Text of Center for Diesel Research Next Generation Fuels and Vehicles
Size distribution measurementsDavid Kittelson Minnesota Department of Commerce Biofuels Hydrogen (low grade, must be converted to work) Center for Diesel Research Biogas (plant and animal waste) Long term Butanol (beet sugar, cellulose,..) Fischer-Tropsch liquids Dimethyl Ether Ethanol Works well in standard automotive engines in blends up to 20%, any blend to E85 works in flexible fuel engines Potential efficiency gains in dedicated E85 engines Recent emission concerns Fungible Biogas Requires engine modifications for gaseous fuel Mainly used in stationary engines but sold in service stations in Sweden Some power reduction Center for Diesel Research Renewable Fuels for Engines Compatible with most engines in blends up to 20% Reduced CO, HC, and PM emissions Oxidative stability Reduced emissions Dimethyl Ether (DME) LP gas Center for Diesel Research Ethanol E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) is well established and works well in modern vehicles Minnesota already produces enough ethanol for statewide E20 E20 has been mandated for Minnesota in 2013 but must be demonstrated to be suitable for current and future vehicles Programs here and in Mankato examines many E20 issues Cold starting, driveability Emissions E85 and any other blend works well in flexible fuel vehicles (FFV) Gaseous emission similar to gasoline although some studies suggest increased emissions Lower particle emissions Slight increase in engine efficiency but 15 to 25% fuel consumption penalty due to lower energy content of fuel Energy balance is a concern Current corn based ethanol is only 20% renewable, 80% fossil Cellulosic ethanol much better, roughly 80% renewable, 20% fossil Cellulosic ethanol could be made from corn stover, prairie grass, etc. Center for Diesel Research Biodiesel may also be made from animal fat, restaurant grease, canola, rapeseed, palm, etc. Center for Diesel Research Little fuel consumption penalty Reduced emissions of HC, CO, and air toxics NOx emissions vary Sharply decreased soot emissions but increased volatile particle emissions Minnesota law mandates most diesel fuels are B2, but the state currently produces enough biodiesel to replace 8% of diesel fuel Most manufacturers don’t recommend use of blends higher than B5 to B20 Solvency Quality control and filter plugging still issues Energy balance for soy based biodiesel about 50% renewable, 50% fossil New feedstocks being considered Center for Diesel Research Nontoxic DME is a gas at ambient conditions and unlike MTBE is not a groundwater pollution threat Uses Aerosol propellant in the cosmetic industry to replace CFC propellants Diesel fuel High efficiency Propane replacement May be produced from natural gas or biomass including wood waste, corn stover, prairie grass Center for Diesel Research ”Well-to-wheel” analysis (Volvo study) Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants These figure include production, transport, and end use. Ethanol figures are based on European practice from wood or wheat Center for Diesel Research Hybrid vehicles (energy storage and second propulsion system) Electric hybrid Electric motor/generator Hydraulic hybrid Hydraulic motor/pump Plug in hybrid Battery storage to allow electric only range of 10 to 60 miles Larger electric motor, smaller engine Batteries are limiting technology Hybrids offer largest benefit for around town driving – 25-70% Diesel engines – 30% fuel saving at same performance level Center for Diesel Research Electricity as a transportation energy carrier – the plug in hybrid The efficiency of delivery of renewable energy to the wheels is 3 – 4 times higher for electricity than for hydrogen The plug in hybrid avoids most of the range and battery problems associated with conventional electric vehicles What is a plug in hybrid? Electric hybrid with larger battery and facility to plug in and charge from utility power A plug in with an all electric range of 40 miles could do 80% of all of the daily trips made by a typical driver on electricity alone This could lead to reductions in petroleum use of the same order – about 80% Many aftermarket conversion kits are available but the only current prototype from a large company is the Daimler-Chrysler Sprinter van with an electric only range of about 18 miles and fuel savings of up to 50% Toyota and GM have both announced plans for plug in hybrids Batteries are the key limiting technology Center for Diesel Research Hybrid systems – some examples Honda Insight, Civic Allison transit buses Toyota Prius Ford Escape DARPA HMMWV Parallel hydraulic hybrid – up to 35% fuel saving EPA / Eaton / International collaboration developed new UPS (50) . FedEx (75) delivery vans Eaton / Peterbilt – refuse trucks EPA / Eaton UPS delivery van Center for Diesel Research Conclusions Corn based ethanol and soy based biodiesel are the are the primary renewable fuels used in the US today Energy balance an issue Competition between food and fuel Cellulosic ethanol and biodiesel based on other oil seeds and algae offer future promise DME offers future promise as a second generation biomass to liquid diesel fuel that could be produced from many different feedstocks The plug-in hybrid offers potential for dramatic reductions in petroleum use Center for Diesel Research Center for Diesel Research Biodiesel Blends and Emissions Data from USEPA 2002 Center for Diesel Research Black liquor to engine fuels - Ideal use of low grade biomass Courtesy - Anders Röj, Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuels and Lubricants Center for Diesel Research Finland 50% transportation fuels Sweden 30% transportation fuels Adding a small booster plant to existing Minnesota mill 7 million gallons per year DME – enough for about 700 urban buses (MSP metro fleet ~ 900) Or 7 million gallons per year methanol – enough to supply all the methanol needed by all Minnesota’s biodiesel plants (6.3 million gallons) with some left over Estimated cost $2.20-2.30 / gallon gasoline equivalent with no subsidies Chemrec are talking to mill owners in the MN / WI region about building such a plant. They are carrying out a conceptual study for one of them. Center for Diesel Research DME/Methanol Production Potential Using not just pulp mills but all readily available biomass sources NREL estimates that Minnesota has available biomass streams the could produce the equivalent of 100-200% current gasoline use via gasification This would require a number of large gasification plants but could be a very long term sustainable solution It is likely that different states will have a different mix of long term renewable energy solutions. We will no longer have monolithic petroleum A likely path to DME introduction will be initial use as a propane replacement followed by gradual introduction of DME vehicles Production of “green methanol” for use in biodiesel production and for fuel cells may also play a role Center for Diesel Research Hybrid configurations A parallel hybrid uses power from an IC engine and an electric motor to drive the wheels A series hybrid uses power from the IC engine to drive a generator that supplies electricity for the electric motor to drive the wheels Plug-In hybrids use larger batteries to extend the range of the car minimizing the uses of the IC engine A series hybrid designs optimize engine performance but reduce vehicle performance 050100 B2 B5 B10 B20 B100 ”Well-to-wheel”analysis(Volvo study) Volvo Technology Corporation, Fuelsand Lubricants Future Fuels for Commercial Vehicles Black liquor to engine fuels -Ideal use of low grade biomass Pulp Mill 100 lbs. of soybean oil +
