CementingCementing

Primary CementingOverview

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Primary CementingPrimary CementingThe introduction of a cementacious The introduction of a cementacious

material into the annulus between material into the annulus between casing and open hole to :casing and open hole to :

• Provide zonal isolationProvide zonal isolation• Support axial load of casing strings Support axial load of casing strings

and strings to be run laterand strings to be run later• Provide casing support and protectionProvide casing support and protection• Support the boreholeSupport the borehole

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Types of CasingsTypes of Casings• ConductorConductor• SurfaceSurface• IntermediateIntermediate• ProductionProduction• LinerLiner

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ConductorConductor• PurposePurpose

– Prevents washing out under the rigPrevents washing out under the rig– Provides elevation for flow nippleProvides elevation for flow nipple

• Common sizes and depths:Common sizes and depths:– 30” - 20” Welded30” - 20” Welded– 20” - 16” Threaded20” - 16” Threaded– 30’ - 200’ (< 100’ common)30’ - 200’ (< 100’ common)

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ConductorConductor• Other Remarks:Other Remarks:• Plugs not usedPlugs not used• Careful pumping practicesCareful pumping practices• Large excess requiredLarge excess required• Thru-drill pipe cementing commonThru-drill pipe cementing common• BOP’s not unusually connectedBOP’s not unusually connected• Common CementsCommon Cements

– Accelerated NeatAccelerated Neat

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Thru-Drill Pipe CementingThru-Drill Pipe Cementing• Key Points:Key Points:• Cement contaminationCement contamination• ChannellingChannelling• DisplacementDisplacement• Pump until cement to surfacePump until cement to surface

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Outside CementingOutside Cementing• PurposePurpose

– Bring cement to surfaceBring cement to surface• Macaroni tubing usedMacaroni tubing used• Max. depth 250-300 ftMax. depth 250-300 ft• High friction pressuresHigh friction pressures• Non-standard connectionsNon-standard connections

Tubing movedduring job

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SurfaceSurfacePurposes:Purposes:• Protects surface fresh water formationsProtects surface fresh water formations• Cases off unconsolidated or lost circulation Cases off unconsolidated or lost circulation

areasareas• Supports subsequent casing stringsSupports subsequent casing strings• Provides primary pressure control (BOP support)Provides primary pressure control (BOP support)• Common sizes and depths:Common sizes and depths:

– 20” - 9 5/8” threaded20” - 9 5/8” threaded– 100’ - 3000’ (or more)100’ - 3000’ (or more)

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Surface CementingSurface Cementing• Excess of 100% plus not uncommonExcess of 100% plus not uncommon• Recommend thru-drill pipe method to saveRecommend thru-drill pipe method to save

– CementCement– Rig timeRig time

• Common cements:Common cements:– Lead light weight slurries with high yieldsLead light weight slurries with high yields– Neat tail slurries with good compressive Neat tail slurries with good compressive

strengthstrength– Reduce WOC to a minimum with acceleratorsReduce WOC to a minimum with accelerators

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BOPBOPRotary tableRig Floor

Choke Line

Mud OutletAnnular Preventor

BLIND RAMS

SHEAR RAMS

PIPE RAMS

Conductor pipeCement

Surface Casing HeadSurface Casing

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Intermediate (Also called Intermediate (Also called Protection)Protection)

Purposes:Purposes:• Separates hole into workable sectionsSeparates hole into workable sections

– Lost CirculationLost Circulation– Salt SectionSalt Section– Overpressured ZonesOverpressured Zones– Heaving ShalesHeaving Shales

• Common sizes and depths:Common sizes and depths:– 13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8”13 3/8”, 10 3/4”, 9 5/8”– 3000’ to 10,000’3000’ to 10,000’

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Intermediate CasingsIntermediate Casings• Cemented to surface or to previous casing shoeCemented to surface or to previous casing shoe• Two stage jobs commonTwo stage jobs common• Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories Plugs, casing equipment, casing accessories

usualusual• Good cementing practices are requiredGood cementing practices are required• Large cement volumesLarge cement volumes• Common Cements:Common Cements:

– Typically filler slurries followed by high Typically filler slurries followed by high compressive tailcompressive tail

– Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)Specialised (light, heavy, salt - saturated, etc)

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Two Stage CementingTwo Stage CementingKey Points:Key Points:• Separation and Separation and

isolation of zonesisolation of zones• Reduces Reduces

hydrostatichydrostatic• Can leave zone Can leave zone

in the annulus in the annulus uncemented uncemented (cement at TD (cement at TD and surface)and surface) 1st Stage

StageCollar

2ndStage

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ProductionProductionPurposes:Purposes:• Isolates the pay zone from other formations and Isolates the pay zone from other formations and

the fluids in them.the fluids in them.• Protective housing for production equipment.Protective housing for production equipment.

– Subsurface artificial liftSubsurface artificial lift– Multiple zone completionMultiple zone completion

• Screens for sand controlScreens for sand control• Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.Covers worn or damaged intermediate string.• Common sizes:Common sizes:

– 4 1/2”, 5”, 7”, & 9 5/8”4 1/2”, 5”, 7”, & 9 5/8”

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LinersLiners

Liner WiperPlug

Drill pipeWiper Plug

LinerHangerRunning

ToolShearPin

Key Points:Key Points:• Requires less casingRequires less casing• Deeper wellsDeeper wells• Small annular Small annular

clearanceclearance• Specialized Specialized

equipmentequipment

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CasingCasing• API Casing SpecsAPI Casing Specs– ODOD 9 5/8”9 5/8”– WeightWeight 53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID)53.5 lbs/ft (determines ID)– GradeGrade C75 (yield point allowable tension)C75 (yield point allowable tension)– Burst pressureBurst pressure 7430 PSI7430 PSI– Collapse pressureCollapse pressure6380 PSI6380 PSI– ThreadThread ButtressButtress

• Tapered string used to minimize well cost.Tapered string used to minimize well cost.• Casing program for well based on :Casing program for well based on :

– Burst PressureBurst Pressure– Collapse PressureCollapse Pressure– Tensile LoadTensile Load

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Thread TypesThread Types• 8 Round8 Round

– Seals on threadsSeals on threads– Use of couplingsUse of couplings

• ButtressButtress– Seals on threadsSeals on threads– Use of couplingsUse of couplings

• VAMVAM– Seals on threads & Seals on threads &

shouldershoulder– Use of couplingsUse of couplings

• HydrillHydrill– Seals on threads & Seals on threads &

shoulder shoulder – IntegralIntegral– 2 sets of threads2 sets of threads

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Running CasingRunning Casing• Inspection of CasingInspection of Casing– TuboscopeTuboscope– Pipe tallyPipe tally

• Hole PreparationHole Preparation– Mud conditionMud condition– ClearanceClearance

• RunningRunning– Casing crewsCasing crews– Too fastToo fast– Landing CasingLanding Casing– Nippling upNippling up

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Job ProceduresJob Procedures• Pre Job:Pre Job:

– Check calculations with co-manCheck calculations with co-man– Rig upRig up– Stem 1 on equipmentStem 1 on equipment– Check materialsCheck materials– Safety and organisation meetingSafety and organisation meeting– Prepare mix fluids, spacers and Prepare mix fluids, spacers and

washeswashes

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Job ProceduresJob ProceduresThe Job:The Job:

– Test linesTest lines– Load plugsLoad plugs– Pump Washes / SpacersPump Washes / Spacers– Drop bottom plugDrop bottom plug– Mix and pump cementMix and pump cement– Drop top plugDrop top plug– DisplaceDisplace– Bump plug and check returnsBump plug and check returns

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Job ProceduresJob ProceduresPost Job:Post Job:

– Wash upWash up– Rig downRig down– Stem equipmentStem equipment– Paper workPaper work

Drilling Cementing Drilling Cementing Jobs:Jobs:

•Casing CementingCasing Cementing•Cementing as a PlugCementing as a Plug

Cement Classifications:Cement Classifications: 1) Class A1) Class A 2) Class B2) Class B 3) Class C3) Class C 4) Class D 4) Class D 5) Class E5) Class E 6) Class F6) Class F 7) Class G7) Class G 8) Class H 8) Class H 9) Class J9) Class J

Cement Compositions:Cement Compositions:•Tri Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO2……55-Tri Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO2……55-

65%)65%)•Di Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2……25-Di Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2……25-

35%)35%)•Tri Calcium Aluminate(3CaO.Al2O3….<3%)Tri Calcium Aluminate(3CaO.Al2O3….<3%)•Tetra .Cal. Alumina Ferrite Tetra .Cal. Alumina Ferrite

(4CaO.Al2O3.FeO3..10-15%)(4CaO.Al2O3.FeO3..10-15%)

Cement aplication (Depth & Cement aplication (Depth & temp.)temp.)

