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Non‐meteorological Applications forNext Generation Geostationary Satellites Study
Cover Image: Himawari‐8 full disk observation, image credit Japan Meteorological Agency
Conte
1 Intr
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2 Tre
2.1
2.2
2.3
3 Pot
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4 Syn
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5 Coo
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6 Sum
Use
App
Dat
Dat
Out
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
ents
roduction ....
Overview
Context ..
Purpose .
Structure
ends and Out
Retrospe
The Next
Geostatio
tential non‐m
Introduct
Atmosph
Ocean pr
Land pro
nergistic use
Synergist
GEO and
Pre‐requ
Potential
Examples
Case Stud
Conclusio
ordinating in
User eng
The Glob
EUMETSA
Bilateral
mmary and o
er engageme
plication dev
ta calibration
ta managem
treach .........
A List of co
Glossary
....................
....................
w ..................
....................
....................
e of the repo
tlook for Geo
ect ................
t Generation
onary Satellit
meteorologic
tion .............
heric product
roducts ........
ducts ..........
of LEO syste
tic use – wha
LEO observa
isites and re
l fields of Ear
s of GEO+LEO
dy ................
on ................
nitiatives ......
agement – S
bal Space‐bas
AT Satellite A
collaboratio
opportunities
ent ...............
velopment ...
n, validation
ent ..............
....................
ontributing a
of acronyms
....................
Non‐m
....................
....................
....................
....................
ort ................
ostationary E
....................
of Geostatio
te Missions w
cal applicatio
....................
ts .................
....................
....................
ems – benefit
at kind of syn
ation geome
quirements .
rth Observat
O Earth Obse
....................
....................
....................
SATURN, EUM
sed Inter‐Cal
Application F
n Japan‐Aus
s ..................
....................
....................
and harmon
....................
....................
uthors .........
s ..................
....................
meteorological Ap
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
EO Satellite C
....................
onary Weath
with Unique
ons of new ge
....................
....................
....................
....................
ts and issues
nergy is mea
etry ..............
....................
tion applicat
ervation app
....................
....................
....................
METRAIN, W
libration Syst
Facilities (SAF
tralia ...........
....................
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nization .......
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....................
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....................
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pplications for Ne
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....................
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....................
....................
Capabilities ..
....................
her Satellites
Capabilities
eneration sy
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....................
....................
s ...................
nt ................
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ions .............
plications ......
....................
....................
....................
WMO‐CGMS V
tem (GSICS) .
Fs) ...............
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ext Generation of
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s ...................
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ystems .........
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VLab ............
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ii | Non‐meteo
FigureFigure 1: Sp
Figure 2: AH
Figure 3: Hi
Figure 4: AB
Figure 5: GO
Figure 6: FC
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he NOAA/Nown. More s
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nesia on cted and
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Figure 19: observation(bottom) (P
Figure 20: S
Figure 21: S
Figure 22: Tstrength of and the redavoided for
Figure 23: (at 11 h 15m
Figure 24: imagery (Ne
Figure 25: CAqua obser
Figure 26: C
Figure 27: (CGMS‐44‐C
Figure 28: A2015 for thdaily Level 3
Figure 29: E
Figure 30: 2015). ........
Figure 31: FRGB (middle
Figure 32: LAs geostatiowindow reggeo‐ring. Tcapabilities multispectr
Figure 33: Iprovided toEUMETSAT‐
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Impact of ns (top left Park et al., 20
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The TurtleWathe average
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emont et al.,
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ow the direc. The solid b
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on observati...................
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July 2016, ...................
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roducts/land
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ted SSTs ervations ................ 32
................ 33
2009). ...... 33
ction and lack lines hould be ................ 34
uary 2007 1). ........... 35
m SEVIRI ................ 36
y MODIS‐................ 36
................ 36
p 8 2015. ................ 37
n 20 July h MODIS ................ 37
................ 39
re et al., ................ 40
ssociated hen Jie. ... 40
34, 2016). e infrared ST for the enhanced ions with ................ 41
osites are CGMS‐44‐................ 42
ABI data 10). .......... 43
left) and ................ 44
am et al., ................ 45
nomaly in Areas in
................ 45
d/getd/]. . 46
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Figure 39: D
Figure 40: Dmerging mpassive micXie, and Ark
Figure 41: [http://www
Figure 42: Rgeostationa
Figure 43: TAHI and MOThe surfacewith and wi
Figure 44: T(grey), the r6 radiance,
Figure 45: Himawari‐8
Figure 46: AMTSAT‐2 viusing Deep Transfer Moshows the 9
TableTable 1: Com
Table 2: Dat
Table 3: Com
Table 4: Bas
Table 5: The
Table 6: capability/p
Table 7: capability/p
Table 8: GEO
orological Applica
Drought dete
Decadal (10‐deasurement
crowave fromkin, 1996) an
Broadband w.scope‐cm.
Regional Surary and polar
The simultanODIS. The AOe reflectanceithout the de
The relative regression reand the loca
Himawari‐8 8 Calibration
A comparisoisible calibraConvective
odel simulat95% confiden
s mparison of
ta Services P
mparison of
sic meteorol
e foreseen p
Foreseen ppotential=F).
Foreseen ppotential=F).
O versus LEO
ations for Next G
ermination u
day) precipits from thre
m two polar nd Vectorial C
black sky a.org/]. ..........
rface Daiatior orbiting sat
neous retrievOD is compa at Jabiru in erived BRDF
spectral reselation (bottation of the H
AHI band 1Portal). .......
on of variousation slope a
Clouds, Mooions). Each rnce interval o
multi‐band i
Plan for GEOK
GOCI and GO
ogical produ
roducts and
products an...................
products a...................
O characteris
eneration of Geo
sing VHI (Ve
tation estimae satellites orbiters up
Capacity (rig
albedo spat....................
on from Mettellites (right
val of aerosored with AerAHI Band 5 normalisatio
sponses (topom left) to cHyperion sce
1 and 2 vic....................
s calibration as derived uon = Lunar c
result is normof the linear
imagers of g
KOMPAT 2A.
