Cell Structures, Functions and Transport

Cell Structures, Functions and Transport

Discovery of the cellA. Early Scientists

1. 1665- Robert Hooke Discovered cell and named it

a. Looking at thin slice of cork

b. Coined the term “cells”

A. Early Scientists

2. 1673- Anton van Leeuwenhoek

a. First to see living cells in microscope

Green algae- Spyrogyra

Pond protist- Vorticella

A. Early Scientists

3. 1838-1855 Matthias Schleiden, Teodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow

a. Developed and defined Cell theory

B. Cell Theory1. All living things are composed of

one or more cells2. Cells are the basic unit3. Cells can only come from other

cells

C. Cell Diversity1. Size (Fig 4-1

pg 70)a. Limited by

surface to volume ratio

b. Volume increases more rapidly than surface and the cell is unable to function

C. Cell Diversity2. Shape (figure 4.2 pg 71)

a. Determined by functionb. Example: Nerve, skin, WBC

C. Cell Diversity3. Internal Organization

a. Organelles are “tiny organs” that perform a specific function for the cell

C. Cell Diversitya. Eukaryotes contain membrane bound nucleusb. Prokaryotes do not contain membrane bound

nucleus (bacteria)

Parts and functions of the Eukaryotic cell1. See pg 74 in your book

Overview of the whole cell

A. Cell Membrane1. Selectively Permeable = controls

passage of substances in/out of the cell

a. Composed mainly of lipids and proteins

b. Membrane lipids are phospholipids in two layers (grey “popsicles” in picture)

1. Hydrophilic head towards the outside2. Hydrophobic tail turned to the inside

c. Steroids fit between the tails of the phospholipid layer (cholesterol-yellow molecules in picture)

d. Membrane proteins (large purple molecules in picture)

1. Peripheral Proteinsa. Attach to exterior/interior surface of the cell membraneb. Hold the desired molecules in place

2. Integral Proteina. Transports the desired molecule through a channelb. Transports to the external or internal part of the cell

e. Fluid Mosaic Model- Dynamic model and not static- protein channels will move as needed

Figure 3.3

B. Organelles (use table 4.2 pg 75 and figure 4.7 pg 76)1. Cytoplasm holds organelles in

place and cytosol bathes the organelles with salts, mineral and organic molecules

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

2. Mitochondria- Nickname: “The Powerhouse”

a. Function: Energy formation1. Breaks down food to make ATP

a. ATP: is the major fuel for all cell activities that require energy

b. Cristae: Inner membrane, increases surface for ATP production

c. Mitochondrial DNA Inheriance from the mother, not father

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Go to Section:

Animal Cell

NucleusNucleolus Ribosomes

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm


3. Ribosomesa. Function: synthesis of proteinsb. Composed of Protein and RNA (rRNA)c. Some attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)d. Found in all cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic


4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)--Nickname: “Roads”

a. Function: The internal delivery system of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulumb. 2 Types:

1. Rough ER: a. Rough appearance because it has ribosomesb. Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes

2. Smooth ER:a. NO ribosomesb. Function: makes fats or lipids

Figure 3.19

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Go to Section:

Animal Cell

NucleusNucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Complex

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm


5. Golgi Complex--Nickname: The packaging plant and shippers

a. Function: packages, modifies, and transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell (secretions)

b. Modifies the protein for its final destination


6. Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes)--Nickname: “Clean-up Crews”

a. Function: 1. contains hydrolytic or digestive enzymes 2. breaks down food into particles the rest

of the cell can use3. destroys old cells

Cytoskeleton

7. Cytoskeletona. Function:

1. Movement of organelles2. Support of cell

b. Composed of 1. Microfilaments (actin and myosin –

muscles!)2. Microtubules (Cell Division)


and cilia

8. Cilia and Flagellaa. Function: Assist in

Movementb. Cilia moves material

and the cellc. Flagella moves the

celld. Composed of

microtubules



9. Nucleus--Nickname: “The Control Center”

a. Functions: 1. Stores the DNA as the chromatin2. “Directions” for making proteins

b. Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)

1. Have all structures of Eukaryotic cells (1-9)

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)2. Cell Wall- Primary and

Secondary layera. Function: provides support and

protection to the cell membraneb. Contains cellulose – a complex

carbohydrate

Plant Cells (figure 4.15)

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)3. Vacuoles

a. Function: stores water1. This is what makes lettuce crisp

a. When there is no water, the plant wilts2. Store enzymes and metabolic wastes

b. Vacules may be 90% of the cell size


Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm


4. Plastidsa. Function:

1. Store starch or fats2. Contain pigments-

a. Chloroplasts – absorb visible light (Green Chlorophyll)

b. Leucoplasts - store starches (White)

c. Chromoplasts – stores pigments (red, violet, yellow)

C. Plant Cells (figure 4.15)1. Chloroplasts

a. Function: traps energy from the sun to produce food (chemical energy) for the plant cell (photosynthesis)

b. Green in color because of chlorophyll, which is a green pigment

2. Thylakoids – place in the chloroplast where photosyntheis takes place

IV Multicellular Organization

Macromolecules

Cells

Tissues

OrgansOrgan system

Organism

A. Tissues, Organs and Organ

systems1. Tissues- group of

cells that carry out a specific function (Epithelial, Connective, Muscle)

Tissues, Organs and Organ systems

1. Organs – composed of several types of tissue which interact to perform a special function (Stomach- muscle epithelial, connective, nervous)

Tissues, Organs and Organ systems

1. Organ System – group of organs that work together to perform a set of related functions (Digestive System)

B. Evolution of Mutlicellular Organization

1. Colonial Organizationa. Collection of genetically

identical cells that live together in a close group

1. Example: Volvox depends on position in the colony to perform various functions

b. Exhibit cell specialization much like modern multicellular organisms

B. Evolution of Mutlicellular Organization

1. Interdependence occurred with cells specializing in functions

2. Endosymbiosis Theory that interdependence occurred between unicellular organisms (prokaryotes) and over time symbiotic dependence occurred unable to return to former independence

Plant Cells

Plant Cell Organelle Quiz

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

10

11

12

1. Photosynthesis- The process of taking sunlight and converting it into usable energy

a. All energy comes from the sun ultimately

b. Autotrophs (able to produce they’re own food)

c. Heterotrophs (consume autotrophs for energy)

Comparing Plant and Animal CellsPlant Animal

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Cell Structures, Functions and Transport