Cellular Respiration

The Cell

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Microvilli

Cilia

Stereocilia

Flagella

Function?

Cilia and flagella movement:• 9 + 2 microtubule

arrangement Centrioles: used in

cell division

The Cell

Ribosomes: used in protein assembly:• Free and membrane bound

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): packages the proteins:• Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis• Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture

Protein Synthesis Stores Calcium

Function: Transfer of messages from DNA Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm

RER: Protein synthesis, storage, modification & transport vesicles

SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, and lipidsIn muscle: Ca2+ storage

Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them

• Modification (labeling) of proteins• Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles

TEM

“Post office” of cell

Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-bound spheres Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes,

lysosomes

Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old Organelles

“Garbage Can of the Cell”

Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids

Generate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase

Smaller than Lysosomes -

Different set of enzymes

Double membrane: inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods

Liberated energy used to create ATP

Fat: triglycerides, long-term energy storage in animals

Glycogen: short-term energy storage in animals, carbohydrate storage

Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.”

Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions

Anabolism: requires enzymes:• Making/assembling large molecules• May require energy (ATP)• Used in building up cell components• Used in storing energy

Catabolism: requires enzymes:• Breakdown of molecules• May release energy• Used in breaking down nutrients/recycling cell

components• Used to access energy storage

Glucose provides energy for the cell

Glycolysis: in cytoplasm:• Split glucose• Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules

Krebs cycle: in mitochondria:• Extract high-energy electrons• Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide

Electron transport system: in mitochondria:• Energy from electrons used to produce ATP• Produce water and carbon dioxide

Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate

Lactate

Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate

Citric Acid Cycle

On the inner membrane of the mitochondria• Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-

containing proteins called cytochromes Chemiosmotic Theory

• Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP

Fats: triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates

Proteins: same energy as carbohydrates

Functions:• Contains the genetic information of the cell• Controls the cell

Structural features:• Double-layered nuclear membrane• Nuclear pores• Chromosomes/chromatin• Nucleolus

Control Center

Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes for diffusion and active transport

Chromatin (DNA and proteins)

DNA forms genes

One or more nucleoli