OCI‐II sensor
ucts. .............
parameters
d paramete....................
nd parame....................
stics. ............
ostationary Satell
getation Hea
ates from NOsensors (IR to four timeht, Ceccato e
ial composit....................
teosat (left) t). (Trentman
ol optical deproSpan data is comparedon (Qin, 2015
p left) of AHconvert AHI enes used to
carious calib....................
methods. Tsing three ccalibration, Rmalized again regression.
eostationary
. ..................
rs (CGMS‐44
....................
for atmosph
ers for Oc....................
eters for l....................
....................
ites Study
alth Index) (C
OAA’s Climatfrom Geost
es a day) andet al. 2012). .
te product ....................
and Global nn et al., 201
pth (left) andfrom Jabiru with that in5). ................
HI Band 5 (bBand 5 radiadevelop the
rations stati....................
ime series recalibration mRSTAR = Vicanst the first c(Takahashi a
y satellites. ..
....................
‐KMA‐WP‐0
....................
heric NMA p
cean NMA ....................
and NMA ....................
....................
CGMS‐44‐KM
te Predictiontationary evd rain gauge ....................
for the per....................
Surface Rad13). .............
d surface ref in northern
n the corresp....................
lack) and Mance into eque regression (
istics July 2....................
epresentatiomethods (DCarious Calibrcalibration reand Okuyam
....................
....................
1). ...............
....................
roducts. ......
products. ....................
products ....................
....................
MA‐WP‐01, 2
n Center derivery 30 min measureme...................
riod 1‐10 M...................
diation from ...................
flectance join Australia (to
ponding MOD...................
MODIS Bandsuivalent MO(right). (Qin,
016. (Courte...................
on of variatioC = Cross caration using esult. The sha, 2015). .....
...................
...................
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(Baseline=B,...................
(Baseline=B,...................
...................
2016). ...... 47
ved from utes and
ents (left, ................ 48
May 2001 ................ 49
multiple ................ 50
ntly from op right). DIS band, ................ 59
s 6 and 7 DIS Band 2015). .... 59
esy JMA, ................ 62
on in the alibration radiative
haded are ................ 63
................ 11
................ 15
................ 20
................ 23
................ 24
, Future ................ 31
, Future ................ 38
................ 54
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6 | Non‐meteo
1 In
1.1 O
The deploymsatellites, wpossibilitiesaddressing moderate r
While the poffer oppororbit (LEO)‐
The CommScientific aMeteorologmeteorologLEO approafor consideconsideratioCoordinatin
The study wGeneration non‐meteorteam includwithin CEOS
1.2 C
1.2.1 TH
The era of 2015. Over EUMETSAT.spatial resominutes witof advanced
These charaapproachingresolution ain LEO coveland surfacsediment pweather ph
GEO sensorcontaminatinfrared ch
orological Applica
ntrodu
Overview
ment over thwith their ims for continua broad ranesolution low
primary missrtunities for ‐based applic
ittee of Eartand Industrigy, conductgical applicataches. This reeration by Con is given
ng Group for
was conductGeostationa
rological appded participS including th
ontext
E CAPABIL
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acteristics ofg the LEO and complemerage due toe (such as slumes, and senomena (s
rs promise mtion is a majannels. App
ations for Next Ge
uction
he next few yproved specous monitor
nge of societw Earth orbit
ion of the nenon‐meteor
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th Observingal Researched a one‐y
tions of the aeport summ
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ted by the Cary Satelliteplications anants from ahe Virtual Co
LITY
EO satellitesew years advmagers have5 km to 2 kmull disk imagiith global cov
f the advancsensors in
mentary viewo cloud covesnow, burns sea surface tuch as aeros
more cloud for issue in lalications tha
eneration of Geo
years of a coctral, spatial ring of the hital challenget (LEO) obse
ew GEO saterological apphave been th
g Satellite (C Organizatio
year study advanced me
marises the inthe subject
ing an undegical Satellite
CEOS Ad Hocs (NMA). Th
nd space agea range of oonstellations
s was usherevanced GEO
e similar cap depending ng every 10 verage outsi
ced GEO senspatial and
w and illuminer. They are
and harvesttemperaturesols including
free observaand data proat will benef
stationary Satelli
onstellation oand tempor
igh‐temporaes and inforrving satellit
ellites is to suplications thahe primary t
CEOS), undeon (CSIRO)initiative in
eteorologicanitiative’s fint of the stuerstanding o
es (CGMS) an
c Team (AHThe AHT was ncies that o
other CEOS As, the Workin
ed in with thO satellites w
abilities, witon band, andto 15 minutede the polar
sors complespectral re
nation geomparticularly
t), ocean (sue), and charag smoke and
tions resultioduction sinfit include fl
ites Study
of advanced ral resolutionl dynamics omation need
tes.
upport operaat can enhaool for moni
er the leadeand suppo
n 2015‐16 l geostationa
ndings. It ideudy is non‐mof the work
nd its agencie
T) on Non‐Mco‐led by voperate advaAgencies. Thng Groups an
he launch ofwill also be lth typical sped variable imes. Thus the r regions.
ment currenesolution, w
metries. Furthwell suited
uch as oceanacteristics of dust events
ng in betterce most landood develop
meteorologn sensors, oof the land, ods, particula
ational metence and comitoring of the
rship of Ausrted by theto assess
ary satellitesentifies key imeteorologick planned oes.
Meteorologicolunteers fronced GEO imhe study sound thematic g
f Himawari‐8aunched by ecifications b
mage cadencassembly is
nt moderate while offering
hermore, GEto monitori
n colour inclf the atmosps, ozone and
product avad measurempment and s
gical geostatipens up a woceans and arly in comb
eorological semplement the broader en
stralia’s Come Australianthe potent
s and of synessues and ocal applicati
or underway
cal Applicatioom agenciesmagers, and ught input fgroups.
