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Cellular Respiration. glucose. ATP. Cellular Respiration. A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules ( glucose) to produce energy (ATP ) and water (H 2 O). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy. Question:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration
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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O22)) requiring process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (macromolecules (glucose)glucose) to produce energy energy (ATP(ATP)) and water (Hwater (H22O).O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energyglucoseglucose ATP
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Question:Question: In what kinds organisms does In what kinds organisms does
cellular respiration take place?cellular respiration take place?
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Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals
Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers. Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
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MitochondriaMitochondria OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes
place.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration
Four main partsFour main parts (reactions). (reactions).
1.1. GlycolysisGlycolysis (splitting of sugar) (splitting of sugar)a. cytosol, just outside of
mitochondria.
2.2. Grooming PhaseGrooming Phasea. migration from cytosol to matrix.
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Breakdown of Cellular Breakdown of Cellular RespirationRespiration
3.3. Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) (Citric Acid Cycle)a. mitochondrial matrix
4.4. Electron Transport Chain (ETCElectron Transport Chain (ETC) ) andand
Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylationa. Also called Chemiosmosisb. inner mitochondrial membrane.
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria.
Two phases (10 steps):Two phases (10 steps):
A. Energy investment phaseA. Energy investment phasea. Preparatory phase (first 5
steps).
B. Energy yielding phaseB. Energy yielding phasea. Energy payoff phase (second 5
steps).
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
A. A. Energy Investment Phase:Energy Investment Phase:
Glucose (6C)
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
2 ATP - used0 ATP - produced0 NADH - produced
2ATP
2ADP + P
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
B. B. Energy Yielding PhaseEnergy Yielding Phase
Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP)
Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR)
0 ATP - used4 ATP - produced2 NADH - produced
4ATP
4ADP + P
C-C-C C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
GAP GAP
(PYR) (PYR)
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1. Glycolysis1. Glycolysis
Total Net YieldTotal Net Yield
2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation)2 - NADH
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FermentationFermentation
Occurs in cytoplasm when NO OxygenNO Oxygen is present ((called anaerobiccalled anaerobic).).
Remember: glycolysisglycolysis is part of fermentationfermentation.
Two Types:Two Types:
1.1. Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
Plants and FungiPlants and Fungi beer and beer and winewine
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
End Products: Alcohol fermentationEnd Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
Animals (pain in muscle after a Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).workout).
2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation
End Products: Lactic acid End Products: Lactic acid fermentationfermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids
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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).Oxygen is present (aerobic).
2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
CytosolCCC
2 Pyruvate
2 CO2 CO22
2 Acetyl CoA2 Acetyl CoAC-CC-C
2NADH2NADH2 NAD+
Matrix
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2. Grooming Phase2. Grooming Phase
End Products: End Products: grooming phasegrooming phase
2 - NADH2 - NADH
2 - CO2 - CO22
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)2- Acetyl CoA (2C)
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)
Location:Location: mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to make Citrate (6C).
It takes 2 turns of the krebs cycle to oxidize 1 glucose molecule.
MitochondrialMatrix
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
3 NAD+
3 NADH3 NADHFAD
FADHFADH22
ATPATP ADP + P
(one turn)(one turn)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
2 CO2
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3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle)
KrebsCycle
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
6 NAD+
6 NADH6 NADH2 FAD
2 FADH2 FADH22
2 ATP2 ATP 2 ADP + P
(two turns)(two turns)
OAA (4C)Citrate (6C)
4 CO2
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3.3. Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle (Citric Acid (Citric Acid Cycle)Cycle) Total net yield (2 turns2 turns of krebs
cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2. 6 - NADH3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
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4. Electron Transport Chain4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Location:Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins)ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase (enzyme) to make ATP.
ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).Inner
MitochondrialMembrane
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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
The H+ then move via diffusiondiffusion (Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respirationcellular respiration.
Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).
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4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andand Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation ((ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis))
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
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TOTAL ATP YIELDTOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATPATP
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Eukaryotes(Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
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Question:Question: In addition to glucose, what other In addition to glucose, what other
various food molecules are use in various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?
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Catabolism of VariousCatabolism of VariousFood MoleculesFood Molecules Other organic molecules used for
fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids
