._ _: ................................. -_-:--,_-:-_,-:-.-,_,-_,-:.... _,-:-,_.... _,-:-,_--_,-:-,_-:--INDEX:--,-,-i:i --'_-' ,---; ,-:--:--;-_-:--:--;-'-:--:--'-,--:-,--;-,-,-,...... ,-,---,,-,-,-,,-,-;-,-,-,-,--,- __.Zt_:_:_::.. _:.:_:_:__:.:_,.:._:_:_:.:.:_::.:_:_._:_:_:_:_i.:_:.:_:_:...:_:......./¢/__//.,,,_,__!_/___.-._.:._:._;-_-:--:--_-:--:--:--_-:--:-_--:--:--:-_--:--:-_-_---:-_-;-_-i--:-_-_-:-"-_-_-:-

::::]:i::: "/-S-/S ....................................................... _.......................................................................................................................i_,,__._.,,.._.:_:..-.:.l.__;_:--:--_.:.-,,.-:--_-,,---_--,,--,,---_-I-',--:-_-_---',--:-_-_....',-'-;-:---:-_-_-:-:i: ],,:i : i : _,_ :,_-i : ....... .l......... .i....................................... "(-_,-,<-"-:- _,-t "; -!-'(- _,- ;-,"" "_,-t-)':-"

[--, ..................... -',-:-:-'-1-;-'_'-'--'-:-'-'--',-_-:-', !!:!:i:; ::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ......... _......................... :::: __:i:i:"i!i0 --'-,-'-,:,- ,'--_-:-4-"-:----:-_- :--'- -_-:--',--:- - _-:--:- - ,'--"-:--:-I-_-:-"-_- -:--:--,'-"- -:--:-_-_-"-:--:--:-:-.... :-"-_-" - -;- -:-"_-I .... _---P-""-I"T'."" 'I.':-:'7 ........ ',...................., _-F-,'G-:" "7-'.-!.-:- "7I,-I-,""-:-I,-'-:-i-I-:', ''_ .........

20 30 40 50 60 70

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 124._Virginia pine (Chaikenand Nelson 1959; Nelson, Clutter, and

Chaiken 1961)Piedmont of Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas166 plots, number of dominant and codominant trees not givenTotal height andtotal age, anamorphic, logarithm equation notgiven

Convert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to siteindex (BH = 0.0):

SI: <45 45-75 >75Years: 6 5 4

b_ b_ b_ b4 b_ R_ SE Maximumdifference

H 1.1204 0.9984 -0.0597 2.4448 -0.0284 0.99 0.92 4.6SI 0.8421 1.0090 -0.0490 -2.1682 -0.0762 0.99 0.99 4.3

139

r_ L:NORTHERN WHITE-CEDAR :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::":::.......r_ 90 .......__i:_iii:_:fit:)_i_!:i:;iil:i:_!1I lii:_iI.......::-::::-:...............................

:"_-:-:-I'"_"- ''' :-""":''''":'_':''--''-:I "':"_ "-:-1-'_"':-:-:'_:-1":':-" _-:':':" _':':-:- _-"':-:- "'-:':" "'-;-:':- _"-'- "" '--'-'--'"'-' :_!_-- 60

,'-'--- "_'-;--:-"-;--:-_'-:-'-:-'" -:-:-".'-:-',-_.'-:-:-:-" -'-'-'-'- ".'.'-'".'-'.-'.'.'-'-'-" "'-',-:-'.'-'-.,_" '.--., ',-r.--_,_-_-.:.___,.:..,

z i iit!i:!iii! ii ,.0 70 :;_,-:-_!ii:,-iiii::-!:_!!:,-:_ii:,_.-i-_ii.-i-i!i:,_:_;._:i:i!ii_:,:i!:i_ i_:i:_._i_:,:i:,iiiq:_,-i!ii:,::,:i;:

_f!!i_ _t _i_ _t121____:: .......................0 : -- ,,, ,-r::_,-.-;:::--r;:; -r:::-.-:-r:: _,-rr:._,-:-r:-, :-; :-:-,_-i::-:-r :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::'-:--f"-:-'-:-'"-_-::-'?"-:--':'.....::........"-,i:i:_!_!,i-i:._-:_!:i:",_-,-,- _,_-,--_,_-,--_,_-_-_,_-,-_,,.-',-i-;-i -,-:-;-; -:-:-'_

:!fill:f,,,,,,,: : , ......, 4-:-:-' ;-_q-:-...................................-_;q-l-.:-;-;4-q-;--_-; ..;.;._. _,_, '-:-l-b( -:-:-'" ".... :i:.;_, t 11-:-_'t11-:-_':t._" , ;11-,'r;:1-,-,",_tl •