8 by JMA onNOAA, KMA
being 16 spee from 30 seunderway o
resolution Lg far greate
EO satellites ng rapid chaluding algal
phere beyondpotentially a
ailability. Cloments rely on
surface ener
onary (GEO)world of newatmosphere,ination with
ervices, theyhe low Earthnvironment.
mmonwealthn Bureau ofial of non‐
ergistic GEO‐pportunitiesons, careful
y within the
ons for Nexts developingthe broader
from groups
n October 7,A, CMA andectral bands,econds to 15of a GEO‐ring
LEO sensors,er temporalcan fill gaps
anges in theblooms andd traditionalair quality).
oud or cloudn visible andrgy balance.
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This sectioncapabilities are not separametersmeteorologweather anTable 4 aresurface, mefluxes on a componentthree main respective a
eorological Applic
Potentnew ge
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overview ofmeteorolog
eorological py introducedts are also ror the purponon‐meteor
seems mainurface. Howeiation is also
mosphere, ocareas, the ma
Generation of Ge
n‐meteion sys
cal applicatias primarily Very High Rso from sategeneration s spatial resagers onboar
t all non‐mealready toda
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emperature
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ose of this rerological proly concerneever, as solao included acean and lanain character
ostationary Satel
eorolostems
on (NMA) prbeen based
Resolution Rellites like SPmeteorologi
solution arerd polar orbi
eteorologicalay derived gical polar odsat with a rrently availamage data d with the pege from pola
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ar variationscan be addre
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oducts for asd with the r energy apps an NMA a
nd. The folloristics and pa
llites Study
ogical a
roducts usingd on data f
Radiometer) OT and Landical satellite significantly
ting satellite
l applicationwith corres
orbiters can significantly
able or foresdue to the freeriods of maxar orbiting sag methods o
hat they proral frequencost NMA apnate rapidly oral frequenphenomeno
geostationars for instancessed.
rs and prodite imagers,
e meteorolold also be l part of the
er products associated apupward and
plications neapplication. Twing sectionarameters an
applica
g satellite dafrom instrum
and MODISdsat. The imp
imagers thy improving es, like MODI
products thsponding daprovide globy lower repseen from gequent preseximum cloudatellites are cover weeks to
ovide a signifcy of observplications aschanging p
ncy also enaon like wildf
y data that ce on the va
ucts that cawhich for th
ogical produnoted that e monitoringand parametplications. Fd downwarded to discrimThe NMA prns will descrind known lim
ations
ata has beenments on poS (Moderatepetus of thisat, in termsand approa
IS on Aqua a
hat can be data from pobal coverage
peat cycle. Weostationaryence of cloudd built up ancloud contamo months.
ficantly highations provi
s well as the henomenonbles early deires, volcanisome speci
ariability of
an be derivehe purpose octs and the
most, if ng and underters that are or solar radi
d broadbandminate directroducts are ibe the prod
mitations.
of
n establishedolar orbitinge Resolution study is the
s of spectralaching levelsnd Terra.
derived fromolar orbitinge on a dailyWhilst thesey orbit, theyds. The local
nd coverage.minated and
er temporalide a higherpotential to from static
etection andic ash, flashfic scientificgreenhouse
ed with theof this studye associatednot all non‐rstanding ofnot listed in
iation at thed shortwavet and diffusedivided into
ducts for the
d g n e l s
m g y e y l .
d
l r o c d h c e
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An indicatioderive the aplatform, aAdvanced (AGRI)/FY‐4many comincluded.
In addition prerequisitemultispectrdetection a
It should aladdition to SBA/Energyradiation.
3.2 A
3.2.1 OV
The atmospconstituentwhich instru
Meteorolo
Clouds
Atmospher
Temperatu
Atmospher
Precipitatio
Radiation
Tropopause
on of which associated pre the AdvaMeteorologi
4A and Flexiparable cap
to the requie for all proal imagers thlgorithms.
so be noted weather for
y, these are
Atmosphe
VERVIEW
pheric produs ozone anduments of th
gical product
ric Motion Vec
re and humid
ric instability
on
e folding
instrumentroducts is alnced Baselinical Imager ble Combine
pabilities, th
rements of toducts is achat also inclu
that Table 4recasting alsoe not furthe
eric prod
ucts considerd sulphur dihe new gene
ctors
dity
Non‐met
Table 4: Basi
s of the newso given. Th
ne Imager (A(AMI)/GEO‐
ed Imager (e Spinning
the Level‐1 dccurate clouude infrared
4 includes vao an impact er considere
ducts
red in this coxide. Tableration are us
Associated
Cover, presproperties,temperatudistribution
Speed, dire
Atmospherhumidity aPrecipitabl
Various ins
Rate, QPE,
OLR, solar,reflected Tupward TOUpward SS
teorological Appl
c meteorolog
w generatioe instrumen
ABI)/GOES‐R,‐KOMPSAT‐2FCI)/MTG‐I1Enhanced V
data (see Secd detection channels th
arious paramon other So
ed in the f
chapter are ae 2 gives ansed or plann
d parameters
ssure, phase, , growth rate,re, particle sizn
ection, height
ric temperatut various levee Water
stability index
extent
Downward STOA SW, AbsoOA LW, DownwSFC LW, flux, e
lications for Next
gical products
n are currents considere, Advanced
2A, Advance. FurthermoVisibile and
ction 2) on ca. The instru
hat enable th
meters relatecietal Benefiollowing se
aerosol/dust overview oed to be use
optical , ze
/pressure
re and els, Total
es
FC SW, rbed SFC SW,ward SFC LW, emissivity
t Generation of G
.
