Cell UnitVocabulary & Class Notes

Six Life Processes of all living thingsLiving things…1. Take in nutrients2. Need and use energy to work3. Reproduce4. Grow5. Respond to the world around them6. Get rid of waste

Living or Not Living slides…

Cell Theory

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. the cell is the basic unit of structure & organization in organisms

3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

3 Famous ScientistsAnton van Leeuwenhoek As a hobby, he built magnifying lenses and used them

to build simple microscopes.

He was the first person to see microscopic organisms.

Under his microscope, he studied pond water, saliva,

and even the plaque from his teeth.

He saw tiny living creatures he called "animalcules".

He did not know it then, but the tiny animals were

bacteria!

3 Famous Scientists

Robert Hooke He discovered cells when looking at thin slices of

cork through a microscope. Latin for the word room is "cell". He saw a pattern of small rectangular boxlike

squares in the cork which reminded him of "little rooms".

3 Famous Scientists

Ernest Just He worked hard to get a college degree &

majored in biology. He worked in the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA

He discovered there were other parts of the cell that did more than just what the nucleus did!

Just discovered that cell activity depended not just on the nucleus but also on the cytoplasm (the fluid that fills the cell). He changed the way scientist thought about cells!

Vocabulary #1-81. Microscope - a tool that makes small objects appear larger2. Balance - a tool that measure the amount of matter in an object (the object’s

mass)3. Investigation - a procedure carried out to gather data about an object or

event4. Inquiry - an organized way to gather information and answer questions5. Experiment - a procedure carried out under controlled conditions to test a

hypothesis.6. scientific method - series of steps that scientists use when performing an

experiment7. hypothesis - a statement that provides a testable possible answer to a

scientific question8. evidence - information, collected during an investigation, to support a

hypothesis

Vocabulary # 9-159. Cell - the basic unit of structure and function of living things10.Microscopic - too small to be seen without using a microscope11.Organism - any living thing that maintains vital life processes12.Cell Membrane – the thin covering that surrounds and protects

every cell; lets nutrients in and wastes out13.Nucleus – controls the cell’s activities: making, using, and storing

food; also known as the cell’s command center; contains the cell’s chromosomes/genes.

14.Cytoplasm – a jelly-like material that contains organelles, small structures that carry out the chemical activities of the cell

15.Protist - a simple, single-celled or multi-celled organism with a nucleus and organelles

Vocabulary #16-19 16.Organelles – the parts of the cell that float in the

cytoplasm17.Mitochondria – called the “powerhouses”, they release

energy from nutrients 18.Genes – units that control most of the cell’s activities19.Chromosomes – threadlike structures in the nucleus

that contain information about the characteristics of the cell.

Cell Raps: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8&feature=share https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CdGpsDF2Ci8 Song: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2ZgWatch “A Tour of the Cell” 14:16, http://www.neok12.com/video/Cell-Structures/zX03620f4546616c01075e41.htm

Vocabulary #20-2520.Cell Wall – supports and gives shape to the cell21.Chloroplasts – contains chlorophyll that uses sunlight,

carbon dioxide, and water to make food (sugar)22.Nuclear Membrane – protects the nucleus23.Vacuole – stores nutrients, water, and waste materials24.Mitosis – the process by which a cell divides to form

two cells25.Moneran - a single celled organism that does not have

a membrane bound nucleus.

Plant Cell Vacuole (Blue)

Cell Membrane (orange)

Chloroplast (green)

Nucleus (red)

Mitochondria (purple)

Cytoplasm (yellow)

Cell Wall (Brown)

Plant cells cell membrane is very thin

and is a living part of the cell. cell wall is thick and is a

nonliving part of the cell make their own food in the

chloroplasts contain vacuoles that are

much larger than those that are in animal cells.

Watch video on plant cells 10:27 http://www.neok12.com/video/Cell-Structures/zX0b6d405946736e755a466b.ht

Animal Cell •Cell membrane

•Cytoplasm

•Vacuoles

•Mitochondria

•Gogi Body

•Ribosome

•Nuclear Membrane

•Nucleus

•Chromosomes

•Endoplasmic reticulum

Animal Cell Most animal cells have a nucleus. have a jell-like material outside

the nucleus called cytoplasm surrounded by a cell/plasma

membrane, which holds the cell together and lets substances pass in and out of the cell

There are many kinds of animal cells

Watch video animal cell 11:35: http://www.neok12.com/video/Cell-Structures/zX51520e51736670717f756b.htm

DNA - carries the genetic information for a cell and is a set of instructions that tells the cell what to do or be.

Chromosome – a single long molecule of DNA.

Cells are Building Blocks

Organism

There are around 2.5 billion cells in one of your hands. If every cell in your hand was the size of a grain of sand, your hand would be the size of a school bus.

There are over 200 cell types in the body!

There are many different kinds of cells! They all do

specific job for special purposes.

Each and every one is important and is part of a larger organ system.BrainPop video “Cell Structures” https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/cellstructures/

Single-Celled Organisms3 types:1.Animal like Protist

• amoeba, paramecium, euglena

2.Plant like Protist• diatoms & euglena

3.Bacteria• type of moneran

Single Celled Organisms (3 types)1. Animal like Protists (Protozoan):

Have a nucleus don’t have chlorophyll (can’t make their own ________) they “eat” other small organisms (algae & bacteria) Classified by the way they move and search for food Examples of Animal like Protists:

1. Amoeba - move by having their cytoplasm push against the cell membrane at a certain place

2. Paramecium - move by hair-like structures3. Euglena- move by a tail-like structure that goes in a circular

motion

Amoeba Cool Fact!

