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raw
-Hill
Edu
catio
n.
Key Concepts
• How do materials enter
and leave cells?
• How does cell size affect
the transport of materials?
Passive TransportThe membranes of cells and organelles perform different
functions. They form boundaries between cells. They also control the movement of substances into and out of cells.
Cell membranes are semipermeable. This means that only certain materials can enter or leave a cell. Substances can pass through a cell membrane by one of several different processes. The type of process depends on the physical and chemical properties of the substance that is passing through the membrane.
Small molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, pass through a cell’s membrane by a process called passive transport. Passive transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy. Passive transport depends on the amount of a substance on each side of the membrane. If there are more oxygen molecules outside a cell than there are inside a cell, oxygen molecules will move into the cell by passive transport. Oxygen molecules will move into a cell until the amount of oxygen outside the cell equals the amount of oxygen inside the cell. There are different types of passive transport.
What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide
whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before
column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After
you’ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have
changed your mind.
Before Statement After
5. Diffusion and osmosis are the same process.
6. Cells with large surface areas can transport
more than cells with smaller surface areas.
Asking Questions Before
you read the lesson,
preview all the headings.
Make a chart and write a What or How question for
each heading. As you read,
write the answers to your
questions.
Make a two-tab book to
organize information about
the different types of
passive and active
transport.
Cell Structure and Function
Moving Cellular Material
LESSON 3
CHAPTER 2
Reading Essentials Cell Structure and Function 85
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Diffusion When the concentration, or amount per volume, of a substance
is unequal on each side of a membrane, molecules will move from the side with a higher concentration of the substance to the side with the lower concentration. Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
ACADEMIC
VOCABULARYconcentration(noun) the amount of a given substance in a certain area.
Visual Check
1. Predict What would
the water in the beaker on
the right look like if the
membrane did not let
anything through?
Reading Check
2. Compare osmosis and
diffusion.
Diffusion will continue until the concentration on each side of the cell membrane is equal. The figure above shows how dye passed through the membrane into the clear water until there were equal concentrations of water and dye on both sides of the membrane.
Osmosis—The Diffusion of WaterDiffusion is the movement of any small molecules from areas
of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentrations. Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane. Water molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. For example, plant cells lose water because of osmosis. The concentration of water in the air around a plant is less than the concentration of water in the cells of the plant. Water will leave plant cells and diffuse into the air. If the plant is not watered to replace the water lost by its cells, the plant will wilt and might die.
Facilitated Diffusion
Some molecules are too large or are chemically unable to move through a membrane by diffusion. Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules through a cell membrane using special proteins called transport proteins. Facilitated diffusion does not use the cell’s energy to move the molecules. The transport proteins do the work. There are two types of transport proteins.
Carrier Proteins Carrier proteins are transport proteins. They carry large molecules, such as the sugar molecule glucose, through the cell membrane.
86 Cell Structure and Function Reading Essentials
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Channel Proteins Channel proteins are also transport proteins. They form pores through the cell membrane. Ions, such as sodium and potassium, pass through the cell membrane by channel proteins. Transport proteins are shown below.
Visual Check
4. Identify Circle the
type of transport protein
that carries large molecules
through the cell membrane.
Reading Check
3. Explain how materials
move through the cell
membrane in facilitated
diffusion.
Reading Check
5. Summarize how a cell
uses active transport.
Active TransportSometimes a cell uses energy when a substance passes through
its membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances through a cell membrane only by using the cell’s energy.
Substances moving by active transport move from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration. Active transport is important for cells and organelles. Cells can take in nutrients from the environment through carrier proteins by using active transport. Some molecules and waste materials leave cells by active transport.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Some substances are too large to enter a cell membrane by diffusion or by using a transport protein. There are other ways that substances can enter a cell.
Endocytosis The process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane is called endocytosis (en duh si TOH sus). Some cells take in bacteria and viruses using endocytosis.
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Exocytosis Some substances are too large to leave a cell by diffusion or by using a transport protein. They can leave using exocytosis (ek soh si TOH sus). Exocytosis is the process during which a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell. Proteins and other substances are removed from a cell through exocytosis. Both endocytosis and exocytosis are shown below.
