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CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY & TECHNOLOGY Keeping the Internet Open, Innovative, and Free 1634 I St., NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20006 • v. +1.202.637.9800. • f. +1.202.637.0968 • http://www.cdt.org Rethinking the Role of Consent in Protecting Health Information Privacy January 2009 This paper advocates for a new generation of privacy protections that allow personal health information to flow among health care entities for treatment, payment, and certain core administrative tasks without first requiring patient consent, as long as there is a comprehensive framework of rules that governs access to and disclosure of health data. Patient consent is one important element of this framework, but relying on consent would do little to protect privacy. This paper also suggests how a framework of protections can provide patients with more meaningful opportunities to make informed choices about sharing their personal health information online. !"#$"% ’() *(+,"%- )., /0!0 .,1"). *%*),2 3* (45,+6#346 217#+ 8.146,* 34 .#$ 91)3,4)*: .,1"). 34;#+21)3#4 3* 8#"",8),5- *)#+,5 145 *.1+,50 <(45346 145 343)31)3=,* )# ,*)1’"3*. ,",8)+#438 .,1"). 34;#+21)3#4 ,>8.146, 12#46 9+#=35,+*- 1* $,"" 1* ’,)$,,4 91)3,4)* 145 9+#=35,+*- 1+, (45,+$1%0 ? 8#4*,4*(* 3* ,2,+6346 ).1) @(1"3)% .,1"). 81+, 5,9,45* #4 ,1*% 188,** )# +,"31’", 145 8#29",), 91)3,4) 34;#+21)3#40 ? 4(2’,+ #; 8+3)381" 9#"38% 3**(,*- .#$,=,+- 8#4)34(, )# ’, ).#+4%- 4#) )., ",1*) #; $.38. 3* .#$ )# ;#*),+ )., ;"#$ #; .,1"). 34;#+21)3#4 )# )+,1) 91)3,4)* 145 91% ;#+ ).,3+ 81+,- 1* $,"" 1* )# 329+#=, )., @(1"3)% #; #(+ .,1"). 81+, *%*),2 145 2#+, ;(""% ,4616, 91)3,4)* 34 ).,3+ #$4 .,1"). 81+,- $.3", 1) )., *12, *1;,6(1+5346 9+3=18% 145 *,8(+3)%0 ?").#(6. 4,$ 344#=1)3#4* 34 .,1"). 34;#+21)3#4 *.1+346 .#"5 6+,1) 9+#23*, ;#+ 2#+, ,;;,8)3=, 145 ,;;383,4) 81+,- ).,% 1"*# 129"3;% 9+3=18% +3*A*0 ? *%*),2 ).1) 21A,* 6+,1),+ =#"(2,* #; 34;#+21)3#4 1=13"1’", 2#+, ,;;383,4)"% )# 329+#=, 81+, $3"" ’, 14 1))+18)3=, )1+6,) ;#+ ).#*, $.# *,,A 9,+*#41" .,1"). 34;#+21)3#4 ;#+ 8#22,+831" 6134 #+ 34199+#9+31), 9(+9#*,*0 ? *3643;3814) 217#+3)% #; )., 9(’"38 .1* 1"+,15% ,>9+,**,5 8#48,+4 1’#() )., 9+3=18% +3*A* 1**#831),5 $3). .,1"). BC- 145 9#"38%21A,+* $3"" ;345 "3))", 9(’"38 *(99#+) ;#+ ’(3"5346 ,D.,1"). *%*),2* 3; ).#*, 8#48,+4* 1+, 4#) 155+,**,50 B) 3* ,**,4)31" ).1) 1 9#"38% ;+12,$#+A ,41’", )., 199"381)3#4 #; 34;#+21)3#4 ),8.4#"#6% ;#+ )., 329+#=,2,4) #; .,1"). 81+, $.3", 1""#$346 9,#9", )# 21A, 2,14346;(" 8.#38,* 1’#() )., *.1+346 #; ).,3+ .,1"). 34;#+21)3#40 !#2, 15=#81),* .1=, 1+6(,5 ).1) +,@(3+346 91)3,4) 8#4*,4) ;#+ ,=,+% ,>8.146, $3).34 .,1"). 81+, 3* )., *#"()3#4 )# )., 9+3=18% 8#4(45+(20 E#$,=,+- *(8. 14

Center for Democracy and Technology - Rethinking …CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY & TECHNOLOGY 3& ’%&N8#=,+,5&,4)3)3,*-O&$.38.&348"(5,&.,1").&9"14*-&.,1").&81+,&8",1+346.#(*,*-& 145&2#*)&.,1").&81+,&9+#=35,+*&$.#&*(’23)&.,1

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Page 1: Center for Democracy and Technology - Rethinking …CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY & TECHNOLOGY 3& ’%&N8#=,+,5&,4)3)3,*-O&$.38.&348"(5,&.,1").&9"14*-&.,1").&81+,&8",1+346.#(*,*-& 145&2#*)&.,1").&81+,&9+#=35,+*&$.#&*(’23)&.,1

C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

Keeping the Internet Open, Innovative, and Free 1634 I St., NW, Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20006 • v. +1.202.637.9800. • f. +1.202.637.0968 • http://www.cdt.org

Rethinking the Role of Consent in Protecting Health Information Privacy January 2009

This paper advocates for a new generation of privacy protections that allow personal health information to flow among health care entities for treatment, payment, and certain core administrative tasks without first requiring patient consent, as long as there is a comprehensive framework of rules that governs access to and disclosure of health data. Patient consent is one important element of this framework, but relying on consent would do little to protect privacy. This paper also suggests how a framework of protections can provide patients with more meaningful opportunities to make informed choices about sharing their personal health information online.