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ed Geostatioore, as a sig InfraRed I
alibration, nauments undehe implemen
ed to radiatioit Areas (SBActions excep
t, volcanic aof all produced to derive t
Comment
This, in pacritical preapplication
Geostationary Sat
planned towith the ass
mager (AHI)/onary Radiatnificant pre‐mager (SEV
avigation aner considera
ntation of eff
on. Whilst thAs) like SBA/pt for down
sh and the acts and an ithe associate
rticular cloud erequisite for ns including N
ellites Study | 23
be used tosociated firstHimawari‐8,tion Imager‐cursor with
VIRI)/MSG is
d stability, aation are allfective cloud
hese have in/Climate andnward solar
atmosphericndication ofed products.
cover, is a most other
NMA
3
o t , r h s
a l
d
n d r
c f
24 | Non‐mete
Product
Aerosol
Dust
Volcanic A
AtmospheComposit
The followin
3.2.2 AE
Aerosol is aand absorb condensatioproperties wforcing of cchemical re
The lifetimehour to houin the tropproduced frand therefosection).
Various alggeostationafrom slowlyaerosol infoopportunitywith a fixedDistributionprovide a techniques,
The high teobservationresolution i
eorological Applic
Table 5
Pa
De
AO
AnCo
Pa
Ty
De
Op
Ash
De
He
Co
eric ion
To
SO
ng sections g
ROSOL
an importantsolar radiati
on nuclei fowill cause m
climate and weactions can t
e of aerosolur. They can pics. Aerosorom oxidatioore have a
gorithms haary satellite iy changing sormation ovey to derive ad viewing gen Function) adaily or thr, can provide
emporal resns during a dnto account
cations for Next G
5: The foresee(B
arameter
etection
OD
ngstrom oefficient
rticle Size
pe
etection
ptical Depth
etection
eight
oncentration
otal Ozone
O2 detection
give a brief o
t componenion and theror the watemodification
weather. Aetake place, e
s can be vealso have a ls also vary
on of sulphurdiurnal cycl
ave alreadyimagery dataurface featuer sea than laerosols oveeometry, proand/or aerosree hourly ae aerosol par
solution (e.gday than wit.
Generation of Ge
en products anBaseline=B, Fu
ABI
B
B
F
B
B
B
F
F
overview of t
nt of the earefore have ar and ice pof the cloud
erosols also pe.g. for the d
ry short (a fvery strong from one r dioxide eme. Dust is g
been empa. These ma
ures (surfaceand. Genera
er land explooviding angusol scatteringaerosol estirameters for
g. every 15 h polar orbit
ostationary Satel
nd parameteruture capabilit
AHI
B
B
B
B
the various p
th‐atmosphea direct impaparticles of d propertiesplay a role iepletion of s
few days) andiurnal cycleregion and
mitted by indgenerated in
ployed for y rely on sep
e reflectanceating aerosoloiting the chlar samplingg phase funcmate. Otheevery repea
minutes) givting satellite
llites Study
rs for atmospty/potential=
AMI
B
B
F
F
B
B
B
B
B
B
F
products.
ere and oceaact on radiaticlouds. The. Furthermon atmosphestratospheric
nd their gene, e.g. when
ecosystem ustry and ca
n desert and
the derivatparating the
es). In that rels using geosanging solar
g of the surfction. Howevr methods,
at cycle.
ves a highe data, even
pheric NMA pr=F).
AGRI
B
B
B
B
an system. Aive processerefore mod
ore they direric chemistryc ozone.
eration verygenerated tto another.
ars, oxidationd desert tra
tion of aer fast changinespect it is astationary sar illuminatioface BRDF (Bver, these ale.g. based
r probabilitytaking the s
roducts.
FCI
B
B
B
B
B
F
F
B
F
Aerosol partes. They also ification of
ectly affect ty, providing
y dynamic, vhrough biom. Sulphate an that requirnsition zone
rosol paramng informatialso easier toatellite data pn angles dur
Bidirectional gorithms maon optimal
y to acquirelightly poore
SEVIRI
B
B
B
B
ticles scatterserve as thethe aerosolhe radiativesites where
varying frommass burningaerosols areres sun light,es (see next
meters fromon (aerosol)o derive theprovides thering the dayReflectance
ay then onlyl estimation
e cloud freeer horizontal
r e l
e e
m g e , t
m ) e e y e y n
e l
In addition also directlyrespiratory also significprovide signare also limof synerget
Figure 12:
Figure 13: AO
Himawari‐8mentioningChina 2015
The quality The MODISobservationconcentraticlassificatioand ground
to the signifiy linked to problems. A
cant and henificant adva
mitations for ic observatio
: Map of the A
OT at 500 nm
8 data is alsg that the CM
winter seaso
of CMA Him AOD produ
ns showed hon is more
on from Hima observation
icant role in air quality a
Aerosol emisence linked tantages overthe geostati
ons with low
AOT (colour s
m (left and Ang
so useful foMA aerosol o
on heavy sm
mawari‐8 AODct missed th
high correlatclosely relatawari‐8 are n is in good a
Non‐met
radiative baand hence tossions from sto SBA/Disar polar orbitionary obser Earth orbit s
cale 0‐0.7) at
gström coeffi
or monitorinptical depth
mog monitori
D product whe heavy haztion of the Ated to humashown in Fig
agreement.
teorological Appl
lance affectio SBA/Healtstrong eventasters. In pang data due
rvations, e.g.satellites.
635 nm for t
cient (right) u2015).
ng haze eve(AOD) prod
ng experime
was verified uze over NortAOD produc
an health imgure 13. The
lications for Next
ng SBA/Climth, e.g. in rets like volcanarticular for to the high . on particula
he 16th July 2
using Himawa
ents during uct based on
ent.
using the MOthern China. cts over landpacts. The P
e spatial dist
t Generation of G
mate and SBAelation to ennic eruptionsthe latter Stemporal co
ar matters t
006 at 12:00
ari‐8 data ove
winter overn Himawari‐8
ODIS MYD04_Concurrent
d (Figure 13PM2.5 concetribution of
Geostationary Sat
A/Weather, nvironmentas and wild laSBA, geostatoverage. Howhat emphasi
UT (Jolivet et
r ocean (Hash
r East‐Asia. 8 proved eff
_L2_3K aeroHimawari‐8
3). Ground‐bentration andPM2.5 from
ellites Study | 25
aerosols areal stress andand fires aretionary datawever, thereize the need
al., 2008).
himoto et al.,
It is worthective in the
osol product. and MODIS
based PM2.5d air qualityHimawari‐8
5
e d e a e d
h e
. S 5 y 8
26 | Non‐mete
Figure 14:right). AO
MODIS andproduc
eorological Applic
: MODIS‐TerraOD product frod CMA AOD wct of Himawar
cations for Next G
a observationom Himawari‐
where both reri‐8 and PM2.
Generation of Ge
n over China o‐8 produced btrievals were5 (μg/m3) dat
respectivel
ostationary Satel
on Dec 20, 20by CMA at 05 successful (mta from grouny. Pers. Comm
llites Study
15 (top left) a:30 (UTC) (mi
middle left). Cnd stations arm. Gao Ling.
and corresponddle right) an
Correspondingre presented b
nding AOD prnd scatter‐plog air quality cbottom right
oduct (top ot between lassification and left
3.2.3 DU
The strong community devoted to
Dust outbrethe atmosptransportedprocessed atrack and chmethods haexploit the at 11 and 1meteorologdust outbre
Figure 15: D
With respechas also a sstress and linked to SBover polar solar insolaon the collea role in SBA
3.2.4 VO
Volcanic eruThe early gchannel apchannels envalid for aredetection a
UST
impact of duin developinmitigation o
eaks have stphere contrid to the Atand integrateharacterize dave been prreverse abso
12 μm wavelgical clouds. eaks from spa
Dust detection
ct to the Socstrong imporrespiratory pBA/Disastersorbiting dattion and can
ection surfacA/Energy.
OLCANIC AS
uptions havegeostationaryproaches, unables the deas with thialgorithms
ust outbreakng efficient m
of their effect
rong implicabutes to clilantic has aed with infodust outbrearoposed throorption behalengths (splitMore advan
ace are defin
n using MSG/9, 10 = 8
cietal Benefirtant role in problems. Ds. In particulta due to thn have an imces of solar g
SH
e been moniy imagers hsing the visetection of ck ash cloudhave also b
Non‐met
s on human monitoring sts.
ations on climmate chang
an impact oormation furnaks, also in though the yeaviour shownt‐window), inced methonitively possi
/SEVIRI. Left R8.70, 10.80, 1
t Areas, dusair quality, ust from strar for the lae high temppact on the
generators an
itored with gad only veryible and infstrong erupt
ds. As the cabeen impro
teorological Appl
activities hasystems capa
mate, enviroge, impacts on cyclogenenished by grhe framewo
ears to deten by silicate pn comparisods have shoible, althoug
RGB composit12.0 micron). (
t has a stronand hence t
rong events atter SBA, geporal coverashort term and so tempo
geostationary limited cafrared windotions they re
apabilities ofoved. Split‐w
lications for Next
as significantable of dete
onment and human healesis. Visible round‐basedrk of operatct dust fromparticles (theon with ice cown that imgh some limit
tion for dust, (Romano et a
ng impact onto SBA/Healtlike desert s
eostationary age. Furthermavailability oorarily reduce
ry satellite impabilities forow bands, wely on humaf the geostatwindow met
t Generation of G
ly increased cting them a
human activth and, for and infrare
systems, caional early w
m space. Some main minecrystal and wprovementstations still r
right quantitaal.,2013).
n SBA/Climath, e.g. in restorms is alsdata provid
more strongf solar powee their efficie
magery data r ash detect
were used. Wan interpretationary imagthods based
Geostationary Sat
the interestand supporti
vities. Dust iexample, Sa
ed Imagery, an be effectivwarning systeme of theserals in the Sa
water drople in the idenemain.
ative retrieva
ate and SBA/elation to enso significante significant
g dust outbrer, as well asency. Hence
for more thtion and basWhilst the uation and wogers have incd on the t
ellites Study | 27
t of scientificing activities
njected intoaharan dust
if properlyvely used toems. Severale techniquesaharan dust)ets typical ofntification of
l (channel 7,
/Weather. Itvironmentalt and hence
t advantageseaks impact accumulateit also plays
an 30 years.sically singleuse of theseould only becreased, thetemperature
7
c s
o t y o l s ) f f
t l
e s t e s
. e e e e e
28 | Non‐mete
difference capabilities
Today, newgeostationaThese technto be estimallow for SO
Figure 16: A(21:40
shown. Morleft), and a
In order to imagery da(SCOPE‐Nowpassive sateintercompavolcanic SOvolcanic asproperties dgeneration
eorological Applic
observed w.
w techniqueary imagers niques, whic
mated. In addO2 detection
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NOAA/NESDIre specifically,ash loading (b
N
assess the cta, the WMwcasting PP2ellite‐derivedred and all
O2 satellite rh due to tiderived fromgeostationa
cations for Next G
with two inf
es, that uticombined wh are fully audition, someand tracking
h plume fromsh emissions fIS/STAR volca, multi‐spectr
bottom right),OAA NESDIS
capabilities oO performe2) (IPET‐SUPd volcanic apassive sate
remote sensime and res
m MODIS anry satellite n
Generation of Ge
frared chan
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m Mount Rinjafrom Mount Ranic cloud algral imagery (to, derived fromCenter for Sa
of the state oed a VolcanicP‐2/Doc. 7.1.ash data setsellite producsing is also source consd MSG‐SEVI
now being de
ostationary Satel
nels provide
ader range al informatiolso allow ashostationary s
ani extends wRinjani, automorithms and Hop left), ash c
m Himawari‐8tellite Applica
of the art algc Ash Algori2 12.II.2016s, produced cts were coa very impotraints. The RI data, whieployed. Wh
llites Study
ed significan
of multispeon and moreh cloud propsensors, and
estward overmatically deteHimawari‐8 sacloud height (8, are shown. ations and Re
gorithms andthm Interco
6). As part ofby 22 diffe
mpared to 4ortant topic,
intercompach gives insi
hilst the inter
nt improvem
ectral mease advanced erties (e.g. m
d most future
r Bali, Indonesected and chaatellite measutop right), ash(Images are c
esearch (STAR
d the currenomparison asf the interco
erent retriev4 sources of, this study arison datasight into thercomparison
ments in th
surements palgorithms,
mass loadinge geostation
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nt geostations part of a pomparison, aal methodof validation
was focusesets includede capabilitiesn was quite e
e detection
provided byare utilized.