CMT Depth(ft) Temp.(oF) CW(PCF)CMT Depth(ft) Temp.(oF) CW(PCF) AA 0-6000 <170 117.2 0-6000 <170 117.2 DD 6000-10000 170-230 123.5 6000-10000 170-230 123.5 EE 10000-14000 230-290 123.5 10000-14000 230-290 123.5 GG 0-8000 <200 118.7 0-8000 <200 118.7

Principles of Casing Principles of Casing Cementings:Cementings:A)A) Primary Casing Cementing Primary Casing Cementing B)B) Secondary Casing CementingSecondary Casing Cementing 1) Squeeze Cementing1) Squeeze Cementing -In Liner Lap-In Liner Lap -In Punches of Casing/Liner-In Punches of Casing/Liner 2)Top Job 2)Top Job -In Annuluses (Csg-Csg or Hole-Csg)-In Annuluses (Csg-Csg or Hole-Csg)

Purpose of Cementing:Purpose of Cementing:----------------------------------------------------A) Protection B) PreventionA) Protection B) Prevention

1)1) To provide support for the Casing Against To provide support for the Casing Against

Drilling Vibrations Drilling Vibrations 2)2) To Restrict Fluid movement from To Restrict Fluid movement from Formations with different Pore pressureFormations with different Pore pressure3)3) To Bond Between Casing and Formation To Bond Between Casing and Formation4)4) To Protect the Casing from Corrosion To Protect the Casing from Corrosion5)5) To Prevent Fluid Flow from high pressure To Prevent Fluid Flow from high pressure

zonezone6)6) To plug the Loose zones of well To plug the Loose zones of well

Cement Additives:Cement Additives:--------------------------------------------1)1) Increase/Decrease of Slurry Weight Increase/Decrease of Slurry Weight 2)2) Cement Strength AdditivesCement Strength Additives3)3) Lost Circulating Control AdditivesLost Circulating Control Additives4)4) Fluid Loss Control Additives(CMC) Fluid Loss Control Additives(CMC) 5)5) Increase Slurry Volume (Bentonite)Increase Slurry Volume (Bentonite)6)6) Increase/Decrease Thickening Increase/Decrease Thickening

Time(CMC)Time(CMC)

Low Density Cement Slurries:Low Density Cement Slurries:Low Density(90-123 PCF Wt) Low Density(90-123 PCF Wt)

Two Methods to Decrease CMT Slurry Weight:Two Methods to Decrease CMT Slurry Weight:1)1) Extenders: Which they have high water Extenders: Which they have high water

requirement , so more water lower the requirement , so more water lower the Cement Density:Cement Density: Bentonite, Pozzolan, PerliteBentonite, Pozzolan, Perlite 2)2) Using of Low Density Materials: Using of Low Density Materials: Gilsonite (SG=1.07)Gilsonite (SG=1.07)

Bentonite Using:Bentonite Using: Advantages:Advantages: 1)1) Lower The Water Loss of Slurry Lower The Water Loss of Slurry 2)2) Increase The volume of Slurry (Low Increase The volume of Slurry (Low

Cost)Cost) 3)3) Lower the Slurry density & Suspend Lower the Slurry density & Suspend

thethe Cement ParticlesCement Particles Disadvantages:Disadvantages: 1)1) Decreases the Cement Strength Decreases the Cement Strength 2)2) Increases the Cement Permeability Increases the Cement Permeability (Water absorption) (Water absorption)