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C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

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The Role of Individual Consent or Authorization under the Privacy Rule

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C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

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9+,DEBG??&51%*-&$.,4-& in the absence of privacy safeguards, providers and payers

required patients to sign broad authorizations and then used those authorizations to

justify broad information sharing. Those practices created a record of privacy violations

that led policymakers to focus on building privacy and security protections into HIPAA.

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Comprehensive Policy Framework Protects Privacy

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A comprehensive policy framework should implement core privacy principles

based on fair information practices, but it also should incorporate trusted network

design characteristics and establish strong oversight and accountability

mechanisms.12

System design and other technological features offer

opportunities to provide stronger protections for personal health information than

is possible with paper records. At the network level, electronic health

information exchange among providers and health plans can be achieved without

creating large, centralized databases that may be more vulnerable to breaches.

Strong user authentication and audit trails can control and track access to

electronic health information automatically, limiting inappropriate uses and

providing a mechanism for detecting those who inappropriately access records.

Encryption and other security tools, properly used, erect obstacles to sensitive

data access in the event of a breach.

However, such technologies will only be effective if deployed within a strong

policy framework. Decisions about technology and standards in the absence of

clear policies will de facto establish information policy – and likely will be

biased in favor of the interests of data holders. Employing stronger technological

safeguards will not build trust in e-health systems if policies permit overly broad

access to data. Ideally, security and other technical standards must implement a

policy infrastructure that promotes information sharing for core health functions

and protects privacy.13

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F,'fK0&&

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C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

21&

J#22#4&?8)3#4&1"*#&348"(5,5&9+#=3*3#4*&+,8#22,45346&8#4*(2,+&8#4)+#"&;#+&

34;#+21)3#4&34&GEH*0ZQ&

b#)$3).*)145346&).,&*)+#46&+#",&;#+&8#4*,4)&34&).,*,&8#4*(2,+D;18346&.,1").&BC&

2#5,"*-&JKC&5#,*&4#)&+,8#22,45&+,"%346&#4&8#4*,4)&1*&).,&*#",&2,8.143*2&;#+&

9+#),8)346& ).,& 9+3=18%& #;& 9,+*#41"& .,1").& 34;#+21)3#4& *)#+,5& 34& #+& *.1+,5&

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'%&EBG??0ZR& &JKC&.1*&,45#+*,5& ).,*,&9+34839",*-&1*&.1=,&217#+&GEH&=,45#+*&

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9('"3*.,5&34&,1+"%&Q[[`0&&&

Conclusion

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9+3=18%& *1;,6(1+5*& 145& 329#*,& 1& 6+,1),+& '(+5,4& #4& 91)3,4)*-& $.3",&

(45,+234346&@(1"3)%&#;&81+,&145&188,**&)#&.,1").&81+,&*,+=38,*0&&&

JKC& 15=#81),*& 1& 4,$& 6,4,+1)3#4& #;& 9+3=18%& 9+#),8)3#4*& ).1)& 1""#$& 9,+*#41"&

.,1").& 34;#+21)3#4& )#& ,1*3"%& ;"#$& ;#+& )+,1)2,4)-& 91%2,4)-& 145& 8,+)134& 8#+,&

152343*)+1)3=,& )1*A*&$3).#()& +,@(3+346&91)3,4)& 8#4*,4)-&$3).&2#+,&2,14346;("&

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C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

22&

8#4*,4)& +,@(3+,5& 34& 8,+)134& A,%& 8#4),>)*0& C.,+,& 2(*)& ',& 1& 8#29+,.,4*3=,&

;+12,$#+A& #;& +(",*-& '1*,5& #4& ;13+& 34;#+21)3#4& 9+18)38,*-& ).1)& ;3""& ).,& 619*& 34&

,>3*)346& "1$& 145& 8",1+"%& *,)& ;#+).& $.#& 814& 188,**& .,1").& 34;#+21)3#4& 145& ;#+&

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8+,1),& 1& 2#+,& +#'(*)& 8#4*,4)& ,>9,+3,48,& 145& 63=,& 3453=35(1"*& 2#+,& 4(148,5&

8#4)+#"&#=,+&).,3+&.,1").& 34;#+21)3#4&*.#("5&*,+=,&)#&*(99#+)&145&8#29",2,4)&

).,*,& +(",*0& &F3).34& ).3*& ;+12,$#+A-& ).,+,& 1+,&$1%*& )#& *)+,46).,4& ).,& +#",& #;&

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&

FOR MORE INFORMATION

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Page 23: Center for Democracy and Technology - Rethinking …CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY & TECHNOLOGY 3& ’%&N8#=,+,5&,4)3)3,*-O&$.38.&348"(5,&.,1").&9"14*-&.,1").&81+,&8",1+346.#(*,*-& 145&2#*)&.,1").&81+,&9+#=35,+*&$.#&*(’23)&.,1

C E N T E R F O R D E M O C R A C Y & T E C H N O L O G Y

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APPENDIX: Authorization and Consent

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