CERTIFICATE II IN CONSERVATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT Aerial Platform Shooting · 2019-08-14 · Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference

CERTIFICATE II IN CONSERVATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT

Aerial Platform ShootingCourse Reference Manual

Compiled by:Anne Walters, Patrick Carmody, Emma Gooding and Tony BowlandDepartment of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport

This document was produced with the assistance of the Australian Government

© Northern Territory Government

Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and SportPO 496Palmerston NT 0831www.nt.gov.au/nretas

Published January 2009 by the Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport

ISBN 978-1-921519-08-6

http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta

Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual �

ContentsPart I: Course introduction and requirements ..........................................2Registration for this course .............................................................................................2Helicopter requirements .................................................................................................3Aerial shooting programs................................................................................................4Learning outcomes .........................................................................................................4Assessment ....................................................................................................................4Course rules ...................................................................................................................5Logbooks ........................................................................................................................5Actions that will lead to loss of accreditation ..................................................................5

Part II: Introduction to pest animal removal programs ......................... 6Why shoot from a helicopter? .........................................................................................7Professionalism ..............................................................................................................8Identifying target species ................................................................................................8Sensitivities to pest animal removals..............................................................................9

Part III: Relevant Northern Territory Legislation and Policies ........... �0Humane shooting operations........................................................................................ 11Shot placement.............................................................................................................12Firearms and ammunition for humane destruction of large pest animals .....................15

Part IV: Helicopter safety ..................................................................... �6Helicopter safety during approach, embark and loading ..............................................17Helicopter safety during flight .......................................................................................18Helicopter shooting safety ............................................................................................20Practical shooting considerations .................................................................................21Helicopter safety during disembarking and unloading ..................................................21

Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals .......................... 22Wild pigs .......................................................................................................................23Horses ..........................................................................................................................24Donkeys........................................................................................................................25Cattle ............................................................................................................................26Camels .........................................................................................................................26Buffalo ..........................................................................................................................27Banteng ........................................................................................................................28Deer ..............................................................................................................................29Goats ............................................................................................................................29

Part VI: Record keeping ....................................................................... 30Reporting incidents .......................................................................................................30Feral/Pest Removal Report ..........................................................................................31

Appendix I: Revision of firearms safety and maintenance .................. 32Firearms Safety ............................................................................................................32Degrees of firearm readiness .......................................................................................34Firearm maintenance....................................................................................................35The L1A1 self loading rifle ............................................................................................36 Pump action shotguns ..................................................................................................41Shooting accuracy ........................................................................................................44Common stoppages .....................................................................................................45Bullet performance .......................................................................................................50

2 Part I: Course introduction and requirements

Part I: Course introduction and requirements

1. This aerial shooting training program was developed to specifically train in the humane destruction of animals using firearms from helicopters.

2. This technique may be used in pest animal removal operations, disease outbreaks, and/or for veterinary or scientific purposes.

3. Individuals who wish to achieve national accreditation must undergo a rigorous training course encompassing all aspects of the safe use of firearms, relevant legislation, humane destruction of animals, helicopter safety and aerial shooting techniques and principles.

4. To maintain accreditation, shooters must complete at least eight (8) hours aerial shooting each year. In addition, every two years a shooter will be required to undertake a simple theory refresher on safety and a practical assessment under the supervision of an approved instructor/assessor. Shooters that have not conducted any aerial shooting over a two year period would be required to undertake the entire training course.

Registration for this course1. Individuals seeking to register for this course must hold a Senior First Aid

Certificate, Basic Firearms Licence (D class), and must submit to a criminal history check prior to undertaking training in aerial platform shooting.

2. Trainees must adhere to all relevant Northern Territory and national legislation and policy as well as the procedures outlined in this Course Reference Manual.

3. Trainees must ensure that relevant risk management procedures administered by their employers are completed before undertaking any aerial shooting training.

4. Trainees must provide demonstrated endorsement or permission from their supervisor prior to undertaking aerial shooting training or removal operations.

Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual 3

Helicopter requirements1. Helicopters and helicopter pilots used during aerial shooting operations must

comply with all relevant provisions of the Civil Aviation Act 1988 and Civil Aviation Regulations 143 and 144 regarding the carriage and use of firearms from aircraft.

2. Helicopter operators used in aerial shooting operations must comply with Civil Aviation Safety Authority regulations.

3. All trainees must have the following helicopter safety equipment when undergoing training:

Flight helmet (with intercom)

Fire retardant clothing (e.g. cotton or wool)

Protective boots

Fire retardant gloves

First aid kit

Water

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� Part I: Course introduction and requirements

Aerial shooting programs Once a trainee has become accredited in this aerial platform shooting, they will be required to undertake humane aerial shooting programs in accordance with legislation and policies. Shooters will be expected to act humanely, ethically, confidentially, legally and responsibly at all times.

1. Accredited shooters must ensure that all aerial shooting programs are conducted in accordance with relevant legislation and policy administered by their employer.

2. All aerial shooting programs organised by or undertaken by Northern Territory Government agencies will be conducted by accredited government marksman or accredited contractors and will adhere to relevant legislation and policy, Northern Territory Government procedures, and information outlined in this training manual.

3. Accredited shooters will ensure that all aerial shooting programs are conducted in a safe, humane, effective and professional manner.

Learning outcomes At the conclusion of the program, trainees will be able to demonstrate:

A high level of professionalism and commitment toward aerial platform shooting.

Appropriate handling, maintenance and discharge of firearms.

Safe and effective use of firearms from a helicopter.

An understanding of legislation and policies that is required for pest animal removal operations, and a commitment to maintaining them.

This course contains units that are nationally recognised under the Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management.

Assessment

1. Three written assignments.

2. In-class participation and demonstration.

3. Practical assessment of aerial shooting from a helicopter over a minimum of two days.

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Assessment will include written assignments, in-class participation and aerial shooting from a helicopter

Course rules Trainees must adhere to the directions of the instructor and/or assessor at all times.

Breaches in firearms and helicopter safety can result in dismissal from the course.

The course instructor is responsible for ammunition and firearms allocation.

Trainees are responsible for the cleaning and maintenance of allocated firearms.

Trainees must adhere to the directions of the helicopter pilot at all times. Trainees will not instruct the pilot on flying at any time.

Breaches of any of these rules or guidelines will result in immediate dismissal from the training program.

LogbooksTrainees and accredited shooters must record all on-ground and aerial shooting hours in a logbook. This logbook shall be submitted annually as evidence for maintenance of accreditation. Shooters that fail to complete a logbook will be required to repeat this qualification.

Actions that will lead to loss of accreditation

Failure to follow the direction of pilot.

Breach of Occupational Health and Safety.

Failure to comply with the safety requirements for aerial platform shooting.

Failure to comply with the Firearms Act, policy or guidelines.

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6 Part II: Introduction to pest animal removal programs

Pest animals pose a serious environmental and agricultural threat to natural ecosystems and have been associated with:

Declines in the abundance and diversity of native plant communities due to trampling and ingestion of seedlings.