g and height)nary sensors,
mber 3, 2015 sing the e dius (bottom
M. Pavolonis
nary satellitepilot projecta total of 27logies, weredata. While
ed solely ond ash clouds of the newencouraging,
n
y . ) ,
e t 7 e e n d w
,
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Figure 17: Aash RGB (
Volcanic eruaviation as about 10% geostationaglobe. Furthaltitudes involume of dorbit, volcadetection athe historicgeostationa
thms able tocouple of aure, given thessments is gessments by
An example a(left), retrieve
uptions and recently deof the 1500
ary satellite hermore, du as little as
data constannic eruptionlgorithms arcal activity ary satellites
o detect conctomated ash uncertainty
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analysis from ed Ash/Dust l
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Non‐met
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the WMO Satoading (right
(bottom
uent dispersiby the Eyja
olcanoes aree the opportlosive volcanThus, early
llected by thcannot solelo ensure timupting volcaelement in th
teorological Appl
evels of 0.1 gmethods webased estimaf 2 and moshe uncertain
tellite‐derived), CALIOP 532
m). (Pavolonis
ion of volcanafjallajokull ee routinely mtunity to conic eruption,
detection ohe constellaty rely on mely detectio
ano. Hencehe SBA/Dista
lications for Next
g/m3 or bettre able to apates of massst satellite dty in concen
d Volcanic As2 nm backscats, 2015).
nic ash (and Seruption in 2monitored wntinuously m, volcanic as
of volcanic etion of meteanual analysn of significa
e, quantitataster for this
t Generation of G
ter, there is pproach the s loading, theerived masstration will b
sh Inter‐comptter with retri
SO2) can hav2010. It sho
with in‐situ omonitor mosh can be traruptions is corological sasis of satellitant volcanic ive monitors application
Geostationary Sat
need for moskill of a hume uncertaints loadings dibe greater.
parison Activitieved ash clou
ve a profounould be notebservations,
st volcanoesansported tocritical. Giveatellites in gete imagery. eruptions, r
ring of volc.
ellites Study | 29
ore researchman analyst.y in satelliteiffered from
ty: Volcanic ud heights
nd impact oned that only, hence only around the
o jet cruisingen the largeeostationary Automated
regardless ofcanoes with
9
h .
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3.2.5 AT
There are shuman heaspecies likeSeveral of tlocal weathonly possib2011 prepaInternation
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MOSPHER
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umn ozone GEO‐ring.
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osely linked.tions in thesunlight andinental‐scaleeasurements
quality andom the newnd to have aeostationary2.
to studies ofcity in themodels. Thevel
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3.3.1 OV
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Table 6: Fo
Product
SST
Ice (and la
Current
Ocean Col
Most of theNear‐Real T
3.3.2 SEA
Sea Surfaceprediction. numerical mroughness a
Whilst SST full charactcombines asatellite datemperaturrepresents The SST skin
SSTs has bsatellites, badvent of spossible. Hobecoming inimproved cmultispectr
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VERVIEW
products conble 6 gives aare used or
reseen produ
Pa
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ke ice)
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our
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e TemperatuToday ocea
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kin Tempera
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urbidity/TSS
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sured accurathe SST. The
ources for a s the so‐cald by an infrature within ents are sub
of the early ted utility d
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this chapter w of all prodbe used to de
meters for Oc
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ters in Table
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er improvemue to the imerisation of critical for eff
teorological Appl
are Sea Surfducts and aerive the ass
cean NMA pro
ABI
B
F
F
F
F
F
F
e 6 are deriv
he accurate umodelling
le, in additio
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orological apcalibration arared windo
ments in instrproved capathe instrumfective thin c
lications for Next
face Temperan indication
sociated prod
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AHI
B
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ved for every
understandinis mandatoron to the dy
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which accordally operatinn‐dominateddiurnal cycle
pplications fnd single infw band, accrumentation
abilities of thent. An impcirrus detect
t Generation of G
ature (SST), of which i
ducts.
line=B, Future
AMI AG
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ellites Study | 31
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ctivities (seee large scale
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T diurnal cycle
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in order tdepiction ofprocess e.g. om that just
ata vs buoy d
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ring of cases
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p displays preferred byost recently tion and stre
highlights thethan 50% of
ellites Study | 33
cloud freeenables the
e the diurnal
2).
s with rapid
exploited fortionary data,nity to track
2009).
and includee improved
sea surfacey the turtles.
available 3‐ength of thee areas withf loggerhead
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eorological Applic
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llites Study
of the yearhp).
mall grey arrolable data. Tharea and that
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3.3.4 OC
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highly demao achieve froation capabr, there are ibration issuCS, (see sect
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atellites are ous ocean cssment of se
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some parames can be a
tion 5).
lications for Next
of the Caspianr the same da
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ar in which c
during cloud
ur remote se
sideration bour mission ue to their hons than geteorological .
ratio) of theminated andver, they of
rms of calibronary orbit. Honly a smallmeters that clleviated usi
t Generation of G
n Sea on 28 Feay. (Temimi et
e and have pmeters. For nsport in coad marine cartion during cto the diu. Ocean coloral samplin
loud‐free da
d‐free period
ensing.
by a numberGOCI (Geosigher radiomostationary missions to
e new GEO d open oceanffer great p
ration, requiHence geost number ofcan be deriving new cali
Geostationary Sat
ebruary 2007t al., 2011).
provided the instance ne
astal waters,bon cycle m
cloudy periornal cycles our remote ng giving so
ata can be ac
ds, thus bring
r of space astationary Ometric perfor
meteorologaugment th
imagers man waters due
potential for
ring a visibletationary mef visible speved with mebration tech
ellites Study | 35
at 11 h 15m
justificationar real time, particularly
modelling areds and from
that drivesensors on
ome specific
cquired
ging entirely
gencies andcean Colour
rmance havegical imagershe data from
ay limit thee to the low
monitoring
e calibrationeteorologicalctral bands,
eteorologicalhniques, like
5
n e y e
m e n c
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m
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n l , l
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36 | Non‐mete
Indeed it ha(TSM) concedetected byAGRI.
Furthermormeteorologavailable fro
Figure
Figure 2
eorological Applic
as been showentration any MSG/SEVIR
re, until a gical missionsom polar orb
24: Concentra
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Figure 26: Co
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wn that alreand turbidity. RI. These cap
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llites Study
an be used thores, a specimproved wi
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ty data (T, FNans, 2012).
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teorological Appl
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ami, 2016) chlorophyll‐
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TC on 20 July DIS daily Leve
can have a
ellites Study | 37
(CGMS‐44‐
by adopting‐a these areflectance asHimawari‐8
2015 for the el 3 (right)
a significant
7
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38 | Non‐mete
3.4 La
3.4.1 OV
The land prwater, drouinstruments
Table 7: Fo
Product
Fire/(Hot S
Land SurfaTemperat
Snow
Flood/Stan
Vegetatio
Drought (evapotra
Albedo
Incident S
Most of theNear‐Real T
3.4.2 FIR
Fires are anthe atmospduration of fires of granorthern reimportanceemission of
Forest and However, tclimate chafor near reaactive foresthey have
eorological Applic
and prod
VERVIEW
roducts consught, vegetats of the new
oreseen prod
Spot)
ace ure
nding water
n
nspiration)
olar Radiatio
e products aTime.
RE
n indication opheric compof up to a fewasslands andegions (e.g.
e. They are af polluting sm
wild fires arhe increasinnge and fragal‐time monst fire detectprovided im
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ducts
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Parame
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Fire RadPower
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and paramet
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his chapter edo. Table 7are used or
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ward ave on
ters in Table
tion and of lt fires are ms of woody ml waste are
Canada, Russto populate
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e 7 are deriv
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nent of the sce of fires hquires efficieze these impfor a long ti
h a 3.8/3.9
llites Study
nd Surface Terview of all be used to de
ducts (Baselin
AHI A
B
F
F
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savannah, tuas elevatednt and effectpacts. Remome been pemicron chan
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y repeat cyc
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due to the nng satellites tely proportting this infoal resolution(e.g. every
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Figure 29
ature of theonly capture
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: EUMETSAT
Non‐met
e fires, their e a fraction ohe biomass th the geosyportant. Geo) observatio
d monitoringes the potent
atmosphericheric Monitoto biomass b
AT Land SAFonary satellitervices.
Land SAF FRP
teorological Appl
significant dof the fires.
combustioynchronous osynchronouns. They the
g the diurnaltial for early
c compositiooring Serviceburning. This
F using SEVIRtes currently
P product from
lications for Next
diurnal cycleWhilst produn rate anddata capturi
us satellites herefore supp cycle of thedetection of
n in atmospes require bos can be donRI observatioy operating
m MSG/SEVIR
t Generation of G
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d thus the ing the diurnhave the capplement the e more enerf strong fire
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Geostationary Sat
by agriculturradiative posmoke em
nal cycle, evpability to pinformation
rgetic fire. Fevents.
nmental serndition estimradiative po
ore the prov globe wou
al., 2015).
ellites Study | 39
ral practices,ower (FRP) is
mission rate,ven if with arovide quasi
n from polarurthermore,
vices, like inmates of theower (FRP)asvision of FRPld be highly
9
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a i r ,
n e s P y
40 | Non‐mete
Figure
With high tean importameteorologsatellite to are many fimajor grainimpact on detect the fexpected fr
Figure 31(mi
Fire detectiSBA/Health
eorological Applic
30: LSA SAF S
emporal resoant role in gical applicatmonitor theire spots du
n producing aviation andfire spots duom FY‐4A da
1: Fire spot deddle, 0700 UT
ion and FRP h, SBA/Ecosy
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SEVIRI FRP‐PIX
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etection overTC) and daily
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ks better than
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orological samonitoring
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atellite Himais an impo
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., 2015).
wari‐8 playsortant non‐
eteorologicaltumn, therehich are thes a negativeully used to
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The diurnalits diurnal regional anatmosphereremote sensensitive toeffects.
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Figure 3geostationa
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re (LST) haveproved in rect of the imparticular whe
32: Land Surfary satellite imalso with spliency of thoser temporal an
ACE TEMPE
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d studies havand causes oensing data
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LST) is an imal processes
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52 | Non‐mete
4 Sis
The focus ocore meteoapplicationscombinatioapplications
After first doverview ofspatial resoand spectraLEO observapproachesof applicatimust be fugeophysicalFinally, we systems, an
Note that wbasis of mafamilies and
4.1 Sy
It is worth nature of thin the type they produinformation
The followisuccessive l
a. Thfrosppra
b. Anphto
c. Getakqualtinfcoret
eorological Applic
Synergssues
on expandinorological as can arise fn. The focuss, taking into
defining sevf GEO and LE
olution and al resolution vation geom
s to deriving ons that can
ulfilled in thl quantity frobriefly note
nd present on
while the preany non‐metd many of th
ynergisti
prefacing a he inputs anof measure
uce. Finally, n context.
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esent study teorological e considerat
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discussion od the outpuments drawit is a que
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closest to led LEO orbit.
