Cells

• Cells are the smallest functional unit of living things.

• The basic unit of life

• Living things are made of one or more cells.

• Cell structure and function is central to whole organism structure and function.

Types of Cells

• Prokayrotic Bacteria

• Eukaryotic Everything else– Plants– Animals– Fungi– Algae– protists

3

A Prototypical/Generic Cell

3 Major Eukaryotic Cell PartsThe major parts of the cell include• Plasma membrane — the outer boundary of the cell,

controls/regulates what enters or exits cell• Cytoplasm — within PM, performs most cell activities• Nucleus— contains & protects DNA; “control center” of cell

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

You will observe and compare the VISIBLE structure among:

• Human Cheek Cell (animal cell)

• Elodea Cell (plant cell)

• Onion Cell (plant cell)

• Have one person at each table set up different slide and then look at eachothers microscopes.

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Plant Cell Parts

Euks v. Proks

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Typical eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell virus

Animal Elodea Onion prokaryote

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Cell Wall

Nucleus

Vacoule

chloroplast

BIG or small

Animal Elodea Onion prokaryote

Plasma Membrane

X X X X

Cytoplasm X X X

Cell wall X X X

Nucleus X X X

Vacoule X X

chloroplast X

BIG or small BIG BIG BIG small

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Mitosis and the Cell Theory:

• Cells only come from pre-existing cells (part of cell theory)

• Existing cells must divide to create new cells– Growth or replacement of damaged/dead cells

• New cells need all the DNA/genetic information the original cell had

• DNA must be copied, then divided equally, then cell can divide.

Mitotic Cell Division • Cell gets signal it will/must divide in the future

– Duplicates its DNA/chromosomes• This process is called replication

– Separates/divys the chromosomes into two complete groups

• This process is called mitosis

– Cytoplasm splits apart and two cells are formed• This process is called cytokinesis

– The result is two daughter cells, each with a complete set of DNA that is identical to one another and identical to the original cell (genetically identical)

1 copy of each chromosome

2 copy of each chromosome

Replication of DNA during S-phase of interphase

1 copy of each chromosome

1 copy of each chromosome

• Mitosis divides/separate the two copies of identical chromosomes

• Cytokinesis divides up the cytoplasm contentsParent/mother cell

daughter cells: each with one copy of each chromosome, genetically identical to the mother cell

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

telophase

Daughter cells in interphase

Vacuole

• Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell

• Containing waste products

• Containing water in plant cells

• Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell--support

• Maintaining an acidic internal pH

• Containing small molecules

• Exporting unwanted substances from the cell

• Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole

• In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in 'protein bodies', which are modified vacuoles.[4]

Mitosis identification game

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/

01.html