_1 i_::_ii_:.:iiiil:_iii._Z.:ii _'4'_! _-,-,-_ .;-,'fi_ ,_-,-_ ",_-,-,--.,_"_,-';', q-:--;'_';-;--;-_;';--',-LL-_Z• LJ2-%IL_-JJ-'.LL2-_-[-LLJJ-_-_-L_.2 .J.L'.; ' _ _ 2.%LL _ ~'-L J2._.L.J _ ---ZJ-'-_-.L22D-[ L_.J. ' -,,-_'_-2_'_ ._-LLJ--'-L!J

,., .!i_ :,:_!i_ti:i:i:i, i!__::ii_:i:,:iii:i:,:_i_: _,_,:_iii

_¢,, , __,_-_./''', _-'-'--' _,.,J.-f?.._,.,,,_,._,.,.,., ___,_,.,_.,.,.,_,.,.._,_,_.,..,.,_.,_.._,_ ,.._,. .... ,I) _ !!!!ii_!_:i::_' '"_:_:Z-',-:-_-_:-:-',-__ _-,-:-__-:-',-__ _<-:-_-',--_:-',:_............ _ .... ::::_: ....... :_ ..................... .,..,--r............................ i......

........ 0 30 !_-',- .!_!-:-_: .::,_ _i:i._:._l......"I :_ " ' ' ' .'-,-_,:',-:'?:t'.-_'1_',• :I 1-:',_t, 11-?,_ _, 11_-- ":11"-,';ti-:-F,_,*11",-rr*_-_, _'"_ -'-::_-:-:-_"_-:-:-:-,-_--:-:-,'-_--:-'-:....-::....:::-,--::-,-__-::. 20!_ ,-,-_'-,:;:_ _-,-,-_,__,_,.,_-,-,-.,,__,._ ,._-,.-_._:__;__i_!:!riii_,! ,, , -:_,-......_:,-_:,:ii__:i:!,i_:_:_i:i:,:__,_,_!ii-_:;i!i_:i:_i_!:,:_i!!= --::f.-:,.__-,:_ ..:._..,:.:.....::,_,_::.....::_::..............t;-,',- rt_-,--r n-,- ,,__.;._..,_,., , .__,_t,., ............ , ..... ' ' ' ...... r_ " ,-_

20 ;_:i: _:.. _:;:_.>.:--:!_:,_:_;_, ......::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::!_-:-:-__!!-:-,._ _ I_:_ <-. '-:-:-:--__-:-:-:-.i i-i-i-i-_i :-:-_-,-;-:-:-:---:-:-:-:-: _-:-:--;--:-;-:--: ;--_:--::-:-:-_,,,:',-_i..::::::...::: -,-_,, _:-,-,-_, -,-,-_-,-,-_ !_-,-,-_ ,_-,-,- ,_-,-,- .,;-_-:--_.;-i-:--;-;;4--_-_-_4--:-;-;-:_

10 i,::-F::;':.::._r'.-r,'::--r:::_--r'--;....._ .....• ......t............ .,......;......,'......,...... ::::::::::::::::::::_.,.,_i.._,.,,,,._:.;_,__;; .... ,_,_:..4.,_,,,:.,_:_:_,._;i_:_;.;,_,_.:_:.:.:__:_:__,._j_._:_ ',_:_:.:; '.,_;_;_.',_'_,.;_;__.;:.,_,_;__,.:. ..;. .;_;__;_,,.,_:_L,;.:

:;_::r!_:`.£;!_:!_:_:_!:_:_._:i:_!_:_:..:_;._:i:£_..:,:.:_':_q:.:__:!:_.;_q:i:,:_:i:,:_!_:,':,:_;_:,-_!_:,:_;_:£J2-_- LJ. J2..L£J-_--LLJJ___LJ.A_.._.L.I .[_1. L J _ I _ i I ' k.J _ _ _ _ ' ' * _ _ J J ._ _ LI J LIJ _.L

;'-'-'L'.'.:' ''', '. ....... _ ....... ' .... ",',',-,,,',--_ _.... . .... ;,--,--_,-,-,- _,_...... :- , --:- ,'." r, -,- ¢,3-_--_rl-,---rT3 -,-,-r1 -,-,-r; -,-_-,-r -,-,-,-r g-,-,-r _-_-,-,- lh-;-c t_-J-_--r_-,-,- rth-,--rT_-_- "rrt_--o-rr1"

::::::r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::T_:::l?,:::: ]:','::_ ...... ..... _.................... _........... - ........... -_1 ........................... . ...... -,, 1-1-t-r "1-rr,1_,--r"1-1-'. - "117-'t-l---t11 ..... !--,-t-t..

