CELL THEORY

By: Cory McCarthy and Brian Nielson

Robert Hooke

Born Freshwater Isle of Wight July 18, 1635

Died London March 3, 1703 1665 viewed the first cells under the

microscope In pond water

He named them cells because they looked like empty boxes just like the rooms called “cells” that monks slept in at monasteries.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch lens maker and merchant

1st to observe living cells under the microscope. (1676)

Called the “Father of Microscopy

Gregor Mendel

This is Gregor Mendel. He was a monk who loved gardening.

Known as “Father Of Genetics”

In fact, he loved plants so much that he spent a big chunk of his life studying how certain traits were passed from “parent” plant to “baby” plant.

He is famous for: controlling plant pollination (fertilization), Mendel was able to create peas plants that were true-breeding (aka “pure”) for each trait

Watson and Crick

In 1953 They

hypothesized the DNA double helix structure

Nobel Science Award Winners

Double Helix

Rosalind Franklin – Did she get the “slip”?

Human Genome Project

Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

What is a Genome : A genome is all the DNA in an organism,

including its genes. Genes carry information for making all the proteins(enzymes) required by all organisms.

There are 23 pairs of Chromosomes (in a human)

Goals of the Human Geno Project identify all the approximately 20,000-

25,000 genes in human DNA determine the sequences of the 3 billion

chemical base pairs that make up human DNA store this information in databases improve tools for data analysis transfer related technologies to the private

sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues

(ELSI) that may arise from the project. Will you hire me?

Other Historical Steps

CLONING Cloning is the creation of an organism

that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same DNA between the two!

1997 – DOLLY the sheep – FIRST CLONED ANIMAL

Wilmut’s experiment involved three adult female sheep. He first took an udder cell from sheep A, a six-year-old of the Finn-Dorset breed. He then fused the genetic information in its nucleus with an egg cell from sheep B, from which the nucleus had been removed. Tiny electric shocks were used to stimulate this new ‘combination’ egg cell to divide. Finally, the resultant embryo was implanted into the womb of sheep C, where it developed just like any other sheep embryo.

150 days later, Dolly became the first sheep to be born without a father.

Stem Cell Research

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition,

in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

Time line of Stem Cell Research http://www.bios.co.uk/textbooks/cbl/stemcell/corematerials/timeline.html

Stem Cell DIFFERENTIATION CELLS BECOME SPECIALIZED

In Vitro

With IVF, a method of assisted reproduction, a man's sperm and the woman's egg are combined in a laboratory dish, where fertilization occurs. The resulting embryo is then transferred to the woman's uterus (womb) to implant and develop naturally. Usually, 2-4 embryos are placed in the woman's uterus at one time. Each attempt is called a cycle.

The term test tube baby is often used to refer to children conceived with this technique. The first so-called test tube baby, Louise Brown, reached age 25 years in 2003. She was born in England.

Less than 5% of infertile couples actually use IVF. IVF is usually the treatment of choice for a woman with blocked, severely damaged, or no fallopian tubes

OJ Simpson

First major trial using DNA as evidence!