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CHAPTER
16
Thermodynamics of High-Speed Gas Flow
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16-1
FIGURE 16-1Steady flow of a fluid through an adiabatic duct.
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16-2
FIGURE 16-3The actual state, actual stagnation state, and isentropic stagnation state of a fluid on an h-s diagram.
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16-3
FIGURE 16-4The properties of a high-speed fluidchange significantly during an adiabatic stagnation process (values from Example 16–1).
FIGURE 16-5
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16-4
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16-5
FIGURE 16-7Propagation of a small pressure wave along a duct.
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16-6
FIGURE 16-8Control volume moving with the small pressure wave along a duct.
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16-7
FIGURE 16-9The velocity of sound changes with temperature.
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16-8
FIGURE 16-10The Mach number can be different at different temperatures even if the velocity is the same.
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16-9
FIGURE 16-14The cross section of a nozzle at the smallest flow area is called the throat.
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16-10
FIGURE 16-15Derivation of the differential form of the energy equation for steady isentropic flow.
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16-11
FIGURE 16-16We cannot obtain supersonic velocities by attaching a converging section to a converging nozzle. Doing so will only move the sonic cross section farther downstream.
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16-12
FIGURE 16-17Variation of flow properties in subsonicand supersonic nozzles and diffusers.
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16-13
FIGURE 16-18When Mt = 1, the properties atthe nozzle throat become thecritical properties.
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16-14
FIGURE 16-20The effect of back pressure on the pressure distribution along a converging nozzle.
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16-15
FIGURE 16-21The effect of back pressure Pb on the mass flow rate m and the exit pressure Pe of a converging nozzle.
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16-16
FIGURE 16-22The variation of the mass flow rate through a nozzle with inlet stagnation properties.
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16-17
FIGURE 16-26The effects of back pressure on the flow through a converging–diverging nozzle.
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16-18
FIGURE 16-28Control volume for flow across a shock wave.
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16-19
FIGURE 16-29The h-s diagram for flow across a normal shock.
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16-20
FIGURE 16-31Entropy change across the normal shock.
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16-21
FIGURE 16-33Isentropic and actual (irreversible) flow in a nozzle between the same inlet state and the exit pressure.
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16-22
FIGURE 16-35Schematic and h-s diagram for the definition of the diffuser efficiency.
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16-23
FIGURE 16-37The h-s diagram for the isentropic expansion of steam in a nozzle.
