Anatomy and Physiology 1Cellular Anatomy and Physiology

Hierarchical Organisation of the BodyImage from http://www.hksports.net/hkpe/human_body/body_hierarchy.htm

Diversity of CellsImage from Martini 1998

All organisms are made of cells

Within cells many functions take place

Cells communicate within themselves and also with other cells

Cells react to hormones and neurotransmitters

Many different specialised cells make up the systems of the human body

CardiovascularsystemsMuscularsystemsDigestivesystemsImage from Martini 1998

Structure of Cells cell membraneCell membrane encloses all cells contents

Cell membranes consist of a lipid layer with large amounts of cholesterol

Protein scattered through the lipid layer include enzymes, receptors and transporters

Image from Martini 1998

Selective permeability allows specific substances into the cell, while leaving others out

The internal environment of all cells is composed of water

Image from http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html.html

Structure of Cells CytoplasmCytoplasm is the cellular material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus

Cytoplasm is comprised of metabolic machines called organelles

Substances within cells vary liver and muscle cells contain high levels of CHO

Image from Martini 1998

Structure of Cells NucleusConsidered the control centre for cells and contains the genes of the cells

These genes give the cell the ability to duplicate itself

Most cells have one nucleus, some have multiple including muscle cellsRed blood cells do not have nuclei

Genetic material is called DNAORDeoxyribonucleic acidImage from http://sun.menloschool.org/~birchler/cells/animals/nucleus/

Image from http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html

Structure of Cells mitochondriaThe power plant of the cell

Supplies the cell with energy in the form of ATP or adenosine triphospate

ATP is produced through a series of steps known as the aerobic energy system

Aerobic energy system is heavily involved in activities that last longer than a few minutes

Cells that are packed with mitochondria have high energy requirementsImage from http://www.colorado.edu/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/atp.html

Metabolically active cells such as liver and muscle cells use large amounts of ATP every dayThe human body can oxidise up 120 kilograms of ATP in one day!Image from http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html

Image from Martini 1998

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htmhttp://www.dnaftb.org/http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/atp/atp1.htm

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