Increased soil erosion and sedimentation of natural waterways and water bodies as a result of trampling.

Competition with native species for feed and habitat.

Consumption of seedlings and plant materials, reducing the capacity for the ecosystem to regenerate.

Increased spread and establishment of weeds.

Decreased abundances and diversities of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates.

Decreased agricultural productivity by reducing the availability of feed for stock.

Damage to fences.

Spread of disease.

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Part II: Introduction to pest animal removal programs

Feral pigs are capable of degrading wetlands, reducing biodiversity.


Why shoot from a helicopter?Northern Territory Government agencies and land holders may require aerial platform shooting for a number of reasons:

To control pest animal populations.

To prevent and control the outbreak of animal diseases.

To destroy sick or injured livestock humanely.

To pursue scientific endeavours.

To carry out the above using the most time efficient, cost effective and humane methods.

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Aerial shooting is an operation that requires a great deal of skill, planning and accountability. A thorough knowledge and awareness of helicopter and firearms safety is essential for pilots, shooters and any other personnel involved in aerial shooting operations.

Aerial shooting from helicopters has been confirmed in Australia and internationally as one of the most effective and humane techniques for destroying pest animals. The Northern Territory Government has an obligation to the public to ensure that appropriately trained personnel destroy animals humanely. In addition, aerial shooting has the following advantages:

Enables large scale removals to be conducted.

It can be used in areas where the terrain is inaccessible by other vehicles.

It may be more cost effective than on-ground shooting.

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The training program objectives:

To train individuals in the effective, safe and humane destruction of large vertebrate pests.

To instruct individuals about the damage caused by large vertebrate pests both economically and environmentally.

To ensure ethical and professional destruction of large pest animals.

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� Part II: Introduction to pest animal removal programs

Professionalism All personnel involved in aerial shooting operations must ensure that their actions are responsible, accountable, committed, ethical, sensible and professional. Unprofessional activities or actions by one member of the aerial shooting team may adversely affect the reputation of other team members or program organisers. It is of considerable importance that personnel involved in aerial platform shooting programs are:

Professional

Confidential

Ethical

Sensible

Committed

Disciplined

Precise

Animal welfare is of paramount importance to pest animal removal programs. Personnel are required to utilise their marksmanship skills to humanely destroy pest animals, where possible, limiting undue stress and pain to targeted animals.

In the Northern Territory, the primary target animals for aerial shooting operations include, but are not limited to, the following animals: horses, donkeys, pigs, buffalo, camels, goats, pest cattle, and banteng. It is important that shooters are precise in their activities both before undertaking a removal program as well as during the operation.

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Identifying target speciesShooters must be able to confidently identify the target species. At no time should an animal be shot if there is any uncertainty about whether the animal is a target species. If in doubt, do not shoot!

In some cases, landholders consider stray cattle/buffalo to be a part of their stock. These animals won’t be branded or tagged. Alternatively, some landholders may request that the feral horses on their properties not be shot. For this reason, it is imperative that shooters double-check with the landholder which species are the target species for the operation – and should not shoot any other species.


Sensitivities to pest animal removalsWhile aerial shooting of pest animals is a humane and ethical means of shooting pest animals, shooters will typically encounter some resistance to this process, and these objections may come from a number of different sources. Some of the primary concerns for pest animal removals include:

Aerial shooting of large vertebrates can be very expensive. It is important that individuals are aware of the costs involved, and take care to reduce the expense by reducing ammunition wastage and excessive flight times.

In some locations, communities have concerns about removing some target species because of biblical ties.

Some people perceive that this method is cruel.

Some groups, including the pet food industry, view pest animals as a source of potential economic gain and do not like to see shoot-to-waste.

In some cases, there may be political pressure for particular activities to take place.

There is unnecessary stress to the animals as a result of pursuit by helicopters.

Dependant young animals may be missed and left to starve.

It is impossible to humanely kill all animals from a moving platform, such as a helicopter.

There is potential for shooters to become desensitised to cruelty.

The reasons offered by authorities for culling some animal species are not always substantiated by research and science.

There are often alternative methods of control that are more humane.

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�0 Part III: Relevant Northern Territory Legislation and Policies

Aerial platform shooting is a very tightly controlled operation. There is a suite of legislation and a number of policies that govern this activity. There is no need for the trainee to read the relevant documents in detail, however trainees must be aware that these documents exist and that the training that they receive fits within the requirements identified by the legislation and policies listed below.

Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act

Animal Welfare Act

Northern Territory Animal Welfare Regulations

Senate Select Committee on Animal Welfare, Culling of large vertebrates in the Northern Territory 1991

RSPCA – Policies and Position papers 2006

Occupational Health and Safety Act

Civil Aviation Act

Northern Territory Firearms Act

Northern Territory Firearms Regulations

Pastoral Lands Act

Northern Territory Aboriginal Land Act

NRETAS aerial shooting policy

NRETAS aerial shooting Standard Operating Procedure

Australian Veterinary Association Policies

NRETAS feral animal policy

Written permission will be obtained from property owners, managers or occupiers to undertake an approved pest management operation. In addition, prior to undertaking a removal operation, shooters are required to clarify the target species that are to be removed, the location(s) of the removal operation, and the time that removals may take place.

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Part III: Relevant Northern Territory Legislation and Policies

Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual ��

Humane shooting operationsIn accordance with the Animal Welfare Act, it is a requirement that if animals are to be destroyed for any purpose, this destruction should be carried out in accordance with relevant codes of practice, legislation, policies and procedures.

The humane destruction of animals requires that pain and suffering is prevented or alleviated. For this reason, using a firearm to destroy an animal may not be considered the best option – this will depend on the target species, location/terrain, whether it’s captive or wild, biological and behavioural traits, and animal size.

Aerial platform shooting of large vertebrates from a helicopter has proven to be the most ethical, environmental, economical, and labour efficient method for removing pest animals. Since aerial shooting is target-specific, there is little or no effect on non-target species or on the environment. The shooting technique that will be used for this program is endorsed by the Australian Government (Department of Environment and Heritage) as the most humane method for reducing the numbers of pest animals. This technique involves shooting the animals using the ‘double tap’ method, which requires that two shots be fired at the heart and lungs in rapid succession. This results in a quick death, with minimal stress and suffering.

�2 Part III: Relevant Northern Territory Legislation and Policies

Shot placementOne of the most important factors in effective aerial platform shooting operations is the placement of the shot. To ensure a quick and humane kill, the best point of aim on all animals is the forward, lower two-thirds of the chest.

A humane kill is where the animal drops immediately following the strike of the bullet because its bodily functions have been damaged such that it is not able to recover. Ideally, animal destruction should occur without the animal being subjected to additional fear or stress as a result of capture or poor marksmanship. In field operations, brain and spinal shots cannot be reliably used to dispose of animals. Both the brain and spinal cord are small targets, making it difficult to effectively and humanely target these areas during shooting operations. For instance, a slightly miscued attempt at the brain often results in a broken jaw. Similarly, a neck shot that is too low, may sever the windpipe or the oesophagus, resulting in pain and suffering by the animal. For this reason, chest shots should only be used. Wounded animals and sucklings should be killed immediately, before targeting other animals.

The lungs are positioned on each side of the heart and almost completely envelope it. Thus, a shot to the top of the heart will also be an effective lung shot. In fact, any heart shot is likely to also damage some lung tissue too, though the reverse is not necessarily true. For instance, if only one lung is hit, the animal may live for a long time. Shooters should not aim at any external feature of an animal, but rather consider the proportion and perspective of each animal to direct the shot to penetrate the top of the heart.

Benefits of the heart-lung shot:

Humane

Results in rapid death

Large target area – allows some latitude for error

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Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual �3

Figure 1. Point of aim on common feral animals

Banteng and scub cattle Camel

Pig Horse

Donkey Buffalo

�� Part III: Relevant Northern Territory Legislation and Policies

A quick, painless death for animals is the desired result of aerial shooting operations – that means knowing when to shoot and when not to shoot is of utmost importance. Shooters should not shoot if there is any doubt about any of the following:

The ability to hit vital organs and therefore instantly kill the animal.

The terrain is such that a wounded animal would have a high probability of not being found on follow-up.

The shooter is tired.

The weather conditions are not favourable for a shooting operation.

If in doubt, DO NOT SHOOT.

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Figure 1. Point of aim on common feral animals cont.

Sambar deer Goat


Species Firearm Ammunition

Buffalo .308 (7.62 mm) calibre rifle (such as the Springfield M14 and M1A, LIAI SLR) For helicopter shooting, spot on/aim point sights or 2 x quality telescopic scopes or red dot scopes may be useful

Hard pointed/jacketed projectiles (FMJ) 170 grain (or heavier) should be used

Cattle, camels, horses and donkeys

.308 (7.62 mm) calibre rifle (such as the Springfield M14 and M1A, LIAI SLR) For helicopter shooting, spot on/aim point sights or 2 x quality telescopic scopes or red dot scopes may be useful

Soft point ammunition is preferred except for heavy scrub bulls, where hard pointed/jacketed ammunition (FMJ) should be used

Pigs .308 calibre rifle (such as the Springfield M14 and M1A, LIAI SLR)For helicopter shooting, spot on/aim point sights or 2 x quality telescopic scopes or red dot scopes may be useful

150 grain, hollow or soft point ammunition

30/30 calibre rifle 150 grain soft point ammunition

Goats .308 calibre rifle (such as the Springfield M14 and M1A, LIAI SLR)For helicopter shooting, spot on/aim point sights or 2 x quality telescopic scopes or red dot scopes may be useful

150 or 160 grain soft or hollow point ammunition

30/30 calibre rifle 150 grain soft point ammunition

Deer Minimum .270 calibre Minimum of 130 grain projectile Case length must be at least 51mm

Firearms and ammunition for humane destruction of large pest animalsIt is important to use the correct firearm and ammunition to ensure a humane kill in accordance with legislation and policies.

Table 1. Firearm and ammunition selection table

�6 Part IV: Helicopter safety

Working in and around helicopters can be hazardous, particularly if personnel are not aware of the safety requirements. Personnel should be focused and attentive at all times when in the vicinity of a helicopter, irrespective of whether the helicopter is turned on or not.

Always wear your personal protective equipment:

Helmet – these will provide head protection and enable you to communicate with the pilot.

Clothing – fire retardant or resistant clothing is mandatory.

Eye protection – shooting glasses with preferred lens colours are recommended, but must be compatible with the helmet.

Skin protection – sunscreen should be applied to all areas of exposed skin.

In addition, shooters should always ensure that they have sufficient water as dehydration is a major consideration.

The following equipment should be carried at all times. It should be kept in a soft, fire proof bag and placed under your seat:

Water bottle

Basic first aid kit

Thermal blanket

Matches

Pocket EPIRB

Strobe light/torch

Signalling mirror

Flares

Hand-held UHF radio

Insect repellent.

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Part IV: Helicopter safety


Helicopter safety during approach, embark and loadingAlways approach and leave a helicopter from the front under the instruction of the pilot. On approach, wait for the pilot’s acknowledgement before moving close to the machine. The universal signal to move under turning rotors from the pilot is the ‘thumbs up’. In response, the person/s seeking approval should signal ‘thumbs up’ again to indicate they will now move under the rotors. Remember no signal = no movement.

Entry and exit should always be between the 10 o’clock and 2 o’clock positions (12 o’clock being straight ahead of the aircraft). The only exception to this rule is if the terrain dictates otherwise, and in this case, the pilot’s instructions and signals must be followed exactly.

Treat helicopters that are not operating in the same way that you would an operational helicopter. The tail rotor must never be approached, under any circumstances. When it is spinning, it cannot be seen. It is good practice never to walk aft of (behind) the skids, even when the helicopter is shut down. This will ensure that the chance of a mishap is minimised.

Down wash is the flow of corridor air down through the rotating blades. Down wash is evident (but minimal) when the helicopter is idle, but becomes significant during takeoff.

Clothing, especially headwear must be securely fastened when approaching or leaving a helicopter or when in the proximity of a landing area. Hats must never be worn when moving under turning rotor blades, as they can be blown into the rotors. Helmets or hats with straps fastened are acceptable.

If you become disoriented in the vicinity of a helicopter due to dust, noise or any other distraction, sit down immediately. Consider the situation and only move when you are sure of the situation.

On rare occasions the helicopter siren will sound. Should this happen, all personnel should immediately freeze in position, and crouch down, facing the helicopter. It is likely that the pilot is trying to get the attention of someone, usually to prevent a safety breach. When it is obvious that you are not involved, it is permissible to resume your activities.

�� Part IV: Helicopter safety

Loading and carriage of firearms and equipment

When approaching a helicopter with a firearm, the muzzle should be pointed at the ground, away from the helicopter. Never carry objects higher than your waist under the rotor blades. Before entering, open the action and allow the pilot to see that the firearm is safe. Once the firearm has been cleared by the pilot, store the firearm with the muzzle positioned downwards. Ammunition should be removed from the packaging before placing it in the helicopter. Magazines and ammunitions must then be stored in containers at the feet of the shooter. In this instance, be aware of dual control pods (if they haven’t been removed).

Firearms should only be carried or stored when they have been rendered safe. This means unloaded, cleared and made safe. In flight, position the firearm so that it is comfortable and well controlled, but out of the way of any helicopter components.

Prior to being seated, secure all loose objects, especially items that can be blown around and out of the helicopter. When stowing your equipment, don’t stow any gear on or near any perspex surface of the helicopter.

Helicopter safety during flightDuring flight, shooters must keep seat belts fastened at all times. The seatbelt should be fastened immediately upon entering, and should not be unbuckled unless the pilot instructs you to do so. It is important that shooters remain seated and do not change position or seats within the helicopter without the pilot’s approval, as there are times when movement can alter the balance of the helicopter.

It is important that shooters avoid distracting the pilot – especially during take off or landing. In particular, be careful not to interfere with the controls or to obscure the aircraft instruments or the pilot’s vision with maps or other large items. Objects should never be thrown from the helicopter without the pilot’s knowledge. If you are given permission, throw the object firmly downwards.


Accident procedures

1. Follow the pilot’s instructions precisely and immediately.

2. Keep the seatbelt fastened unless the pilot instructs you to remove it.

3. Remain calm and keep well clear of the controls.

4. Do not distract the pilot.

5. Adopt the brace position (see next page).

6. Do not attempt to assist the pilot to fly the helicopter.

7. After landing, remain in the helicopter until all movement has ceased except in the case of a fire, where immediate evacuation is required.

8. On exiting, be aware of where the rotor blades are – depending on the angle of the helicopter, they may be located closer to the ground.

The brace position

The brace position can be used for accidents that may occur over land or water. The primary aim is to protect the spinal column, since spinal injuries are the most prevalent injury in helicopter accidents. This position assumes that the passenger is wearing a seatbelt.

If you are seated with a fully retractable harness:

1. Put both legs together with your feet pushing into the floor.

2. Push your body firmly back into the seat.

3. Bend both arms up along the chest and rest your hands on the avionics bulges of your helmet (right hand on right avionic bulge and left hand on left avionic bulge).

If you are seated with a lap belt on:

1. Place your feet firmly on the floor.

2. Open you knees slightly.

3. Bend forward and place your head between your knees.

4. Keep your elbows outside of your knees.

5. Place your hands open and across the side and back of your helmet to support your head and neck.

20 Part IV: Helicopter safety

Helicopter shooting safety The Civil Aviation Regulations dictate the conditions for carriage and discharge of firearms from helicopters. In addition to these regulations, there are other factors that will affect the safety of a shooter when shooting from a helicopter. These include:

Being familiar with your firearm and the safe handling sequence.

Understanding and following helicopter shooting procedures.

Understanding the target species biology and behaviour.

Knowledge of humane destruction techniques for the specific target species.

Operation of safety catch

Throughout this manual when the safety catch is refered to as ‘on’, this means the catch is in the ‘safe’ position. When the safety catch is refered to as ‘off’, this means the catch is in the ‘fire’ position.

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Brace position options with lap only seat belt.

Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual 2�

Discharge of firearms

The following actions should only be conducted when the firearm is required for use. At all other times it should remain safe and controlled.

1. Position the firearm so that the muzzle is pointing forward and downwards outside of the helicopter.

2. When you see a target animal, insert the magazine.

3. Work action.

4. Take aim, safety catch off, fire (be aware of the safe and legal arcs of fire).

5. Safety catch on.

At the completion of firing, keep the firearm outside of the helicopter and pointed down. Then adhere to the following procedure: remove the magazine, clear the firearm, dry fire, safety on, call ‘clear’ to inform the pilot that the firearm is safe. During a shooting operation that may include more than one helicopter or staff member, firearms should not be discharged if there is any doubt about the whereabouts of other individuals.

Practical shooting considerationsFlight safety is of primary importance – shooter comfort and needs are secondary.

Work with the pilot – find out what their expectations are and let them know how you like to shoot.

Get your shots away early and quickly.

It is better not to shoot rather than wound an animal or to shoot poorly. Be mindful of animal welfare and learn when not to shoot – instead signal to the pilot to turn around and try again.

Do not fire when the helicopter is steeply or moderately banked. Be mindful of your angle of fire from a slightly banked helicopter.

Only approved firearms may be used.

Helicopter safety during disembarking and unloadingAlways leave your helmet fastened until the helicopter has landed and is fully settled and await the pilot’s instruction prior to disembarking. When leaving the helicopter, exit first and then remove the firearm. Always walk to the front of the helicopter until the blades have been well-cleared.

22 Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals

Animals display different behavioural characteristics depending on their environment. Some factors that may affect pest animal behaviour include:

Climatic conditions

Pest animals may congregate during water shortages, and disperse when water is plentiful. For this reason, pest animal removal operations are best conducted during times of low water supply, when animals are more easily located, making culling operations more effective.

Time of day

Many animals will shelter during the hottest part of the day. For this reason, pest animal removals are better undertaken early or late in the day, as this will reduce the stress experienced by the animals while simultaneously increasing the effectiveness of the removal program.

Their distribution pattern

It is important that shooters have knowledge of the distribution patterns of pest animals – as this will greatly reduce the time and cost of pest animal programs.

Their diet

The dietary requirements of pest animals will greatly affect their distribution patterns. Moreover, it is likely that at times when food is scarce, pest animals will either relocate or congregate. This information can assist in reducing time and costs of pest animal programs.

Human disturbance

It is important that shooters are aware of these behavioural characteristics since these factors may assist or affect the outcomes of removal operations.

Pest animals will generally avoid helicopters, and may seek cover if they hear a helicopter approaching. For this reason, it is important that shooters regularly check behind the track of the helicopter in search of animals or areas where animals may hide.

Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals


Wild pigs

Wild pig distribution is mainly affected by water resources, food supplies, and to a lesser extent by shelter, topography and disturbance. In the warmer weather, pigs will generally rest during the day and will move to open areas at night to feed and drink. Wild pigs will generally remain in a group or can be mustered into a mob relatively easily. Males will often leave the group, and shooters will need to be aware of their movements so that they can locate them later.

Wild pigs are reliant on access to water.

2� Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals

Horses

During the dry times, these animals will be located in close proximity to a waterhole. During the wetter periods, these animals tend to be more dispersed.

Horses usually remain in groups when approached by a helicopter. These animals generally attempt to out-run the danger, rather than hiding. During shooting operations, shooters must be aware of where the animals run or disperse to, as some animals will often break-away from the group that is being pursued. When shooting horses, start at the back of the pack, and move forward.

Horses generally attempt to out-run the helicopter, rather than hide.


Donkeys

During the dry times, these animals will be located in close proximity to a waterhole. During the wetter periods, these animals tend to be more dispersed. Donkeys are able to survive for longer periods of time compared to horses and are often observed in open areas during the hottest part of the day. Donkeys are particularly hardy animals, and will often be found in extremely rugged terrain.

Donkeys can be found as solitary animals or in community groups. They will often scatter in response to helicopter noise. Shooters should be prepared to spend time mustering donkeys, but it is best to shoot smaller groups rather than waiting for the donkeys to form one large group.

Donkeys are often observed in open areas during the hottest part of the day.

26 Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals

Cattle

During the dry times, these animals will be located in close proximity to a waterhole. During the wetter periods, these animals tend to be more dispersed. Cattle will often feed during the cooler part of the day, but will shade during the hotter parts of the day.

Cattle are relatively easy to muster. They are generally aware of helicopter noise and will run away from the sound. Cattle often stick to pads, making it relatively easy to round them up.

Camels

Camels can be located long distances from water. They are generally found in rugged conditions. Camels prefer large open plains or woodlands, but can be found in a variety of habitats.

