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Cells and Tissues
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nuclear Membrane
Chromatin
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Smooth EndoplasmicReticulum
MitochondriaCell Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Centrosome/Centriole
Nucleolus
Ribosomes (red dots)
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Cilia
Microtubule
Lysosome
Microtubule
Golgi Apparatus
Microvilli
Mitochondria
Centriole
Microtubule
FlagellaNucleus
Nuclear EnvelopeNucleolus
ChromatinRibosome
Organelle FunctionsOrganelle Location Function
Cell Membrane External boundary of the cell Confines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of materials
Lysosome Throughout cytoplasm Digests and breaks down old organelles
Peroxisome Throughout cytoplasm Breaks down toxic materials in the cell (alcohol)
Mitochondria Scattered throughout cell Energy powerhouse of the cell (ATP)
Golgi Apparatus Within cytoplasm Process lipids/proteins for export out of the cell
Centrioles 2 rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus made of microtubules Controls the spindle fibers during mitosis
Centrosome Consists of the 2 centrioles and a mass of proteins near nucleus
Form the spindle fibers during mitosis that pulls chromosomes apart
Smooth ER Within cytoplasm Synthesize lipids
Rough ER Flattened sacs near nucleus Synthesize proteins
Ribosomes Attached to Rough ER Synthesize proteins
Cilia Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane Movement
Microvilli Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane (smaller than cilia)
Increase surface area of the cell; involved in secretion and absorption
Microtubules Throughout cytoplasm; part of cytoskeleton; thick proteins Moves organelles inside the cell; form the spindles during mitosis; compose cilia, flagella, and centrioles
Microfilaments Throughout cytoplasm; part of the cytoskeleton; thin stringy proteins
Moves organelles inside the cell; also involved in muscle contraction
Nucleolus Within the nucleus Synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleus Near the center of the cell Contains the genetic information
Nuclear Envelope w/ pores External boundary of the nucleus Allows materials into and out of the nucleus
Knowing functions are not required on the lab, but are helpful when clues are given in the question
Movements through the membrane: Diffusion
Movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration
No energy required
Movements through the membrane: Filtration
As blood flows through the capillary, smaller molecules are filtered out through tiny openings and larger molecules stay inside
Testing Solutions
Water Glucose Sucrose
Benedict’s Test(test for glucose)
Color change from blue to orange
Iodine Test(test for starch)
Color change from orange to dark purple
• Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
RBC
Isotonic
Into and out of RBC equally
• Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
Crenated RBC
Hypertonic
out of RBC faster
• Type of cell:
• Type of solution:
• Water is diffusing:
Lysed RBC
Hypotonic
Into RBC faster
• Phase:
• What is occurring:
Interphase
Nuclear envelope is visibleDNA replicationCell performs its normal job
Mitosis
• Phase:
• What is occurring:
Prophase
Nuclear envelope is disappearing
Chromosomes forming
Mitosis
• Phase:
• What is occurring:
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the center of the cell
Mitosis
• Phase:
• What is occurring:
Anaphase
_______ are separating
Mitosis
• Phase:
• What is occurring:
Telophase Cytokinesis
Nuclear membrane reformsCell membrane forms
Mitosis
Tissues
Simple Squamous
• Location:
• Body Function:
Lungs, endothelium of capillaries
Diffusion, osmosis
Simple Cuboidal
• Location:
• Body Function:
Kidney tubules, glands, ovaries
Secretion, absorption
Simple Columnar
• Location:
• Body Function:
GI tract, uterus
Secretion, absorption, move sperm
Pseudostratified Columnar• Location:
Trachea
• Function:
Movement of fluids (mucous)
Stratified Squamous
• Location:
• Body Function:
Skin, mouth, anal canal, esophagus
Protection water loss, abrasion etc….
Transitional
• Location:
• Body Function:
bladder
Stretch
Connective Tissues
Loose Connective Tissue(Areolar)
Fibroblasts
Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers
Fat (adipose)
Nucleus
Adipocyte
Reticular
Reticular Fibers
Dense Regular
Nuclei of Fibroblasts
Collagen Fibers
Hyaline cartilage
MatrixChondrocytes
Lacuna (space occupied by cell)
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes CollagenFibers
BoneOsteocytes
Central Canal
Blood
RBC
Platelets
WBC
Skeletal Muscle
• Location:
• Body Function:
Attached to Skeleton
Voluntary movement
Cardiac Muscle
• Location:
• Body Function:
Heart
Heart muscle contraction
Intercalated Discs
Smooth Muscle
• Location:
• Body Function:
Blood vessels, GI tract
Involuntary movement
Nervous tissue
• Location:
• Body Function:
CNS, PNS
Conduct nerve impulses