Cell Structure

and Transport

Chapter 7

Vocab Review

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/cell.gif

Process in which cells change and develop into different kinds of cells doing different jobs

Differentiation OR cell specialization

Idea that all living things are made of cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and new cells are produced from existing cells

Cell theory

Sac of digestive enzymes used by cells to break down food, cell parts, or whole cells

lysosomes

Membrane stacks found insidechloroplasts where the enzymes for photosynthesis are found

thylakoids

Molecule found in the cellwalls of fungi that makes them sturdy

chitin

Collection of living material enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its surroundings; the basic unit of life

cell

Log-like structures that help organizethe spindle and guide the chromosomes apart during cell division in animal cells

centrioles

Sac of digestive enzymes used by cells to break down food, cell parts, or whole cells

lysosomes

Membrane stacks found insidechloroplasts where the enzymes for photosynthesis are found

thylakoids

Control center of the cell thatcontains the genetic material

nucleus

Stack of membranes in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for transport

Golgi body (apparatus)

DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells

chromatin

Describes molecules that try tostay away from water…means “water fearing”

hydrophobic

Nucleotide molecules used by cells to store and transfer energy

ATP

Membrane protein with sugars attached that help cells identify “self”

glycoproteins

DNA with proteins attached that is tightly scrunched up into compact bundles seen in the nucleus of dividing cells

chromosomes

Molecule with a polar head and two hydrophobic tails used to make cell membranes

phospholipid

Space used to store water, food, molecules, enzymes, or waste

vacuole

Many, small hair-like structures made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangementthat extend from the surface of cells and help in movement

cilia

Dark spot in the cell nucleus where RNA for ribosomes is made

Nucleolus

Network of microtubules and microfilaments that give the cell shape and support it

cytoskeleton

Organism whose cells have a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes

eukaryote

Gel-like material and the organellesfound between the nucleus and cellmembrane

cytoplasm

Double membrane that surrounds the cell nucleusNuclear envelopeOR nuclear membrane

Small particles that make proteins

ribosomes

Membrane system without ribosomes attached involved in lipid synthesis, calcium regulation, and the break down of toxins

Smooth ER

Power plant of the cell that burnsglucose and stores the energy released in ATP

mitochondria

Folded inner membrane inside amitochondrion

cristae

System of membranes with ribosomes attached where proteinsare produced and modified andtransported throughout the cell

Rough ER

Organelle where photosynthesis happens

chloroplast

Bilayer made of phospholipids and proteins which surrounds all cells and controls what enters and leaves Plasma

membrane

Double layer formed when phospholipidsline up with their hydrophillic heads tothe outside and their hydrophobic tailstoward the center

bilayer

Molecule with an uneven patternof charges… slightly positive on one side, slightly negative on the other polar

Small structure inside eukaryotic cells which carries out a specific functionorganelle

Unicellular organism that does NOT have a nucleus and or organelles surrounded by membranes

prokaryote

A living thing composed of many organ systems

organism

Structure found outside the cell membrane that provides support and protection

Cell wall

Polysaccharide found in plantcell walls that makes them sturdy

cellulose

Molecule made by joining aminoacid subunits that is used to make cell membranes

protein

Molecule used to build bacterial cell walls instead of cellulose

peptidoglycan

Programmed cell death;“cell suicide”

apoptosis

A few, long hair-like structures made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangementthat extend from the surface of cells and help in movement

flagella

Small openings in the nuclear membrane that allow moleculesto pass through

Nuclear pores

A group of similar cells working together

tissue

Organism made of many cells

multi-cellular

Group of different organs working together

organ system

Protein found in cell membraneswhich helps molecules get acrossthe membrane

transport protein

“Walking proteins that interact with the microtubules in the cytoskeleton to move chromosomes or cell parts

Motor proteins

Protein found on the inside or outside surface of cell membranes

Peripheral proteins

Theory that suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic ancestors that were engulfed and stayed to live in an ancient host cell

Endosymbiotic theoryProtein found embedded in the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes;these can go part way or all the way across the membraneintegral

proteins

The DIFFUSION of WATER across a semi-permeable MEMBRANE

OSMOSIS

A state that exists when the CONCENTRATION of a substance IS THE SAME throughout a space

equilibrium

http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/Directry.htm

The pressure of water pushing against the cell wall in a plant cell is called ________________ pressure.Osmotic(turgor)

ISOTONIC

Solution in which the solute concentration outside and inside a cell are EQUAL

The diagrams below show cells in a liquid (Dots = dissolved solutes)

Identify the liquids shown

HYPERTONIC HYPOTONICISOTONIC

The swelling and bursting of an animal cell when placed in a HYPOTONIC solution

cytolysis

An INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN that provides a passageway/tunnel across the cell membrane through which WATER molecules can diffuse PASSIVELY during osmosis

Aquaporinshttp://www.spps.kvl.dk/news/0507/Lund4.jpg

Solution in which the

solute concentration outside

the cell is greater than inside

hypertonic

Molecule used by cells to provideenergy for cell activities

ATP

A membrane thatlets certain molecules pass

through and not others is called_______________Semi-permeable OR

selectively permeable

Image from: http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg

iodine

Substance that turns blue-black when it reacts with starch

___________ transport does NOT require energy to move molecules across membranes.

Passive

The process by which molecules MOVE from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of LOWER concentration

diffusion

http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBooktransp.html

The shrinking away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC environment

plasmolysis

Organelle that uses exocytosis totransport molecules out of the cell

Golgi (body) apparatus

A small membrane bound sac in a eukaryotic cell used to transport substances around within a cell or during exocytosis or endocytosis

The shrinking of animal cells when placed in a hypertonic solution is called ______________

vesicle

crenation

mass of a dissolved substance in a given volume

concentration

The difference in the concentrationof molecules across a space

Concentration gradient

Image by Riedell

Solution in which the

solute concentration outside

and inside the cell is equal

isotonic

A MEMBRANE PROTEIN that uses energy to ACTIVELY transport hydrogen ions (H+)across a cell membrane

PROTON PUMP