Camels are usually located in family groups. They are reasonably easy to muster from a helicopter. It is best to get these animals on the pad and then shoot from the back to the front of the group.

Get camels on the move and then shoot from the back to the front of the group.


Buffalo

Buffalo are often located near water in shaded areas. Cows and calves are usually located together, while bulls are generally solitary animals.

Buffalo can be mustered but may also disperse, making them difficult to group. It is best to get buffalo to run in open, swampy areas, where they are slowed down. Buffalo will often hide in areas with trees.

Get buffalo to run in open, swampy areas or they will hide in areas with trees.

2� Part V: Behavioural characteristics of pest animals

Banteng

Banteng are generally found in shade or hidden from view. They are very secretive animals. Banteng are difficult to locate and muster. Often shooters will need to shoot opportunistically through gaps in canopies and tree tops.

Banteng are difficult to locate and muster.


Deer

Sambar deer are the deer of primary concern in northern Australia. These deer form small, cryptic herds that are generally difficult to locate. Deer herds will often react swiftly to noise, making them difficult to shoot. Another problem with shooting deer is the fact that adult females often hide young until they are old enough to fend for themselves. Should the adult herd be shot, there is some danger that these dependent young will be left to starve. To avoid this, shooting operations should not be undertaken during calving season (May/June). If lactating deer are inadvertently shot, efforts should be made to locate young.

Goats

As herbivores, the distribution of goats will be limited to areas with palatable vegetation. Goats require an average of 2.5 litres of water per day (and larger quantities in hot conditions), so goats are rarely located far from water. Goats will therefore be located near water under hot conditions, but in cooler climates or conditions, goats can sometimes be found sunning themselves. Goats are often located in rocky terrain and may hide in caves and crevices. They do not present themselves as easy targets.

Goats generally remain as a group, although it can be difficult to keep them together during chase. Adult males will often hide under cover, where it is difficult to see them from the helicopter. Moreover, goats are capable of remaining motionless, making it difficult to distinguish a live goat from a dead one. If there is any doubt about whether the goat is alive, it is important that shooters deliver another shot to ensure that the target animal has been disposed of.

Sambar deer form small herds that quickly react to sound.

30 Part VI: Record keeping

It is essential to record the number and type of animals destroyed during removal programs. In-flight record keeping is undertaken by the shooter using a clicker or other counting device. Following flight, it is essential that this individual records this information in a book and on a database to ensure that the tally remains accurate. This information will also:

Enable government agencies, using accredited shooters, to justify the resources committed to aerial shooting operations.

Provide some indication of the number of animals in an area and any control work needed in the future.

Contribute to the justification of aerial shooting as an efficient and legitimate form of animal destruction.

Reporting incidents Should an incident occur during a removal operation, it is essential that the incident is reported honestly and promptly to the supervisor on the ground as well as office based supervisors.

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Part VI: Record keeping

Following flight, records must be entered in a book and on a database.


Example report for pest animal culling operations

Feral/Pest Removal Report

Date: Department/Authority:Station detailsStation name:NT Portion no.: Manager’s name:Station involvement: Yes No Helicopter detailsHelicopter company name:Helicopter type: Helicopter hours used:Pilot:Marksman detailsName of shooter(s): Date of shooting:

No. of rounds fired:Pest details Tick as appropriate No. removed Description (if appropriate)Horses Donkeys

Pigs

Camels

Buffalo

Wild cattle

Goats

SignaturesProperty Owner:

Pilot:

Head marksman:

32 Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

Firearms SafetyThe basic rules of firearm safety are:

1. Treat every firearm as if it is loaded.

2. Always point firearms in a safe direction.

3. Never have loaded firearms in the car, home, camp or helicopter (prior to shooting).

4. Identify your target and what is behind it.

5. Never fire at hard surfaces or water.

6. Store firearms and ammunition separately.

7. Never consume alcohol or drugs when handling firearms.

8. Do not climb fences or obstacles with loaded firearms.

The individual to whom the firearm is issued will be responsible for that firearm at all times. This responsibility includes both use and maintenance. Before any individual uses a firearm, it should be ascertained that firearms training has been carried out, that the person holds a current firearms licence (suitable for the activity that is to be carried out), and that the person(s) are aware of the Firearms Act.

Firearms should always be pointed in a safe direction - a safe direction is a direction in which any fired shot would be safety stopped and contained with no human injury or potential damage to property.

Loaded magazines must not be stored on a firearm. Before handing a firearm to another person, the slide or chamber should be open and safe. When receiving a firearm from another person, the receiver must immediately check that the firearm is unloaded and in a safe condition (clear).

When a firearm is not in use, it should be placed in an approved gun safe in the appropriate work area. Never take a loaded firearm indoors. Accidental discharge can cause death, injury or property damage. Similarly, no firearm may be stored or transported in a vehicle with a live round in the breech.

Appendix I:Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenance and common stoppages


Be particularly careful at the moment of closing, cocking, taking off the safety catch, uncocking or opening a loaded firearm. This is the time when accidental discharge most frequently occurs. No firearm, whether loaded or unloaded, may be pointed at another individual. The muzzle must always face in a safe direction.

The user of a firearm must pay due regard to the danger zone in the vicinity of and beyond the target.

Firearms should not be stored in a vehicle unless there are exceptional circumstances. Unattended vehicles must be locked if a firearm is left inside. The firearm should be locked up and positioned out of sight. Ammunition must be locked in a separate compartment of the vehicle.

Make certain your target is positively identified before firing. Keep your finger out of the trigger guard until your target is identified. If in doubt, do not shoot. For this reason, shooters should never fire at night, or over the top of hills or ridges. This creates danger to people, animals and property because you have no knowledge of what may be out of sight. Firing at or across water, flat hard ground or metal objects is forbidden, it is always dangerous as the bullet is likely to ricochet.

Damaged firearms must be repaired by a licensed Armourer authorised to carry out the required repairs.

Use only ammunition specified for the firearm in use.

Practice self-control continually when shooting. Indiscriminate, unplanned shooting usually results in damage to property and may cause death or injury to humans or livestock.

If you shoot at an animal and cause obvious injury, do your utmost to make the final kill. Failure to do this will often subject the animal to days or even weeks of suffering before death.

3� Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

Degrees of firearm readiness

Unloaded

A firearm is unloaded when:

There is no magazine on the firearm or the magazine box or tube is empty.

The chamber is empty.

Loaded

A firearm is loaded when:

A magazine containing rounds is fitted to the firearm or in the case of fixed magazine firearms as soon as any ammunition is placed in the firearm.

The chamber remains empty.

Action or ready

A firearm is at ‘action’ or ‘ready’ when:

A magazine containing rounds is on the firearm.

The firearm is cocked.

There is a round in the chamber.

The safety catch is set to on.

Instant

The firearm is at ‘instant’ when:

A magazine containing rounds is on the firearm.

The rifle is cocked.

There is a round in the chamber.

The safety catch is off.