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Generation of Ge
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ries of apprristics is presemporal resoge. A brief seidually. The parametersis importan
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what kind
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bly not exhaocessing beg
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easured fromergistic app
EO and LEO mentary use ong new meaams. One sund surface re
ostationary Satel
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into Earth Ompass the r
ation deriveaborate whas and limitat
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that have m
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different orberging diffe
austive, offeginning with
combine mehe choice of ntical sensorcessing must
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of different gasurement tuch exampleeflectance fro
llites Study
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ons that use , there is alser will apply
ergy is me
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bit configuraterent single
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tain prerequation, and
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of the samsually dictattical characteced to combi
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o derive new the availabussed belower.
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s a) and b) ckewise, c) anm the GEO
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O orbit offerypically half cenes with aEO orbit ond to approxe to acquire it as a constial resolutio
umination geand varies frseries is avairestricted to
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mbination of RapidEye) c
portunity to ut the viewinns in geoph
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EO, but is indssion of the bto the syner
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several satecan achieve observe eacng geometryysical quant
that most ach as, for exam
cs discussed
stics supporg. spectral cohe discussion
rements thasources need
synergy.
7
ellites Study | 53
merge with a
geophysicalformation ismation. It isdependentlybenefits andrgistic use of
t imaging ing with a veryted to a discal coverage.
est while theootprint withdata for the
s can employof the lower
ons within aorbit allows
verage. Thuswith currentween spatialellites of thedaily global
ch individualy is differenttities can bective remotemple, size of
d above are
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at must beds some care
3
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54 | Non‐mete
Spatial cov
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Spectral re
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Illuminatio
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4.3 P
When consproducts), lunderstoodclear that alevel of aroallows. Howmay estimaquality levedifferent iss
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The first itequantify homeasuremebe derived f
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Aside from level 1 andperspective
eorological Applic
verage
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e
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wever, one cate the expeel of the inpsues:
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pically, sensopical sensor‐nds. Similarerlooked thae spectrome
em is related ow good aents of the safor this data
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Table 8: GEO
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Disc
Coarse
Fine
Similar
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Fixed
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whether a mainty level ase trying to d
und this paray level of thdependent o
d the algorit
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corrections antity whichnsor co‐regisn be found a
ation of datadata producty from whic
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same stand
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ciples, rules,of data prodols (for LAI, furrently succded to additocessing app
st with an emsors, traditiost an acknow
llites Study
haracteristics
e)
or only)
ergetic use oe target info
different infowill not prodta product whe formulati
This quality lging process
t been suffici
ards so that
be matchedfor two sen
ors must be satellite plat
nd the undevalidation istainty is dete
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erlying algoris carried ouermined so t
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ly based on . The differeshment of ta Surface Tablishment
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ct (or severalon, must be
possible. It isuncertainty
an the inputty input onedent on the
nfluenced by
mparable;
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tical parts of
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of mismatch
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In contrast,of the calibto one sensand in its idFor global pGEOs, posswork becomexpertise toobservationmatching acalibration differences
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An issue whregistrationthat effect. some expeintroduced
The adoptiois another ilonger simpwith the godeliver largwith LEOs. instance, by
4.4 P
As we begindifferent apviewing andpresent disinclude the
4.4.1 CO
The LEO imspectral ba“ComparisoThus, for noLEOs with spossibility o
The followidetailed inftimescales:
e spectral reparts of CEOlgorithms.
the activitiebration of difsor as a referdeal applicatproducts deibly via the
mes critical fo offer in thins by spacecbove, a seco(Vermote abetween se
also note t
hich is familn between th
However, surience withiby misalignm
on of data stissue which ply research oal to delivere global datConsequenty the CEOS In
otential
n an outline pproaches thd illuminatiocussion is limcombination
OMBINATIO
magers with and, comparon of multi‐bominally equsomewhat coof creating a
ng are examformation o
esponse funcOS WGCV. T
es of WMO/Gfferent meterence for theion enables rived from tLEOs. Much
for applicatios area, and tcraft pairs wondary effecand Kaufmannsor spectra
that GEO an
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andards to fmust be takresources b
r a service totasets from tly it will be nitiative on F
fields of
of the potenhat combine n conditionsmited to iman of active an
ON OF SPA
daily coverared with 500band imagersuivalent specoarser resolumerged data
mples of appon a dense
Non‐met
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the GEO ringh work has aons that methe GSICS frawill be a vact to considen, 1995; Mial response s
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acilitate the ken into accout are todayo mankind. Tthe new GEOnecessary to
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Earth Ob
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ATIAL AND
age have sp0 m to 2 ks of geostatiotral bands, t
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teorological Appl
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ows the comuse of GEO ag, there is aalready beenerge GEO andamework forluable resouer is that thennis et al., hapes.
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AL COVERA
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ntially benefial resolution
t Generation of G
tion errors ae which und
early inceptiotion approa
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for cross‐va
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ational procerth Observa
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her sensor sy
AGE
und 250 m magers. Tabthe details fostream coming. This comtion and GEO
it from the cn that captu
Geostationary Sat
re part of thderpin the ev
on to the hach, which is different GEof similar typnt to inter‐ccalibrate GEOV and WMO/analysis of sihe discussioinfluences tffect is com
alidation of
ctral channeation is used or compariso
der to reduc
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enefit, alwayrequired to pended to synpproaches as
nd LEO, tabland tempor
platforms. Nystems to sy
to 1 km, dele <XX Chap
or some specparable to th
mplementaritO temporal r
combinationures dynami
ellites Study | 55
he discussionvaluation of
rmonizationusually tied
EO platformspe/quantity.calibrate theOs and such/GSICS haveimultaneous
on of sensorthe effective
mplicated by
geophysical
els is the co‐to minimize
ons. There isce the noise
nt algorithmstions are nos developed
produce andnergistic uses guided, for
e 8 suggestsral coverage,
Note that theystematically
epending onpter 2 tablecific sensors.hat from thety raises theesolution.
n of spatiallycs on short
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this includes
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