Cells, Transcription and translation, Mitosis

• The organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes, it modifies sorts and packages molecules the cell makes for export

• Golgi Body (apparatus)

• Storage place for food, wastes, enzymes• Vacuole

• Contains genetic information and controls the cell’s activity

• Nucleus

• Membrane system which modifies and transports molecules made on its attached ribosomes

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Phospholipid and protein bilayer that surrounds all cells and controls which molecules enter or leave the cell

• Cell membrane

• Sac of digestive enzymes that breaks down food or unwanted cell parts

• lysosome

• Membrane that surrounds the genetic material and controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

• Nuclear envelope

• Dark spot in the nucleus of non-dividing cell where RNA for ribosomes is made

• nucleolus

• Network of microtubules and microfilaments that give the cell shape and support and help in movement

• cytoskeleton

• Many short hairlike structures made of microtubules that are attached to the outside of cells

• cilia

• Small structures free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER

• ribosomes

• Gel like material which contains organelles found between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

• cytoplasm

• Network of membranes without attached ribosomes

• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

• Small internal structure within the cell that carries out a specific job

• organelle

• What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids?• DNA and RNA

• What does DNA stand for• Deoxyribonucleic acid

• What does RNA stand for• Ribonucleic acid

• What is different between RNA and DNA?• DNA uses deoxyribose in stead of Ribose• DNA has Thymine instead of Uracil• DNA is double Stranded instead of single

stranded

• What type of bond can be found between nitrogen bases in DNA?

• Hydrogen bonds

• What does A bind with in RNA?• U

• What does C bind with?• G

• In DNA what does T bind with?• A

• What are the 3 types of RNA?• Messenger• Transfer• Ribosomal

• What 3 components make up a nucleotide?• Nitrogen base• 5 carbon sugar• phosphate

• Which bases are Purines? (Double-ringed)• Adenine• Guanine

• Which nitrogen bases are Pyrimidines? (single rings)

• Cytosine• Thymine• Uracil

• Which parts of the nucleotides make up the backbone of DNA/RNA?

• Sugars and phosphates

• Which part of the nucleotide makes up the “rungs” of the DNA ladder?

• Nitrogen base

• Nucleic acids are built from • nucleotides

• What is the name of the protein that DNA wraps around?

• histone

• What type of RNA combines with proteins to make ribosomes?

• ribosomal

• What type of RNA matches its anticodon to the codon on the mRNA?

• transfer

• What type of RNA carries the code from DNA to the cytoplasm?

• Messenger

• What enzyme uses DNA as a template and makes an RNA copy of it?

• RNA polymerase

• What tells RNA polymerase where to start?• The promoter

• What must happen to the mRNA before it can leave the nucleus?

• It must be edited

• What is the part of the mRNA that is cut out?• intron

• What part of the mRNA is coded for?• exon

• An mRNA message grouped in 3’s• Codon

• What part of tRNA matches the codon?• Anticodon

• What does the mRNA attach to in the cytoplasm?

• Ribosome

• What does the tRNA bring to the mRNA?• An amino acid

• Amino acids have what type of bonds between them?

• peptide

• Another name for a protein chain• Polypeptide

• DNA to RNA• transcription

• RNA to protein• translation

• Where does transcription happen• nucleus

• Where does translation happen?• cytoplasm

• What are the 3 phases of interphase?• G1, S, G2

• Which phase in the cell cycle do cells spend the most time?

• interphase

• Which part of interphase is DNA copied in?• S

• Which part of interphase makes new organelles?

• G1

• During which part of interphase are proteins made?

• G2

• What is the first stage of mitosis?• Prophase

• Which phase do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?

• Metaphase

• Which phase do chromosomes coil, astrid rays appear and the nuclear envelope disappear?

• Prophase

• Which phase do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell?

• Anaphase

• Which part of the cell cycle divides the cytoplasm?

• cytokinesis

• Which phase do chromosomes unwind and the nuclear membrane reforms?

• Telophase

• Be able to identify the parts of the cell• Be able to identify the stages of mitosis