High Density Cement Slurries:High Density Cement Slurries:High Density(More than 123 High Density(More than 123 PCF Wt)PCF Wt)Heavy Weight Additives for CementHeavy Weight Additives for CementHave to:Have to:1)1) Low Water Requirement Low Water Requirement2)2) Chemically Inert Chemically Inert3)3) Keep the Cement Strength Keep the Cement Strength4)4) Uniform Particles Size Uniform Particles Size5)5) No Affect On the Formation No Affect On the Formation

Casing & Cementing Casing & Cementing Equipment:Equipment:• Cement Head:Cement Head: Installed on the L.J ,has Installed on the L.J ,has Inlet for slurry and plug containerInlet for slurry and plug container• Casing shoe :Casing shoe : Used as a guide ,set under Used as a guide ,set under

first joint of Casing(Sometimes has Float first joint of Casing(Sometimes has Float valve) valve)

• Cement Collar :Cement Collar : Used to make A distance Used to make A distance for Cement above Shoe ,Installed Above for Cement above Shoe ,Installed Above

1 st /2 nd Jt on shoe(has F.valve)1 st /2 nd Jt on shoe(has F.valve)• Bottom & Top Plug:Bottom & Top Plug: Use As Spacer Between Use As Spacer Between

Cement & MudCement & Mud• Centralizers/Scratches:Centralizers/Scratches: Use to Center the Use to Center the

Casing To allow Cement Pass through the Casing To allow Cement Pass through the annulus /clean Annulusannulus /clean Annulus

• Accelerators Are Chemical Materials add toAccelerators Are Chemical Materials add to the CMT to Decrease the Thickening Time and the CMT to Decrease the Thickening Time and

Setting Time And Increase The Early Strength Setting Time And Increase The Early Strength (Generally Minerals) (Generally Minerals) 1)CaCl2:1)CaCl2: It is a Hygroscopic Material Which It is a Hygroscopic Material Which Absorb the humidity (Powder, Flake, Pellet)Absorb the humidity (Powder, Flake, Pellet) Amount:Amount: Up to 2%------Up to 2%------T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator) 2%-10 %-------2%-10 %-------T.T (Partial Accelerator)T.T (Partial Accelerator) >10 % ------>10 % ------Hi T.THi T.T 2) CaCl2:2) CaCl2: Amount: Amount: Up to 10%----Up to 10%----T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator)T.T,C.S(Total Accelerator) > 10 % -----> 10 % -----RetarderRetarder

Cement Accelerators:Cement Accelerators:

Cement Retarders:Cement Retarders:• Retarder Are Chemical Materials Add to the Retarder Are Chemical Materials Add to the

CMT to Increase The Thickening TimeCMT to Increase The Thickening Time 1) Calcium Lignosulfonate:1) Calcium Lignosulfonate: Soluble In Water Soluble In Water And Makes a film Around CMT ParticlesAnd Makes a film Around CMT Particles Prevent The Hydration ,Decreases the Prevent The Hydration ,Decreases the reaction(Increase Thickening Time)reaction(Increase Thickening Time) Temperature: Up to 180(oF)Temperature: Up to 180(oF) 2) Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose(CMC):2) Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose(CMC): Temperature: Up to 200(oF)Temperature: Up to 200(oF) 3) NaCl :3) NaCl : More 10% Acts as Retarder More 10% Acts as Retarder

PreflushingPreflushingPreflushing is used For Preflushing is used For Cleaning Hole From Cake Cleaning Hole From Cake Before CementingBefore Cementing• Preflushing Fluids:Preflushing Fluids: 1)1) Thinners (Salt Slon. Lime Slon.,…) Thinners (Salt Slon. Lime Slon.,…) 2)2) Scavenger (Fluids with Abrasive Scavenger (Fluids with Abrasive

materials: Low vis. CMT)materials: Low vis. CMT) 3)3) High Viscosity Solutions:(Viscosity High Viscosity Solutions:(Viscosity Sweep : Mud Sweep) Sweep : Mud Sweep)

Cementing Job:Cementing Job:1)1) One Stage(ConventionalOne Stage(Conventional))• Pumping The Cement Then DisplacingPumping The Cement Then Displacing• Using :Shoe And Cement CollarUsing :Shoe And Cement Collar2)2) Multi Stage CementingMulti Stage Cementing -Deep Wells-Deep Wells -Loose Zones-Loose Zones• Pumping Cement In Ann. Under DV Pumping Cement In Ann. Under DV

