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Cellular BiologyCellular Biology
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
22Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.Mosby items and derived items © 2010, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Prokaryotes vs. EukaryotesProkaryotes vs. Eukaryotes ProkaryotesProkaryotes
Nucleus (single, circular chromosome)Nucleus (single, circular chromosome) Cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiaeCyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae
EukaryotesEukaryotes Complex cellular organization Complex cellular organization Membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles Well-defined nucleusWell-defined nucleus Higher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoaHigher animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
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Cellular FunctionsCellular Functions MovementMovement ConductivityConductivity Metabolic absorptionMetabolic absorption SecretionSecretion ExcretionExcretion RespirationRespiration CommunicationCommunication
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Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell NucleusNucleus
Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope NucleolusNucleolus DNADNA
• DNA replication, repair, and transcriptionDNA replication, repair, and transcription
Histone proteinsHistone proteins Cell divisionCell division
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Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell CytoplasmCytoplasm
Cytoplasmic matrixCytoplasmic matrix CytosolCytosol FunctionFunction Cytoplasmic organellesCytoplasmic organelles
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Eukaryotic OrganellesEukaryotic Organelles RibosomesRibosomes
RNA protein complexesRNA protein complexes Free ribosomesFree ribosomes Attached ribosomesAttached ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum Site of protein synthesisSite of protein synthesis Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulumSmooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Eukaryotic OrganellesEukaryotic Organelles
Golgi complexGolgi complex Flattened, smooth membranesFlattened, smooth membranes Secretory vesiclesSecretory vesicles Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi complex packaged in the Golgi complex CisternaeCisternae
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Eukaryotic OrganellesEukaryotic Organelles
LysosomesLysosomes Originate from the GolgiOriginate from the Golgi Hydrolases, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydratesHydrolases, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates Role in autodigestionRole in autodigestion
PeroxisomesPeroxisomes Contain oxidative enzymes Contain oxidative enzymes Break down substances into harmless productsBreak down substances into harmless products
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Eukaryotic OrganellesEukaryotic Organelles
MitochondriaMitochondria Surrounded by a double membraneSurrounded by a double membrane Participate in oxidative phosphorylationParticipate in oxidative phosphorylation Increased inner membrane surface area provided by Increased inner membrane surface area provided by
cristaecristae
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Eukaryotic OrganellesEukaryotic Organelles
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton ““Bones and muscles” of the cellBones and muscles” of the cell Maintains the cell’s shape and internal organizationMaintains the cell’s shape and internal organization Permits movement of substances within the cell and Permits movement of substances within the cell and
movement of external projectionsmovement of external projections MicrotubulesMicrotubules
• CentriolesCentrioles
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Controls the composition of a space or Controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclosecompartment they enclose
StructureStructure CaveolaeCaveolae Lipid bilayerLipid bilayer
• Amphipathic lipids Amphipathic lipids Hydrophilic and hydrophobicHydrophilic and hydrophobic
• Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterolPhospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
ProteinsProteins Integral, peripheral, transmembraneIntegral, peripheral, transmembrane FunctionsFunctions
• ReceptorsReceptors
• TransportTransport
• EnzymesEnzymes
• Surface markersSurface markers
• Adhesion moleculesAdhesion molecules
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Proteolytic CascadesProteolytic Cascades Caspase-mediated apoptosisCaspase-mediated apoptosis Blood coagulation cascadeBlood coagulation cascade Matrix metalloproteinase cascadeMatrix metalloproteinase cascade Complement cascadeComplement cascade
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Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsCell-to-Cell Adhesions Extracellular matrixExtracellular matrix
ProductionProduction• FibroblastsFibroblasts
CollagenCollagen ElastinElastin FibronectinFibronectin
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Cell-to-Cell AdhesionsCell-to-Cell Adhesions Cell junctionsCell junctions
DesmosomesDesmosomes Tight junctionsTight junctions Gap junctionsGap junctions
GatingGating
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Cellular CommunicationCellular Communication Direct linkupDirect linkup Gap junctionsGap junctions Hormonal signalingHormonal signaling Neurohormonal signalingNeurohormonal signaling
ParacrineParacrine AutocrineAutocrine
NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
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Signal TransductionSignal Transduction Extracellular first messengersExtracellular first messengers
Convey instructions to the cell’s interiorConvey instructions to the cell’s interior• Transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulateTransfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate
Channel regulationChannel regulation Second messengersSecond messengers
Two pathwaysTwo pathways• Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
• CaCa++++
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Cellular MetabolismCellular Metabolism MetabolismMetabolism
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functionsfunctions
AnabolismAnabolism• Energy usingEnergy using
CatabolismCatabolism• Energy releasingEnergy releasing
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Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate Created from the chemical energy contained Created from the chemical energy contained
within organic moleculeswithin organic molecules Used in synthesis of organic molecules, Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transportmuscle contraction, and active transport
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Cellular EnergyCellular Energy DigestionDigestion GlycolysisGlycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasmOccurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic vs. aerobicAnaerobic vs. aerobic
Citric acid cycleCitric acid cycle Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid
cycle (TCA) cycle (TCA) Oxidative phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria
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Membrane TransportMembrane Transport GradientGradient Passive transportPassive transport
DiffusionDiffusion Passive mediated transportPassive mediated transport FiltrationFiltration OsmosisOsmosis
• Osmolarity vs. osmolalityOsmolarity vs. osmolality TonicityTonicity
• Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonicIsotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
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Membrane TransportMembrane Transport Active transportActive transport
Protein mediatedProtein mediated Active transport pumpsActive transport pumps Transport by vesicle formationTransport by vesicle formation
• EndocytosisEndocytosis PinocytosisPinocytosis PhagocytosisPhagocytosis Potocytosis Potocytosis
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Electrical ImpulsesElectrical Impulses Resting membrane potentialResting membrane potential Action potentialAction potential
DepolarizationDepolarization Threshold potentialThreshold potential RepolarizationRepolarization Refractory periodRefractory period
• Absolute and relativeAbsolute and relative
Hypopolarization and hyperpolarizationHypopolarization and hyperpolarization
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The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle Mitosis vs. cytokinesisMitosis vs. cytokinesis Chromatin vs. chromosomesChromatin vs. chromosomes Interphase Interphase
GG1 1 phasephase
S phaseS phase GG22 phase phase
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The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle ProphaseProphase MetaphaseMetaphase AnaphaseAnaphase TelophaseTelophase
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Influences on the Cell CycleInfluences on the Cell Cycle Cellular division ratesCellular division rates Growth factorsGrowth factors
CytokinesCytokines Platelet derivedPlatelet derived
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Tissue FormationTissue Formation Founder cellsFounder cells ChemotaxisChemotaxis Contact guidanceContact guidance Cellular reproductionCellular reproduction
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Types of TissueTypes of Tissue Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue
Simple vs. stratifiedSimple vs. stratified SquamousSquamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar PseudostratifiedPseudostratified StructuresStructures
• Cilia and microvilliCilia and microvilli
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Types of TissueTypes of Tissue Connective tissueConnective tissue
Ground substanceGround substance FibersFibers Loose and dense connective tissueLoose and dense connective tissue Elastic and reticular connective tissueElastic and reticular connective tissue Cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organsCartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, organs
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Types of TissueTypes of Tissue Muscle tissueMuscle tissue
SmoothSmooth Striated (skeletal)Striated (skeletal) CardiacCardiac
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Types of TissueTypes of Tissue Neural tissueNeural tissue
NeuronsNeurons SynapsesSynapses AxonsAxons DendritesDendrites