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)Figure 126.---Northern white-cedar (Gevorkiantz 1957e)

Lake States

Number of plots and number of dominant and codominant treesnot given

Total height and total age, anamorphic, equation not givenConvert d.b.h, age to total age by adding years according to

site index (BH = 0.0):SI: 20 30 40 50 60Years: 20 15 15 10 10

Db_ b_, b_ b_ b s R_ SE Maximum

differenceH 1.9730 1.0000 -0.0154 1.0895 0.0000 0.99 0.66 1.7SI 0.5068 1.0000 -0.0154 -1.0895 0.0000 0.99 0.66 1.7

141

lEASTERN HEMLOCK,4 /

_,-,_..... ,. _ ,-,_,-_._.,-, ............ ._ ..7: _: :n::<.._w .,,_.:_77r_ ._. • ...........

1_P.O__',...._........._ " . , , _ _,".-_,::.-,:_.._', " '...._"- " '_' '

_-:_-<- ...._z;,] ...... ,v,_ ,-,],,1.y ,-,_[,_,,F-:_'-t7.'-'7[:_/,2_/_[',]:[[':Ct:; ":_::;:2_]_::L:tL:::gt, U:U,L::LI:L:; :L::::S_t.J: _: L::i:;L:!U::......... _ ....... ........... ._....... _,-......... -'I.... _4..._. ........... I-..

,_.-, ;,_,--_,_ ,-,-,' .-_,"_-_'-,],: ,:,]C_,_',zr,],:,:,:,],:-.,_ _ ,],:,_,,:,_,: _: ,u-, '.'J .-' ±'. .-".:-'L'.'=" _,i,_:'.,- .':'.' '.':' -'-'-' "'-. v" ... _'-'_'.",_..

ot'_ /11'_:::::i::::::_::::::}::::....._.......==================================================================-=v

_'U ....._..... r.... '......"...... _4_ ,-':,4/,-,..... , .............. •....+......_ .... ........ ,.................. ,q,_, -

..... :":::'._ '::' :'::::': :::'1:':-_-:_ '. -'-_....... -,_,-_,-,_ ,-,_,-_,-,_-,,,-.:,-,_b;,-,,,,,'_,,_,_,',,,-,:,"....... -, ,',._,z,:,::,_,:,,:+;;_4......... _.,-_i .... -,;-.¢-..,i.-,z-;--_'_.... /-'. ....4_._<-,-_'-'' ''' <_" ......4........ k,_-.4_-L;-_i--a'-'_'-!=:H:= : ::=j=::

£ 60 '2 r'_] r'_-r-_ [d 'J" ":" r'294 r-' "'TF ! _" "l_>'_ 'x_--':: _- _"-' _ '_ .... .;,f ; _ - _ " _ "- " !"-, " r ; :."i - r- ................................ : .- i

.--_ ......................................... _............. ,..... ........... _..

0:':;:17:]'] :_7.::.... _,, I..._ ........ t....,............. ,.... I........ , ........ _........ I ......... ._'-';""-'I-4_;'" _'_'-'-,

"_":"i! i:/,_:/,;_';;:_z__:/_ :......_,:_,...............................::_:,., -'"'-_ ,_" ""'........-' ......-* '"-' "_OU

j::x/._,E

",trl]l"irt rl'_f"Ir'l"_"Ir4r'_ "T 9 i'_ _ ¢-,',iTrll "If" It "I _" t'_rl } ........ I ............ ,..................... . .-_

gO 30 40 50 60 70 80 901001101g0130140150160170

TOTAL AGE(YEARS)

Figure 127._Eastern hemlock (Frothingham 1915a)Based on average of "maximum" height growth curves from stands in

New York, Michigan, and Southern Appalachian MountainsNumber of plots and number of dominant trees not givenTotal height and age, anamorphic, equation not givenAdd 6 years to d.b.h, age to obtain total age. Vigorous uninjured

free-growing dominants in even aged stands are particularly

important for estimating site index of hemlock (BH = 0.0) i

b_ b_ b_ b, bs R_ SE Maximumdifference

i H 2.1493 0.9979 -0.0175 1.4086 -0.0008 0.99 0.50 1.6SI 0.2172 1.1309 -0.0105 -1.9120 -0.1327 0.99 1.20 3.4

i 142[ _zU.S. GOVERNMENTPRINTING OFFICE: 1989 657.204/00007

'i

Carmean, Willard H.; Hahn, Jerold T.; Jacobs, Rodney D.1989. Site index curves for forest species in the eastern United States.

Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-128. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 142 p.

Site index curves are given for forest tree species found in the easternUnited States. A total of 127 site curves are presented includingformulations for computing both total height and site index.

KEY WORDS: Site quality estimation, formulations for height growthand site index.

.... _i¸

2.......jJ

b

i ..............

Our Job at the North Central Forest Experiment Station is discovering andcreating new knowledge and technology in the field of natural resources andconveying this information to the people who can use it. As a new generationof forests emerges in our region, managers are confronted with two uniquechallenges: (1) Dealing with the great diversity in composition, quality, andownership of the forests, and (2) Reconciling the conflicting demands of thepeople who use them. Helping the forest manager meet these challengeswhile protecting the environment is what research at North Central is allabout.

i L