Cell Size and TransportFor a cell to successfully transport materials, the size of the cell
membrane must be large compared to the space inside of the cell. This means that the surface area of the cell must be larger than the volume of the cell. When a cell grows, both its surface area and its volume increase. However, the volume of a cell increases faster than its surface area. If a cell becomes too large, it might not survive. Its surface area will be too small to move enough nutrients into the cell and remove waste materials from the cell.
Key Concept
Check
6. Explain how materials
enter and leave cells.
Visual Check
8 . Identify the structure
needed for exocytosis.
A ratio is a comparison of
two numbers, such as
surface area and volume. If
a cell were cube shaped,
you would calculate surface
area by multiplying its
length (ℓ) by its width (w) by
the number of sides (6).
Surface area: ℓ × w × 6
You would calculate the
volume of the cell by
multiplying its length (ℓ) by
its width (w) by its height (h).
Volume: ℓ × w × h
To find the surface-area-to-
volume ratio of the cell,
divide its surface area by its
volume.
Surface area
_________ Volume
7. Use Ratios What is the
surface-area-to-volume ratio
of a cube-shaped cell
whose sides are 6 mm long?
Math Skills
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Mini Glossary
1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that comparespassive and active transport.
2. Fill in the table below to compare active and passive transport.
Energy needed? Structures Involved Examples
Active transport yes/no
Passive
transport
yes/no
active transport: the movement of substances through a cell membrane only by using the cell’s energy
diffusion: the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
endocytosis (en duh si TOH sus): the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane
exocytosis (ek soh si TOH sus): the process during which a cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell
facilitated diffusion: when molecules pass through a cell membrane using special proteins called transport proteins
osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules only
passive transport: the movement of substances through a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy
Reread the statements at the beginning of the
lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you
agree with the statement or a D if you dis-
agree. Did you change your mind?
What do you think
END OF LESSON
Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson’s resources.
Reading Essentials Cell Structure and Function 89
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90 Cell Structure and Function
Moving Cellular Material
Predict three things that will be discussed in Lesson 3. Read the headings, and look at the photos and illustrations. Write your predictions in your Science Journal.
Lesson 3C
opyright © M
cGraw
-Hill Education.
List 2 functions of membranes.
1.
2.
Organize information about passive transport.
Passive Transport
Definition: Depends on: Example:
Assess information about diffusion. Read the statements below. If the statement is true, write true on the line. I f it is false, rewrite the underlined portion of the statement so that it is true.
Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Diffusion continues until the concentration of a substance is higher inside a cell than outside a cell.
Passive Transport
I found this on page .
I found this on page .
Diffusion
I found this on page .
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Cell Structure and Function 91
Cop
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McG
raw
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Edu
catio
n.
Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued)
Osmosis—The Diffusion
of Water
I found this on page .
I found this on page .
Complete the sentence about osmosis.
Osmosis is a type of that involves movement
of only through the cell membrane.
Explain the process of facilitated diffusion.
Facilitated Diffusion
A molecule is too
large to pass through
a cell membrane.
Cell uses two types of
proteins.
proteins
pass large molecules
through membrane by
pass large molecules
through membrane by
proteins
Organize information about active transport.
Definition:
the movement
of substances
through a
only by
can move
substances
from areas of
concentration to
concentration
Active Transport
used to bring in
and take
out
Active Transport
I found this on page .
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92 Cell Structure and Function
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Lesson 3 | Moving Cellular Material (continued)
Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport by writing yes or no in each empty box of the chart.
DescriptionFacilitated
Diffusion
Active
Transport
Uses carrier proteins
Transports materials across cell
membrane
Requires cellular energy
Able to move materials from an
area with lower concentration to
an area with higher concentration
I found this on page .
I found this on page .
Cell Size and T ransport
I found this on page .
Cells are very small. Yet, as living things, they have the ability to grow. What keeps cells from growing to much larger sizes than they do?
Identify each process as either endocytosis or exocytosis.
Process Description
Materials entering cell
Materials being expelled from cell
Explain how cell size and transport are related. Underline the term that correctly completes each sentence.
As a cell grows, both its volume and surface area (increase/ decrease). Volume increases (faster/slower) than surface area.Eventually, the cell’s membrane would be (too large/too small) to move enough materials into and out of the cell.
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