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Cell Structures Study Questions

1. What is Cytoplasm?

The matrix found between the nuclear and plasma membrane in whichchemical reactions occur

2. Cytoplasm is composed of what 5 basic substances?

Water, ions, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins

3. What is the major component of cytoplasm

Water

4. What are free ribosomes composed of?DNA and Ribosomal RNA

5. What is the function of free ribosomes?Synthesize proteins (actin, myosin) that is used inside the cell

6. Describe the endoplasmic reticulum? System of membrane-bound canals

7. Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum, what is the function of therough endoplasmic reticulum and give an example of a cell that containrER?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (granular) have ribosomes attachedand synthesize proteins to be exported out of the cell.

Can be found in plasma cells which synthesize antibodies that willbe released into the blood.

8. Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, what are the functions of thesmooth endoplasmic reticulum, and where can they be found?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have ribosomes attachedto it and function in synthesizing steroids and lipids and storing calcium.

Can be found in the leydig cells of the tests which synthesizetestosterone a steroid.

Also can be found in skeletal muscle cells where it is called sarcoplasmicreticulum and it stores calcium.

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Centriole is composed of 9 groups of 3 micortubulesforming a 9-3 arrangement of microtubules.

Centrioles form the spindle fibers aiding in the movementof the chromosome during cell division.

15.Describe the 3 types of microfilaments and what are their functions?

Actin filaments contractile proteins which form partof the cytoskeleton and are involved in musclecontraction

Intermediate filaments function in the maintenanceof cell shape.

Myosin filaments thick contractile proteins foundonly in muscle cells.

16.Describe the nuclear membrane and what is its function?

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus and regulates the passageof materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

17.What is chromatin?

Fibrous strands which are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein.

18.What is deoxyribonucleic acid and what is its function?Comprises the genetic material of the cell and controls cellularactivities

19.What is ribonucleic acid and what is its function?

20.What are the 3 types of RNA

Messenger RNATransfer RNARibosomal RNA

21.What is the function of the nucleolus?Synthesizes ribosomal RNA

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22.What are the two major components of the plasma membrane?

Two major components of the plasma membrane are proteins andphospholipids

23.What are the 2 minor components of the plasma membrane?

2 minor components of the PM are carbohydrates and cholesterol

24.What are the 5 functions of the plasma membrane?

Contains the cytoplasm of the cellRegulates and transports molecules in/out of the cellFramework for chemical reactions

Binding or receptor site for neurotransmitters and hormonesCell junctions

25.What is a cilium, what is it composed of, what is its function, and where inthe body can it be found?

Tiny hair-like structures that protrude from the cell.

Function: move substances across the cell surface.

Located: respiratory system and female reproductive system

26.What is a flagellum, what is it composed of, what is its function, andwhere in the body can it be found?

Single long structure that protrudes from the cell.Composed of a 9-2-2 arrangement of microtubulesFunction: to propel spermFound in the testes only place

27.What are microvilli, what is its function, and where in the body can it befound?

Fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane which increase thesurface area of the PM.

Function to increase the absorption capacity of the cell.

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Found in apical surfaces facing the lumen of small intestine and inthe kidney tubules

28.What is a vacuole?

Membrane-bound sacs which store substances within the cytoplasm29.What is a secretory granule or vesicle?

Membrane-bound sacs containing substances to be exported out of thecell

30.What is a peroxisome?

Spherical membrane-bound organelles which contain many enzymes thatdetoxify harmful molecules and break down hydrogen peroxide.