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Central Europe. Preview Section 1: Germany Section 2: The Alpine Countries Section 3: Poland and the Baltics Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary Chapter Wrap-Up. Section 1: Germany. Read to Discover What are some key events in the history of Germany? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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World Geography Today Chapter 15
Central EuropePreview
Section 1: Germany
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Chapter Wrap-Up
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Read to Discover
• What are some key events in the history of Germany?
• What are some features of German culture?
• What is Germany’s economy like?
• What issues and challenges does Germany face today?
Section 1: Germany
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Question
What historic events have led to Germany’s unification?
Section 1: Germany
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Germanic tribes fight against the
Roman Empire.
Germany reunites after
the fall of communism.
Holy Roman Empire and Hanseatic
League control German lands.
Charlemagne begins German
unification.
Prussia unites northern and
southern Germany.
Germany is divided
after World War II.
Germany’s Road to Unification
Section 1: Germany
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Charlemagne united German kingdoms in the 700s.
• Kingdoms became part of Holy Roman Empire.
• Hanseatic League united northern German towns in 1300s.
• Prussia and Habsburg Empire influenced German states by 1700s.
• Germany united in 1871.
• Germany lost two world wars.
• Germany divided into Communist East, democratic West.
• West Germany became an economic power.
• Germany united in 1990, after fall of communism.
Section 1: Germany
Key Events in German History
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• German is dominant language, with regional dialects
• Noted literature, art, and music
• Protestant majority, large Catholic minority (mostly in south and west)
• Foods—Pork, sausage, veal, cheese, pastries
• Increasing concern for the environment
Section 1: Germany
Culture
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Powerful Economy—Fourth-largest GDP in the world
• Investments—Major investors in Central Europe
• Manufacturing—Machinery, automobiles, electronics, medical equipment, steel, high-tech equipment
• Mining—Coal, iron ore; Ruhr Valley is a key industrial center
• Agriculture—Efficient; grains, potatoes, sugar beets
Section 1: Germany
Economic Features
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Population—Aging and immigration are changing society, causing tension; low birthrates, longer life expectancies; most immigrants Turkish or ethnic Germans from the former Soviet Union
• Former East Germany—Economy and pollution are problems; unemployment high after close of inefficient factories; easterners resentful
Section 1: Germany
Issues and Challenges
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Read to Discover
• What are some important features of Austria’s history, culture, and economy?
• What are the political, cultural, and economic features of Switzerland?
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• History
• Part of Holy Roman Empire, then Austrian Empire, then Austro-Hungarian Empire
• United with Germany in World War II
• Independent since 1955
• Culture
• German language, Catholic religion
• Vienna—Key city in Central Europe; famous for architecture and music
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
Austria
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Economy
• Various industries—Steel, machinery, chemicals
• Forestry, hydropower, handicrafts (wood, glass, textile, ceramic), tourism, foreign trade
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
Austria (continued)
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Swiss states began to ally in late 1200s
• Independent of Habsburg rule in 1600s
• Confederation of 26 cantons
• Neutral—Not part of UN or EU, but site of various international organizations
• Four major languages—German, French, Italian, Romansh
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
Switzerland
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Roman Catholic and Protestant
• High standard of living
• International banking and insurance
• Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, watches, farm goods, dairy products, tourism
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
Switzerland (continued)
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Question
How do the histories, cultures, governments, and economies of
Austria and Switzerland compare?
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Formerly an empire ruled by Habsburgs, who controlled much of Europe
• Independent since 1600s
• Located in Alps,
mountainous terrain
Austria Switzerland
• Occupied by Germany during World War II, by Allies after war
• Democratic republic
• German language and cultural
influence • Member of the EU
• Roman Catholicism common
• Diverse economies,
foreign operations, manufacturing,
tourism
• Confederation of 26 cantons
• Politically neutral
• Has not joined EU or NATO
• French, Italian, German, Romansh languages common
• Protestantism common
Section 2: The Alpine Countries
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Read to Discover
• What is the history of Poland and the Baltic countries?
• What are the urban environments and economy of Poland like today?
• What influences have shaped culture in the Baltic countries?
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Question
What important events have occurred in the history of Poland and the Baltics?
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
World Geography Today Chapter 15
1700s to 1800sPoland occupied by Russia, Prussia, and Austria; Baltics occupied by Russia.
1910sPoland and Baltics become independent after World War I.
1940sThe Soviet Union occupies Poland and the Baltics.
1980sPoland breaks away from communism.
1991Baltic countries become independent.
1700 1900 1950 1990 2000
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Warsaw—Capital and transport hub on Vistula River
• Kraków—Beautiful medieval city
• Gdańsk—Main seaport and shipbuilding city
• Economic progress since end of communism; free-market economy; member of EU
• Auto and glass factories; weak coal and steel industries
• Farming in loess soils—Cereals, potatoes, sugar beets
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
Polish Cities and Economy
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Middle Ages—Balts in Latvia and Lithuania; Finns in Estonia
• Viking and German invaders influenced Baltic culture
• Trade brought other foreign influences
• Estonia—Finnish impact on language, Lutheran religion
• Latvia—Ties to Sweden
• Lithuania—Close to Polish culture and Catholic religion
• Russian minorities maintain customs
Section 3: Poland and the Baltics
Baltic Influences
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Read to Discover
• What are some similarities and differences in the histories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary?
• What are the Czech Republic and Slovakia like today?
• How has the fall of communism affected Hungary?
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Slavic peoples inhabited Czech Republic and Slovakia; non-Slavic Magyars occupied Hungary.
• All three were part of Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• After World War I, Czech Republic and Slovakia combined as Czechoslovakia.
• Czech lands had minerals and industry; Slovakia was agricultural.
• Soviets set up Communist control over both Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
• Soviet control ended in the early 1990s, and the Czechs and Slovaks separated into two countries in 1993.
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Comparing Histories
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Includes regions of Bohemia and Moravia
• 40 percent Roman Catholic; similar percentage non-religious
• Prague—Largest city; rich heritage; modern American influence; on seven hills along the Vltava River
• Minerals and industry—Coal, iron ore, uranium; steel and glass products
• Farming of cereals and sugar beets
• Economic progress slowed in late 1990s
• Member of NATO and the EU
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Czech Republic
World Geography Today Chapter 15
• Poorer country
• Difficult shift to capitalism; high unemployment
• Member of the EU
• Bratislava—Capital and largest city, on Danube River; center of trade, education, and culture
• Strong folk culture, especially art and music
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Slovakia
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Question
How has Hungary’s government and economy changed since the
fall of communism?
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Improvements have been
made in rural water and sewage
services.
Hungary since the Fall of Communism
Most businesses
are now privately owned.
New industries,
foreign investment,
and tourists
have been attracted to
the country.
Section 4: The Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary
Many people are
moving from
Budapest to the
suburbs.
Hungary is a member of NATO
and the EU.
World Geography Today Chapter 15
Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding the Main Ideas
1. How did World Wars I and II shape the history of Germany?
2. What problems has eastern Germany faced since reunification?
3. Why have many American and Western European companies chosen Austria as a base for their European operations?
4. Why is loess important to Poland’s economy?
5. How does Hungary’s language differ from the languages of neighboring countries?