Predators - they stretch out their cytoplasm to surround prey & then break it down into nutrients

Parasites - harm other organisms by feeding off of them

Amoeba

2. Plant-like Protists (Algae): have chloroplasts, a cell wall, & make their own

food eyespot used for sensing light and dark Many are found floating in the ocean or water Examples of plant like protists:

1. Diatom2. Euglena (yes, plant like too!)

Single Celled Organisms (3 types)

Diatoms – single celled organisms that are plant like. Diatoms have chloroplasts and make their own food.

This type of algae produce a lot of Earth’s oxygen.

They are also produce a lot of food for ocean life.

Diatoms

3. Bacteria: Bacteria are a type of Moneran (cell wall, no

nucleus) Quick Fact! Moneran is from “monosa” a Greek word

meaning solitary, single, alone

Most don’t have chlorophyll Smallest of all monerans & found everywhere Some bacteria are beneficial and some are harmful Bacteria are classified by their shape: round, rod-

shaped, and spiral-shaped.

Single Celled Organisms (3 types)

DigestionCheeseDecomposition

Diseases like:Lyme diseaseanthraxtetanusfood poisoningacnepneumoniastrep throatscarlet fever

cilia

flagella

Cilia and flagella are used to help the cell move itself. Bacteria!!

Bacteria Video:https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/bacteria/

Multi-Cellular Organisms Cells that work together to perform a certain

function form a tissue Tissues work together to form organs Organs are several kinds of tissue working together

for the same function We will learn about 7 organ systems:

1. Digestive2. Circulatory3. Nervous4. Respiratory

5. Muscular6. Skeletal7. Excretory

Vocabulary #26-28

26.Tissue - group of cells that work together to pre a certain function.

27.Organs - a group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

28.Organ Systems - groups of organs that work together to do a job for the body.

4 Types of Tissues1. Epithelial Tissue

covers & protects your body in your skin & lines internal organs

2. Muscle Tissue Helps the body move contract when they receive signals from the brain

(longer/shorter when you move) Take up most of your body mass

4 Types of Tissues continued:3. Connective Tissue –

helps the body move (bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, & blood)

Tendons - connect bones to muscles Ligaments - connect bones to bones Blood

4. Nervous Tissue - carry messages from the brain to other parts of the body

found in brain, spinal cord, & nerves

A Closer Look at BLOOD!

help fight diseases help clot blood• delivers oxygen

Red Blood Cells

• Mostly water• delivers nutrients &

removes wastes from cells

Plasma White Blood

CellsPlatelets

Blood is a connective tissue!

1. Digestive System Breaks food down into chemical nutrients that

body cells need for energy, growth, and repair Chemical nutrients are made in the stomach,

pancreas, gallbladder, and small intestines Digestive System process =>

1. Mouth-chew food into smaller pieces & glands produce saliva

2. Esophagus3. Stomach - acid & other chemicals break down food4. Small intestines – lined with villi

Nutrients pass into the blood through the walls of the villi in the small intestines

5. Pancreas & gall bladder – complete digestion

2. Circulatory System One of the most vital systems Includes the heart, blood vessels, &

blood Blood vessels include arteries, capillaries, &

veins The circulatory system transports oxygen,

nutrients, & wastes throughout the body Circulatory System process =>

Arteries - blood leaves the heart Capillaries - very tiny Veins – return blood to the heart

Arteries-red Veins-blue

3. Nervous System Directs other systems’ activities &

connects all the tissues and organs to your brain

The organs in the nervous systems are: neurons - use chemicals & electricity to

send messages brain & spinal cord - main control

centers and process all messages Nervous systems 2 main parts =>

1. Central nervous system – brain & spinal cord

2. Peripheral nervous system – sensory organs (eyes, ears, fingers, nose, mouth)

4. Respiratory System The lungs are made up of epithial &

connective tissue Respiratory System process =>

1. Nose/Mouth - tiny hairs filter the air

2. Throat - Larynx & Pharynx3. Trachea4. Bronchi - tubes that branch to

the lungs5. Lungs6. Alveoli - oxygen moves into the

blood, while carbon dioxide moves into the lungs to be exhaled

5. Muscular System Muscles are a type of connective

tissue Types of muscle:

1. Skeletal – work in pairs to contract & straighten, we can control these muscles

2. Smooth – walls of body organs3. Cardiac – walls of the heart *smooth & cardiac muscles are involuntary-we can’t control them

Tendons move bones

6. Skeletal System Babies have more bones than adults!

Babies have around 306 bones Adults bones fuse together to end

up with 206 bones Skeletal Systems includes:

Bones – blood cells are produces inside the largest bones

Cartilage – spongy tissue that cushions the end of bones

Ligaments - hold bones together

7. Excretory System Excretes (or rids the body of) wastes by removing

solid waste and urine This process balances the amount of water and salts

in our bodies Excretory System process =>

Ammonia is created as a waste of cell functions Liver converts ammonia into urea Kidneys filter the urea and creates urine

The organs in the excretory system are kidneys (main organ), ureter, bladder, urethra

Kidneys have filter magic & keep us hydrated! pulls harmful molecules out of your bloodstream

and leaves the good ones If you are dehydrated, chemical signals are sent

to your kidneys to reabsorb as much water as possible - less urine is created and your body loses less water

Cool fact! In a normal day we create about 1 and 1/2 liters of fluid.