Cert Pankaj

7/26/2019 Cert Pankaj

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Implementation of Micro-Grid concept

and Balancing Energy produced by Renewable Resources”, submitted by, Pankaj

Kumar (Roll. No. 1205220027) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering during session

2015-2016 at Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow. A bona fide record

of research work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The

candidate has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements. The Thesis which is based

on candidate’s own work, has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree/diploma.

Place: Lucknow Surya Bhushan Dubey

Date: Electrical Engineering Department,

Institute of Engineering & Technology,

Lucknow-226021.



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to articulate my sincere gratitude towards all those who have

contributed their precious time and helped me along in my project work. Without

them it would have been a tough job to complete and understand this project work.

I would especially like thank to Mr. Surya Bhushan Dubey, my Project

Supervisor for his firm support and guidance and invaluable suggestions

throughout the project work.

I express my greatest appreciation to Prof. Kuldeep Sahay, Head of the

Department, Electrical Engineering, for his encouragement, comments and timely

suggestions throughout the course of this project work. I express my indebtedness

to all the faculty members and staff of the Department of Electrical Engineering,

for their guidance and effort at appropriate times which has helped me a lot.

(Pankaj Kumar)



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ABSTRACT

The electric power system is an enabling infrastructure that supports the

continuous operation of various mission critical facilities, both at the component

and the systems levels. At present, there is a need to build an extensive library of

Micro-grid components in the standard simulation environment. This involves the

development of adequate models for simulation the operation of a variety of

distributed generators (Diesel Engine, Fuel Cell, Photovoltaic Cell) and short-term

storage (Battery Storage), including the corresponding control and power

electronic interface. The thesis also compares the characteristics of different

technologies for providing local generation and energy storage, along with the

modeling of loads, utility grid and transmission lines.

This project work studies the generation power-time characteristics, the load

power-time characteristics, and battery power-time characteristics and along with

the modelling of the various moicro grid components and simulation of the same

using MATLAB-SIMULINK.



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Contents Page No. 1 Certificate I

2 Acknowledgement Ii

3 Abstract Iii

4 Chapter 1- Introduction 1

5 1.1 Introduction 2

61.2 Definition 3

7 1.3 Scope of work 5

8 Chapter 2- Renewable energy resources 7


10 2.2 Wind Energy 9

11 2.2.1 Introduction 9

12 2.2.2 Economics of wind energy 10

13 2.2.3 potential for wind energy , technical resources 11

14 And environmental issues

15 2.3 solar photovoltaic cells 12

16 2.4 hydropower 13

17 2.4.1 Introduction 13

18 2.4.2 Capacity and potential 14

19 Chapter 3- Microgrid modelling 15




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21 3.1.1 Load and utility modelling 17

22 3.2 Transmission line modelling 18

23 3.3 DG modelling 19

24 3.3.1 Photovoltaic cells (PV cells) 19

25 3.3.2 Diesel generators 22

26 3.3.3 Fuel cells 23

27 3.4 Battery storage 27

28 3.5 Fuel cell battery storage dynamic load Hybrid system 32

29 Chapter4 - Demand side management 39


31 4.2 Time of use and real time pricing 41

32 Chapter 5 - Simulation 44

33 5.1 Microgrid model 45

34 5.2 Description 47

35 5.3 Simulation 47

36 5.4 Simulation Result 49

37 5.5 Conclusion 54

38 Chapter 6 - Conclusion and future work 55

39 6.1Conclusion 56

40 6.2 Future work 56

41 Reference 57



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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Name of Figure Page no.

1.1 Microgrid architecture diagram 42.1 Trends in wind energy costs 10

3.1 120kV utility grid model in Matlab/Simulink 17

3.2 Three phase load model in Matlab/Simulink 18

3.3 Three phase PI section line model in

Matlab/Simulink

18

3.4 Equivalent circuit of PV cells 19

3.5 PV cell Simulink model 20

3.6 P-V curve of Siemens Bin1/SP75 PV cell at 298K 21

3.7 Transfer function of the actuator model in diesel

engine

22

3.8 A typical U-I curve of a PEM fuel cell 25

3.9 The equivalent circuit of the dynamical fuel cell

model

26

3.10 The Thevenin equivalent circuit of the battery

model

28

3.11 The equivalent circuit of the rechargeable battery 28

3.12 Voltage change of a 240V, 8Ah lithium-Ion battery 31

3.13 SOC change of a 240V, 8Ah Lithium-Ion battery 32

3.14 Discharge curve of a 288Vdc, 13.9Ah Nickel-

Metal-Hydride battery

33

3.15 Simulation results of a 288Vdc, 100kW PEM fuel

cell stack

34



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3.16 Matlab/Simulink model of the fuel cell-battery

hybrid system

35

3.17 Reactive power output of the required load, fuel

cell and battery

36

3.18 Battery SOC in of the fuel cell-battery hybrid

system

37

3.19 Reference and measured DC/AC converter

current

38

3.20 Stack consumption of air(blue) and fuel(red) 38

4.1 Simplified effect of DR on electricity market price 425.1 Model of small scaled Micro Grid 45

5.2 primary power vs time 49

5.3 secondary power vs time 50

5.4 load power vs time 51

5.5 Battey power vs time 52

5.6 SOC( state of charging) vs time 53



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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Name of Table Page No.

3.1 Summary of chemical reactions in different fuel cells 23

3.2 The key parameters of common batteries 30

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