Upload
dale-hubbard
View
226
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Plasma Membrane
• Structure– Phospholipid Membrane:
• Amphipathic
• Forms a Bilayer (hydrophilic heads on interior and exterior faces of cell)
• Fluid
Plasma Membrane
Function
Maintain homeostasis (allow certain things to enter/leave cell so internal processes continue)
– Phospholipid bilayer acts as selectively permeable membrane
– Proteins act as channels– Carbohydrates act as receptors– Cholesterol decreases fluidity (stabilizes)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Structure• Lipid Bilayer Network
• Studded with Ribosomes
• In animal cells, associated with the nuclear membrane
– Function• Allows cell products (protein) to travel throughout
the cytoplasm
• Protein folding occurs here as well
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Structure– Lipid Bilayer Network
• Function– Lipid Synthesis– Allows cell products (lipid primarily) to travel
throughout the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
• Structure– Layers of Flattened lipid bilayer vesicles
• Function– Works with Cell Membrane/ER’s to
• Convert lipid/protein products to usable forms
• Transport products throughout/out of cell
Golgi Body: Lysosome
• Structure– Membrane bound vesicle (golgi body)– Contains digestive enzymes
• Function– Digest ingested foods– Break-up/Recycle used-up organelles
Golgi Body: Microbodies
• Structure– Small lipid bilayer vesicles– Example is Peroxisome
• Function– Associated with mitochondria
– Break up hydrogen peroxide (harmful byproduct of aerobic respiration)
Cytoskeletal Elements
– Structure• Protein filaments (3 types)
– Function• Allows organelles to move throughout the cell• Move the cell during cell division (or in case of
muscle cell, expands and contracts the cell)
Mitochondria
• Structure– Double membrane organelle with isolated
compartments
• Function– Compartments isolate reactions involved with
aerobic respiration– Function of aerobic respiration is to produce
ATP (usable energy molecule)
Nucleus• Structure
– Nuclear Membrane and Pores• Lipid Bilayer w/ associated protein channels
– Chromatin• DNA + protein (histones)
• Function– Nuclear membrane and Pores
• Controls access to DNA
– Chromatin• Keeps Genetic information tightly packed• Genetic information – info for building proteins
Ribosomes
• Structure– Made of RNA and Protein– Large and Small Subunits
• Function– Site of protein manufacturing
Cytosol• Structure
• Aqueous solution (mostly water and ions)
• Function• Fluid medium for chemical reactions
Cilia or Flagella
• Structure– Protein filaments in a 9+2 arrangement
embedded in the membrane
• Function– Motile Elements of the Cell– Allows cell to move or moves substances
around the cell
Vacuoles
• Structure– Membrane bound vesicles – often made from
in-pocketing of plasma membrane.– Contain various cell products for storage
• Function– Store cell products, food, waste, etc.– In plants, the Central Vacuole contains
enzymes and water. When filled, it maintains turgor pressure on the cell wall.
Cell Wall– Structure
• In plants, made of the polysaccharide cellulose as well as the proteins pectin and lignin. Actually 2 layers, depending on the cell function, the thicknesses of each vary.
– Contain openings lined with membrane called Plasmodesmata, that allow things to enter the cell.
• In fungi, made of nitrogen-rich polysaccharide chitin.
– Function• Provides protection and support in plant and fungi
cells
Chloroplast
• Structure– Membrane organelle that contains smaller
vesicles called Grana– Grana’s membrane has high concentration of
chlorophyll
• Function– Use sunlight energy to produce carbohydrates