Collar(s) Then Above itCollar(s) Then Above it• Using: Shoe, Cement Collar And DV CollarUsing: Shoe, Cement Collar And DV Collar

Casing Casing CementingCementing Steps Steps•-Rig Up Cement Lines And Test-Rig Up Cement Lines And Test•-Set Cement Head-Set Cement Head•-Install Cement Head-Install Cement Head•-Pump Spacer-Pump Spacer•-Drop Bottom Plug-Drop Bottom Plug•-Pump Lead (Mixed) Cement-Pump Lead (Mixed) Cement•-Pump Tail(Neat) Cement-Pump Tail(Neat) Cement•-Drop Top Plug-Drop Top Plug•-Displace Cement -Displace Cement •-Bleed Off Pressure-Bleed Off Pressure

Casing CementingCasing CementingPumping Cement Displacing CementPumping Cement Displacing Cement

Cement Collar

Bottom Plug

Spacer

Bumping

Casing Cementing Casing Cementing CalculationsCalculations

Required Cement Volume(Vc)Required Cement Volume(Vc) Vc=Vc=V1V1(Vol. of CSG-CSG)+(Vol. of CSG-CSG)+V2V2(Vol. of Hole-(Vol. of Hole-CSG … shoe-shoe)+CSG … shoe-shoe)+V3V3(Vol. of Shoe (Vol. of Shoe Track..Shoe-Collar) Track..Shoe-Collar) V1= V1= CSG-CSG Ann.CSG-CSG Ann.Cap.(Bbl/m)*Length(m)Cap.(Bbl/m)*Length(m) V2=V2=CSg-Hole Ann. CSg-Hole Ann. Cap(Bbl/m)*Length(shoe- shoe-m)Cap(Bbl/m)*Length(shoe- shoe-m)V3=V3=CSG Cap(Bbbl/m)*Length(Shoe-Collar-CSG Cap(Bbbl/m)*Length(Shoe-Collar-m)m)Rquired Mud Vol. For Disp. Rquired Mud Vol. For Disp. Cement(Vd)Cement(Vd)

Vd=Vd=CSG’s Cap(Bbl/m)*L(Surf.-Collar-CSG’s Cap(Bbl/m)*L(Surf.-Collar-m) m)

LinerLiner Cementing CalculationsCementing Calculations

Required Cement Volume(VRequired Cement Volume(VLNRLNR))VVLNRLNR==V1V1(Vol. LNR-CSG)+(Vol. LNR-CSG)+V2V2(Vol. LNR-(Vol. LNR-Hol- shoe-shoe)+Hol- shoe-shoe)+V3V3(Vol. Shoe (Vol. Shoe

Trk-LDC-Shoe)Trk-LDC-Shoe)Required Mud For Shearing/Disp.Required Mud For Shearing/Disp.

(V(Vshsh/V/VBB))VVB(d)B(d)=V=Vshsh(Drill Pipe Vol.)+(Drill Pipe Vol.)+VVLL(Vol Of Liner (Vol Of Liner

To LDC)To LDC)

Liner Cementing (Drop Bump Down Plug)Liner Cementing (Drop Bump Down Plug)

Mud

Drop Pump Down Plug

LDC

Liner Cementing (Shearing Step)Liner Cementing (Shearing Step)

Shearing

End Of Displacing Cement (Bumping)End Of Displacing Cement (Bumping)

Swab Cups

Mud

Bumping

End Of Cement/Displacing End Of Cement/Displacing [[U-TubeU-Tube]]

U-Tube D

Bumping

U-Tube Due to Having Cement On Liner Lap With Wet Jts On Surface Indication While Starting POOH

Displacing Pressure (Liner)Displacing Pressure (Liner)

Shearing LLap Bumping

P

V

Cementing Through Drill PipesCementing Through Drill Pipes Cementing End Of DisplacingCementing End Of Displacing

Stinger-Sting In

Douplex Shoe

Stinger-Sting In

Douplex Shoe

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