Cells and their Organelles!Cells and their Organelles!

ObjectivesObjectives

History of a History of a CellCell

Cell Cell Organelles; Organelles; Description Description and and FunctionsFunctions

Difference Difference between between plant and plant and animal cellanimal cell

History of the CellHistory of the Cell Cells first seen with a simple microscopeCells first seen with a simple microscope First cell seen by Anton Van LeeuwenhoekFirst cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Cell named and described by Robert Hook Cell named and described by Robert Hook

in 1665in 1665

Cell Theory:Cell Theory:

1. Cells are the 1. Cells are the basic units of lifebasic units of life

2. All organisms 2. All organisms are made up of are made up of one or more cellsone or more cells

3. All cells arise 3. All cells arise from preexisting from preexisting cells.cells.

Types of CellsTypes of Cells Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

lack a true lack a true nucleus and nucleus and internal internal structures.structures.

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells have a true have a true nucleus and nucleus and internal internal structures.structures.

Plasma MembranePlasma Membraneaka- Lipid Bilayeraka- Lipid Bilayer

Thin layer of lipid and protein that Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the separates the cell’s contents from the world around it.world around it.

Functions like a gate, controlling what Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.enters and leaves the cell.

Flexible and allows cell to change shape.Flexible and allows cell to change shape.

Lipid BilayerLipid Bilayer Cell membranes Cell membranes

consist of 2 fatty consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail acids, joined tail to tail. to tail.

The phosphate The phosphate heads are polar heads are polar and water lovingand water loving

Lipid tails are Lipid tails are nonpolar and nonpolar and water fearingwater fearing

Cell WallCell Wall Provides support Provides support

for the cell for the cell Surrounds all Plant Surrounds all Plant

CellsCells Rigid and allows for Rigid and allows for

little or no little or no movementmovement

Made of cellulose Made of cellulose and starchand starch

Nucleus and Nuclear Nucleus and Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope

The “Brain” of The “Brain” of the cellthe cell

Controls all Controls all activities and activities and functionsfunctions

Contains DNA in Contains DNA in the form of the form of ChromatinChromatin

One of the largest One of the largest organelles in the organelles in the cellcell

Nucleus and Nuclear Nucleus and Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope

Surrounded by a Surrounded by a Nuclear Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope that is that is 4x as thick as 4x as thick as any other any other membranemembrane

Nuclear Nuclear EnvelopeEnvelope is a is a form of form of protectionprotection

Nucleolus and Nuclear Nucleolus and Nuclear PoresPores

Found in the center Found in the center of the nucleus.of the nucleus.

Responsible for Responsible for making ribosomesmaking ribosomes

�Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus

Mitochondria!Mitochondria!

Powerhouse of the Powerhouse of the cell.cell.

Transforms energy Transforms energy for the cell (food for the cell (food molecules are molecules are broken down).broken down).

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration occurs here.occurs here.

Highly Folded for Highly Folded for more surface area.more surface area.

Can be several Can be several hundred per cell.hundred per cell.

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum Folded membrane that Folded membrane that

forms a network of forms a network of interconnected interconnected compartments inside compartments inside the cellthe cell

Production of the Production of the protein and lipid protein and lipid components of most components of most of the cell's organellesof the cell's organelles

Ex: Tissues inside boxEx: Tissues inside box

Rough ER Vs. Smooth Rough ER Vs. Smooth ERER

Rough is coated Rough is coated with ribosomes, with ribosomes, smooth isn’tsmooth isn’t

Rough- site of Rough- site of PROTEIN PROTEIN synthesissynthesis

Smooth- site of Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.LIPID synthesis.

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Directs Directs molecular molecular traffic in the traffic in the cellcell

Series of Series of closely closely stacked, stacked, flattened flattened membranes membranes sacssacs

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Receives newly Receives newly synthesized proteins synthesized proteins and lipids from the and lipids from the ER and distributes ER and distributes them to plasma them to plasma membranemembrane

Has vesicles that act Has vesicles that act as packages.as packages.

Nickname UPSNickname UPS

VacuolesVacuoles

Fluid filled sac Fluid filled sac surrounded by a surrounded by a membranemembrane

Temporary storage of Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and food, enzymes, and waste productswaste products

Usually one large Usually one large vacuole in plantsvacuole in plants

Several smaller Several smaller vacuoles in animal vacuoles in animal cellscells

LysosomesLysosomes

AKA: Suicide BagsAKA: Suicide Bags Contain digestive Contain digestive

enzymes to digest enzymes to digest excess or worn excess or worn out cell parts, out cell parts, food, invading food, invading virusesviruses

Ex: Tadpole and Ex: Tadpole and its tailits tail

RibosomesRibosomes Particles where the cell Particles where the cell

assembles proteins assembles proteins according to the according to the directions of the DNAdirections of the DNA

Not bound by a Not bound by a membrane- still membrane- still considered a cell considered a cell organelleorganelle

Made by the nucleolusMade by the nucleolus Found free floating in Found free floating in

the cytoplasm and on the cytoplasm and on Rough ERRough ER

ChloroplastChloroplast

Only found in Only found in Plant CellsPlant Cells

Contains Contains ChlorophyllChlorophyll

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs hereoccurs here

Each plant cell Each plant cell can have several can have several chloroplastchloroplast

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Made of Made of

Microtubules and Microtubules and Microfilaments. Microfilaments. (Both made of (Both made of protein)protein)

Found throughout Found throughout the cellthe cell

Provide shape, Provide shape, support, and support, and structure to the structure to the cellcell

CytoplasmaCytoplasma The clear like fluid that surrounds The clear like fluid that surrounds

inside the cellinside the cell Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an

animal cellanimal cell Chemical reactions occurs hereChemical reactions occurs here

FLAGELLAFLAGELLA

o Flagella are Flagella are usually singular usually singular (occasionally (occasionally there are more) there are more) projections found projections found on the outside of on the outside of the cell. the cell.

o Primary means Primary means of transportation of transportation and or and or movementmovement..

CilliaCillia

Several, hairlike Several, hairlike projections that projections that surround the surround the outside of the a outside of the a cellcell

Also used for Also used for movement and movement and transportationtransportation

Plant Cell v/s Animal CellPlant Cell v/s Animal Cell All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wallAll Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall All Plant cells contain the organelle ChloroplastAll Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast All plant cells usually have one large vacuole All plant cells usually have one large vacuole

the can occupy 90% of the cell.the can occupy 90% of the cell.