Firearms should only be at ‘action’, ‘ready’ or ‘instant’ if there is a chance of imminent use.

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Firearm maintenanceFirearms will only continue to function reliably and accurately if they are maintained properly. Firearms should be handled with care at all times as they may be damaged as a result of careless handling or storage. They should never be dropped, mishandled or used as part of a joke, gag or to trick other individuals. In addition, wherever possible, keep firearms out of mud and water. Firearms that are unavoidably muddied or wet should be cleaned as soon as practicable. The firearm should not be propped up against another object. If it is not able to be properly stowed in a lockable storage area, it is better to lay the firearm on a clear surface where it will not be stepped on or run over by a vehicle.

Fill the magazines carefully as some magazines will take more than their capacity. For this reason, it is important to count the rounds carefully. Always load magazines yourself – do not allow someone else to load your firearm for you. Full magazines should not be left around unless there is a need.

Where practical, the spring in the magazines should be eased regularly.

Cleaning firearms

Maintenance should be carried out regularly, particularly in wet or humid locations. Firearms that are stored in seaside areas, damp or humid conditions will require additional maintenance, regardless of use. Moreover, in dry, sandy or dusty condition, the firearm should be inspected and cleaned frequently to prevent formation of rust and corrosion. Lubricate sparingly with graphite or light oil, then wipe dry. Wash the cleaning brushes in soap and water, and dry them before use.

Firearms should be cleaned prior to firing and after firing. The firearm must be stripped for cleaning. However, excessive stripping and assembling will cause unnecessary wearing of the parts. During cleaning, users should monitor the parts (including magazines) to assess wear.

Firearms tend to ‘sweat’ after cleaning, so newly cleaned firearms should be reassessed 2-3 days following cleaning.

36 Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

If the rifle is accidentally immersed in water, drain it to ensure that the barrel is not blocked. Fully strip, clean and lubricate the firearm. Move the working parts backwards and forwards with the muzzle pointed downwards, then point the muzzle upwards to distribute the oil into the return spring.

Firearms that have woodwork should be lightly oiled with Linseed Oil. Following oiling let the firearm stand in the shade for approximately three hours then remove the excess oil. Do not allow the oil to enter any of the working parts, as when the firearm becomes heated, this may form a hard deposit that will hinder the operation of the firearm.

The face of the breechblock, barrel and chamber should be lightly oiled for storage, however these parts should be oil free before firing.

The L1A1 self loading rifle The qualities that made this rifle an excellent military service firearm are the same qualities that make it suitable for aerial culling of pest animals. These include factors like:

Suitable calibre

7.62 mm (.308Win)

Self loading

1 round is fired on each depression of the trigger, allowing for fast, repetitive, aimed shots.

Faster second shot

The self loading operation reduces the need to change sight picture between shots. Therefore a quicker second shot, if needed to humanely dispatch a wounded animal, is ensured.

Re-loading

The firearm can easily be reloaded with a large capacity magazine without loosing sight of the target.


Control

The pistol grip fitted to the firearm allows for a more comfortable shooting position and assists in controlling the firearm in the wind stream of the aircraft.

Serviceability

No tools are required to break the firearm down for cleaning.

Longevity

The firearm is designed to take a higher degree of abuse than commercial rifles. For example it has a chrome chamber and bore.

Accuracy

The accuracy of the rifle exceeds the needs of aerial culling where the majority of shots are taken at less than one hundred metres.

Availability

The ban on semi-automatic rifles has narrowed the field of competing types; these rifles are still available for sale via the Australian army logistics command.

Fitting of case deflector

The SLR tends to throw the expended ammunition case sideways and forward. Therefore, a case deflector must be fitted to the rifle to minimise the possibility of an expended case hitting the helicopter rotors. The case deflector usually consists of a flat steel plate extending out over the ejection port. It must be securely attached and of robust construction.

The L1A1 (SLR)

3� Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

Fitting of a non-magnified red dot scope

The rifle can be fitted with a non-magnified red dot scope. It has been clearly demonstrated that such a sighting device will increase the speed of target acquisition and improve shot placement. The scope can be attached by having a mount fitted to either the dust cover or the upper receiver of the rifle. When the mount is attached to the dust cover there are a number of limitations. These are listed below.

If the case deflector is attached to the mount, it has to be dismantled before the firearm can be stripped for cleaning. The additional weight of the mount and scope can cause the rear of the dust cover to crack.

The mount itself prevents the use of the iron sights which may need to be used if the scope fails during use.

A scope mount fitted to the receiver is the recommended means of attachment. It provides a secure spot to which the case deflector can be attached. It also allows the use of the rifle’s iron sight if the scope fails and doesn’t induce any additional wear on the dust cover. The rifle can still be easily stripped down for cleaning.

However, experience has shown that the screws holding the mount to the receiver can become loose. This can be alleviated by the addition of spring roll pins to the mount.

Do not allow the mount to be welded to the receiver. This can warp the action leading to malfunctions, or can change the temper of the locking shoulder which can cause the shoulder to fail. Both of these situations can result in serious injury to the user.

Stripping the L1A1 SLR

To strip the L1A1 SLR for maintenance and cleaning:

1. Carry out safety precautions.

2. Cock the firearm and put the safety catch on.

3. Remove the gas plug and piston by depressing the wide end of the gas plug plunger. Turn the plug a quarter of a turn clockwise and remove it under control.

4. With the muzzle pointed down, press the body locking lever to the rear and open the firearm by lowering the butt.

5. Slide the dust cover to the rear and out.

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6. Remove the breech block carrier by pulling the rat tail and slide and supporting the breech block from below, until the slide is fully withdrawn.

7. Separate the breech block from the carrier by depressing the firing pin extension and pulling the breech block away from the rat tail end of the carrier.

Assembling the L1A1 SLR

Following maintenance or cleaning, the L1A1 should be reassembled using the following steps:

1. Reassemble the breech block and slide by turning the bolt carrier upside down and placing the firing pin extension through the hole on the rear of the slide. Then press the firing pin, as for stripping, and lower the bolt into the slide.

2. With the body open and the muzzle pointed down slide the carrier and bolt down the body.

3. Slide the dust cover back into the body.

4. Close the body.

5. With the rifle held upright replace the gas piston and spring into the gas tube.

6. Replace the gas plug on the piston head with the narrow recess on the side of the plug to the left. Push the plug in as far as it will go and turn it anti-clockwise until it stops.

Setting up and sighting in the L1A1 SLR

A firearm can not be expected to perform accurately if it is not correctly sighted in. Regular checks and adjustments will be necessary as frequent use, transportation and maintenance will inevitably knock a rifle and/or its scope out of zero. Some considerations prior to zeroing the firearm include:

Before zeroing the rifle and/or scope ensure you have the correct tools for the job.

Bad fitting screw drivers or allen keys can damage optical sights and screw heads.

Make sure the firearm is clean and totally serviceable. Check each locking screw and ensure they are tight. Always use ‘lock tight’ or nail polish on the threads of all screws on optical sights. Recoil can knock a scope off a firearm if the scope is not correctly secured.

Always use the ammunition you are using in the field. Different projectile weights and brands will shoot a different point of impact (POI).

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�0 Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

Zeroing the rifle - iron sights – Vertical adjustment of the point of impact.

To raise the point of impact:

Loosen foresight screw.

Rotate foresight blade in clockwise direction.

To lower the point of impact:

Loosen foresight screw.

Rotate foresight blade in anti-clockwise direction.

A half turn of the foresight will adjust the point of impact by 50 mm at 100 metres.

Zeroing the rifle - iron sights – Sideways adjustment of the point of impact.

To move the point of impact to the right:

Loosen right back sight keeper screw by rotating it anti-clockwise.

Tighten left side keeper screw by rotating it clockwise the same number of turns.

To move the point of impact to the left:

Loosen left back sight keeper screw by rotating it clockwise.

Tighten right back sight keeper screw by rotating it anti-clockwise the same number of turns.

To fit a new scope or relocate a scope to the SLR:

1. Centre both the windage and elevation adjustment within the scope. This is done by gently turning each adjustment screw fully one way (clockwise). Then, while counting the number of clicks or units, reverse the direction (anti-clockwise), counting the number of units, until the adjustment is screwed fully in reverse (this is when resistance is felt). Screw the adjustment in the clockwise direction for half the number of units just counted. Complete for windage and elevation adjustments.

2. Fit the scope to the firearm. Check for eye relief and freedom of movement in the cocking handle, bolt handle and any other moving parts. When satisfied tighten all the screws evenly.

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To sight the firearm in using a scope:

1. Using a firing range of known distance, set up a reasonable sized target (initially 1 m square is adequate).

2. Fire a group of three shots and note the point of impact. Adjust where necessary.

3. If your mount has external adjustments for windage then screw those first. When you get your group close to the centre, then use the internal adjustment screws.

4. Have a note pad and pencil ready and record the direction (use the clock face) and the number of clicks that you make. Note down each adjustment and the next groups POI. After a few groups the direction and number of clicks should be revealed.

5. Keep the pad and the recording for future reference. It may save a lot of time and ammunition when next the zero needs adjustment.

Pump action shotgunsWhile shotguns have a shorter effective range than an SLR, they can be used effectively for pest animal removal programs. However, shotguns should only be used at distances of approximately 30 metres from the target animal.

When receiving a shotgun always check its condition. The following steps outline the procedure required to ensure the shotgun is safe.

Point the muzzle in a safe direction.

Slide the fore-end to the rear. (If this doesn’t move it indicates that the firearm is cocked, and possibly with a chambered shell. If so depress the action bar lock then slide the fore-end to the rear).

Look into the breech and ensure it is clear of all ammunition. Then using a finger manually feel for ammunition.

Invert the firearm, depress the carrier, look into the magazine then manually feel for any ammunition.

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Stripping the Remington 870

1. Place safety catch on safe

2. Point the muzzle in a safe direction.

3. Carry out the procedures to make the firearm safe.

4. Cock the action, by sliding the fore-end fully to the rear and then fully forward.

5. Remove magazine cap, by unscrewing it.

6. Remove barrel, by pulling it away from the receive group.

7. With the action closed depress the left shell latch within the loading port and remove the fore-end from the magazine tube.

8. Separate the breech block and slide from the action bars.

9. Remove the trigger group by setting safety catch to on then drift out the front and rear pins followed by pulling the rear of the trigger group down.

10. To remove the magazine spring, insert the blade of a small flat screwdriver into the hole in the spring retainer. Pry the retainer from magazine tube. Remove retainer slowly to relieve tension of magazine spring. Spring and retainer may now be removed. NOTE: Removing the spring is not necessary for usual maintenance.

Assembling the Remington 870

The following steps outline the procedures required to assemble a Remington 870 shotgun. NOTE: Action must be cocked when assembling shotgun.

1. Place the safety catch on safe.

2. Place the breech block and slide in the correct position on the action bars.

3. Slide the fore-end over the magazine and insert the action bars into the corresponding grooves in the receiver.

4. Move the fore-end gently to the rear until the action bars contact the right shell latch.

5. Depress the right shell latch and move the fore-end to the rear until the action bars contact the left shell latch.

6. Depress the left shell latch and allow the fore-end to slide rearwards until the action bars contact the action bark lock.

7. Depress the action bar lock and half cock the firearm.

8. Replace the barrel.

Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference Manual �3

9. Replace the magazine cap.

10. Cycle the action forward, disengage the safety, fire the action and check for correct functioning of the firearm.

Cleaning a shotgun

The shotgun must be cleaned and oiled at the completion of each day of shooting.

1. Render the firearm safe.

2. Strip the shotgun.

3. Clean the bore by running a clean patch through the bore 2 or 3 times to remove course or loose fouling.

4. Then run patches with Hoppe’s No. 9 through 2 or 3 times and follow with 2 or 3 runs with a bronze bristle brush.

5. Follow this with clean patches until no fouling is detected.

6. Then run Sweets 7.62 through 2 or 3 times and remove it 5 - 10 minutes later with clean patches.

7. Finally run a patch through the bore with light gun oil on it. Before using the firearm next time, run 2 or 3 clean patches through to remove excess oil as this may cause excessive pressure build up in the first couple of shots.

8. Clean the breach and ejection port with solvent and scouring material.

9. The working parts should be lightly oiled but the face of the breech block and gas vent should be dry.

�� Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages

Shooting accuracyThere are several factors that may affect the accuracy or effectiveness of a shot. These include:

Inefficient zero of the firearm

A badly zeroed firearm will affect the ability of any shooter to hit a target with their first round. Errors in zeroing will increase in proportion to the range of the shot. For instance, a lateral error of 160 mm right remains after zeroing at 100 m will increase to 320 mm at a range of 200 m, and 480 mm at 300 m.

Wind

Wind can have a considerable effect on accuracy. It is important to consider how the wind is affecting natural features so that this information can be used to relate to the fall of the shot.

Light

The old saying, ‘light up, sights up; light down, sights down’ holds true. In normal light conditions, there is a tendency to push the foresign up into the point of aim. When the light is directly on the face of the target, the point of aim is more easily defined and, where it is seen more clearly, a lower than normal point is selected, causing the group to form low. Conversely, in poor light conditions, the foresight is pushed further into the aiming mark, causing the group to form high. A further effect of light is caused when the light is shining obliquely across the face of the target, brightly illuminating one half, while the other half is in shadow. In this case, the shooter will tend to aim in the illuminated half of the target and the group will be displaced.

Firing position

However, this change is not the same in all individuals.

Position support

The practice of resting the barrel, hand guard, magazine or the back of the hand on the support will have a significant effect upon the position of the group. Shooters should not use the support for any other activity except for resting the forearm.

Attachments to the firearm (e.g. telescopic sights)

Telescopics sights and other optics allow a better picture of the target.


Wet or oily ammunition, barrel or chamber

Liquid cannot be compressed, meaning that liquid in the chamber will increase chamber pressure. The resulting increase in muzzle velocity causes the group to form high. Displacement can be as much as 450 mm at 300 m.

Common stoppagesThe firearm will only stop when it is out of ammunition or there is a malfunction in one of the components. In this instance, the first action to be taken is to inspect the chamber by cocking and locking the barrel and looking in the chamber – the chamber will either be empty or will contain a round or part of a round.

An SLR may malfunction during prolonged firing for a number of reasons – worn parts, poor maintenance, sub-standard ammunition or insufficient gas to re-cock the firearm. To correct this malfunction, shooters shall:

1. Pull back the cocking handle and release it.

2. Place the safety catch to on.

3. Withdraw the firearm under the arm and lower the gas to regulator 2 numbers.

4. Place the safety catch to off.

The M1A/M14


Table 1: Stoppages and malfunctions – SLR (L1A1)

Malfunction/stoppage Probable cause Corrective action

Failure to feed chamber or lock a round in the chamber

Dirty breechblock or chamber Clean breechblock and /or chamber

Damaged magazine Replace component

Incorrectly loaded magazine Reload magazine

Double feed Remove rounds from receiver/ chamberReplace operational spring

Failuretofire Faulty ammunition Reload with new ammunition

Broken firing pin Replace component

Carbon build-up of firing pin Clean firing pin, breechblock and slide

Empty magazine Replace with loaded magazine

Insufficient gas Turn the gas regulator to two numbers lower

Failure to extract/eject Carbon build-up on breechblock head or chamber

Clean chamber breechblock and extractor

Weak or damaged extractor Replace extractor or return to regional armourer or firearms officer

Broken ejector Replace component

Rim stripped from cartridge case Return to regional armourer or firearms officer


Table 2: Stoppages and malfunctions – M1A and M14


Magazine inserts with difficulty

Bent or deformed magazine Replace component

Damage to or restricted movement of magazine latch

Replace component

Short recoil Undersized or damaged piston Replace component

Gas cylinder oversize Replace component

Bent operating rod Replace component

Damaged operating rod Replace component

Bolt binding Clean or repair bolt and/or receiver as required

Burrs, foreign matter and improper lubrication

Clean, repair and oil as required

Restricted movement of operation rod

Repair or replace component interfacing with movement of operating rod

Cartridge clip guide pin restricting bolt movement

Drive pin up from receiver

Bolt fails to close Extractor does not open enough to pass over time of cartridge

Clean, repair or replace extractor and/or extractor spring

Operating rod binding Clean, repair or replace component interfacing with movement of operating rod

Weak or broken operating rod spring

Replace component

Damaged or blocked ejector Repair or replace component Inspect bolt face for damage

Damage or deformed bolt Repair or replace bolt assembly

Insufficient headspace Replace breech block

Failure to feed Cartridge improperly placed in magazine

Reload magazine

Damaged magazine Replace component

Gas cylinder, gas port not aligned with gas port of barrel

Tighten gas cylinder lock

�� Appendix I: Revisionoffirearmssafety,maintenanceandcommonstoppages


Failure to extract cartridge case

Excessive headspace or ruptured cartridge

Regional armourer

Pitted or dirty chamber Replace firearm

Spindle closed Open spindle

Broken extractor Replace component

Sheared rim on cartridge Use cleaning rod to remove cartridgeClean chamber and ammunition

Restricted movement of operating rod

Repair or replace component interfering with movement of operating rod

Failure to eject cartridge case

Weak, missing or frozen ejector spring

Replace ejector spring

Damaged or blocked ejector Repair or replace

Restricted movement of operating rod

Repair or replace component interfering with movement of operating rod

Failure of bolt to open afterfire

Gas cylinder spindle closed, gas cylinder plug missing, gas piston

Open spindleInstall gas cylinder plugRepair and/or install gas

Weak or damaged magazine Replace component

Table 2: Stoppages and malfunctions – M1A and M14 cont.


Common stoppages – Pump action shotguns

Malfunction/stoppage Description Corrective action

Shells fail to load Bent carrier prevents shell alignment with magazine

Armourer

Defective shell latch Armourer

Fore-ends fail to fully cycle

Bent action bars Armourer

Jammed or bent shell latch Armourer

Foreign object or part in receiver Remove and clean

Failure to feed Shell latch locking back shell Armourer

Magazine follower sticks in the magazine tube

Clean and lightly oil

Double feed Failure of shell latch to retain shell in magazine after one has been ejected onto the carrier and action can’t close

With the action open, press down on the nose of the shell and push the partially released shell into the magazine until retained by the shell latch

Stacked feed A round is in the chamber and the action is closed The shell latch has failed to retain the shell once the action is closed and ejected in onto the carrier

Put safety catch on Grasp the fore-end firmly and pull back firmly whilst depressing the action bar lock

Failure to extract Broken extractor Armourer

Dirty chamber Clean firearm

Action will not open Could be caused by expansion of shell against fouling after firing or split shell casing

Put safety catch onGrasp the fore-end firmly and pull back firmly whilst depressing the action bar lock

Failure to eject Ejector missing or broken Armourer

Stovepipe, a partially ejected shell trapped by breech block in ejection port

Pull fore-end fully to the rear, remove the shell, cycle the action forward and continue firing


Bullet performanceA normal firearm propels a lead or a lead and copper projectile of a given weight and diameter at a given velocity regardless of the status of the manufacturers name.

Hunting bullets are designed to expand in a controlled way. Small calibre, high velocity firearms are usually intended for use on light, thin skinned animals and are inadequate on heavy, thick skinned animals because the bullet is lightly constructed and travelling fast enough to disintegrate under the skin without any depth of penetration. As the bullet pushes into the tissue, it violently displaces that tissue out to the sides and the degree of lateral disruption is controlled by the density of the tissue, the velocity and the diameter of the projectile.

Whilst on most occasions the expanding bullet is the bullet of choice for the humane killing of large vertebrates, the non-expanding full metal jacket (FMJ) bullet should not be discounted. A criticism of these bullets is they tend to pass right through the animal. When this occurs, very little of the bullet’s energy is used on the animal.

To be lethal, the FMJ bullet must strike an immediately vital area. However, there are times when its use is required. The thick hides and musculature of scrub bulls and buffalo may often cause some soft point projectiles to expend prematurely in non-vital areas. The FMJ bullet has the penetrating ability to get to a vital area. FMJ’s are also likely to be more effective if the shot has to be made through branches or long grass. However, to produce a clean kill with these bullets, the shooting has to be accurate.

Ultimately, the only way to reliably assess how the bullet is performing on the animal is to dissect the carcass and trace the bullet’s path. The accuracy of shots may also be assessed using this method. 308 ammunition loaded with:

(A) expanding soft point projectile. (B) non-expanding full metal jacket

(FMJ) projectile.

A B

Documents

CERTIFICATE II IN CONSERVATION AND LAND MANAGEMENT Aerial Platform Shooting · 2019-08-14 · Certificate II in Conservation and Land Management Aerial Platform Shooting Course Reference