Cell Respiration

Mitochondria

The cell needs something in order to

eat, breathe, reproduce, move, and much

more……..

ENERGY!How do the cells get the energy they

need?• Chemical compounds we call

FOOD!

MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Has 2 membranes- Inner membrane- Lots of FOLDS (cristae)= INCREASE surface area= more ATP being produced- Outer membrane In Animal AND Plant cells Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!

ATPAdenosine Triphosphate: nucleotide with two extra groups• Nitrogenous base- adenine • Sugar- ribose • 3 Phosphate groups- bound to ribosome, phosphate tail holds usable energy • Body’s currency for energy

Partially charged that can be fully charged by the

addition of a

phosphate group.

> Even if the equation looks simple, Cellular respiration is done in a series of

steps.

1. When energy is needed somewhere in the cell2. Chemical energy stored in glucose is released and used to

produce adenosine triphosphate, ATP3. ATP, is used for short term energy storage and transport in the

cell4. Energy is transferred from Glucose to ATP5. Then ATP delivers the energy to the places in the cell that need

it. 6. This is all done by a long and complicated process called Cell

Respiration.

High-Energy Electrons • High energy electrons

produced in these processes are highly reactive and require a special “carrier.”• Think of it like a hot potato

straight from the oven. • If you had to take it out of the

oven, you would get a mitt—a carrier—to transport it.

NADP+: accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons, a long with a hydrogen ion.

This converts NADP+ to NADPH This is one way in which energy

from the sun can be trapped in chemical form and transferred to other parts of the cell.

FAD and FADH2 are also electron carriers

Cellular Respiration process by which cells release the energy stored in the bonds of food molecules. From sugars, fats, amino acids, and nucleotides. However, GLUCOSE is the most important source of energy in cells. Aerobic process- requiring oxygen

Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid

CO2 +NADH +

FADH2

H2O + 36 ATP

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport

Chain

Glycolysis • Occurs in CYTOPLASM

• NO OXYGEN After Glycolysis occurs: • 2 Pyruvic acids enter

the Krebs Cycle• 2 NADH goes to

Electron transport chain

• 4 ATP produced• (Net gain of 2 per

glucose, since it took 2 ATP to start glycolysis)

Glycolysis

• Occurs in the MATRIX• Also known as citric

acid cycle because Citric acid is the first compound formed

As Krebs Cycle Occurs: • 3 CO2 is formed and

released into the air • 2 ATP molecules formed • Electron carriers:

NADH and FADH2 continue to Electron Transport Chain

• Reminder: Two pyruvic acids enter the Krebs Cycle, so all of the above are doubled

• Hint: The 4 carbon compound that is initially in the process comes from the citric acid being broken down from a 6 carbon to a 5 then 4 carbon compound.

Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle

ETC• Occurs in Cristae (inner

membrane) • Uses the high-energy

electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

• For every 2 Electrons that travel down the chain, their energy helps transport hydrogen ions across into the intermembrane space

• Charge difference forces Hydrogen ions through ATP synthase channels which makes the enzyme spin.

• With each rotation, the enzyme grabs an ADP and attaches a phosphate group, making ATP.

• For every 2 Electrons= 3 ATP

Electron Transport Chain

Site of Cell Respiration: requires oxygen (AEROBIC)

“Cell Respiration Song”Three stages:1. Glycolysis

1. Makes some ATP (4 to be exact)

2. Oxygen NOT needed3.Location: CYTOPLASM

2. Kreb’s Cycle1. Makes some ATP2. Oxygen needed3.MATRIX OF

MITOCHONDRIA3. Electron Transport Chain

1. Makes ALOT of ATP 2. Oxygen needed3.Location: Inner membrane

of Mitochondria(CRISTAE)

Aerobic VS. AnaerobicAerobic“in air” REQUIRES OXYGEN Krebs cycle and

Electron Transport Chain

Anaerobic “without air”DOES NOT

REQUIRE OXYGENGlycolysis Fermentation

NO OXYGEN= FERMENTATION-If there is no oxygen available, cell switches to

fermentation-Fermentation is Glycolysis over and over again- Happens in cytoplasm- Makes some ATP, but can do so quickly-Alcohol Fermentation

- Bacteria and Fungi- Such as yeast

- Produce ethyl alcohol and CO2- Lactic Acid Fermentation

- In humans and mammals- After exercising, you feel really sore- It’s the lactic acid build up in your muscles

Yeast is a one-celled fungus that converts sugar and starch into carbon dioxide bubbles and alcohol.

Review Cell Respiration

Cells get energy by:

Hete

rotr

op

h • Obtain food by consuming other living things

• Consumers: • Herbivores• Omnivores• Carnivores• Decomposers • detritivores• Scavengers

Au

totr

op

h • Make their own food

• Producers

Chloroplasts•Plant and bacteria cells only (NEVER in animal cells) •Captures energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Two membranes:> inside has large

stacks of other membranes that contain chlorophyll

Chloroplast Cellular organelle where photosynthesis occursDouble membrane

Outer membrane Inner membrane

Stroma (fluid filled space)Granum (stack of thylakoids)

Innermembrane space Thylakoids

Contains CHLOROPHYLL

Contain chemical compound called chlorophyll-gives plants their green color

Structure of Chloroplasts1. Stomata (PLANT)

1. Small pores in the underside of leaves that release water and oxygen and take in carbon dioxide

2.Guard cells (PLANT)1. Control the opening and closing of

stomata depending on environment3.Stroma (CHLOROPLAST)

1. Thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane

4.Thylakoids (CHLOROPLAST)1. Disc-like sacs suspended in the stroma2. Has membrane that surrounds inner

thylakoid space5. Grana (sing. Granum)

(CHLOROPLAST)1. Stacks of thylakoids

Photosynthesis

Does this equation look familiar?

VS.

EVERYTHING IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE SUN AND THE PROCESS OF

PHOTOSYNTHESIS! • Energy from the sun travels to the earth

in the form of light. • Sunlight, “white light” is actually a

mixture of different wavelengths. • Our eyes see the different

wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

• Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS.

• Plant’s principle pigment is CHLOROPHYLL• Chlorophyll a & Chlorophyll b absorb light in

the blue-violet and red regions. • DOES NOT absorb light well in the green

region, it reflects that color which is why we see plants as green.

Chlorophyll continued-Carotene

- Secondary plant pigment- Red and orange pigments- Absorb light in other regions

of the spectrum - So it reflects orange and red

back to us

Photosynthesis: 2 Main StagesLight-Dependent Reaction1. use energy absorbed

from chlorophyll and to produce ATP and NADPH

Light-Independent Reaction1.CALVIN CYCLE2.Series of reactions

that form glucose from CO2 and Water.

Lyn Margulis, American Biologist said that chloroplasts descended from prokaryotes

Organelle DNA• Mitochondria and

Chloroplasts contain their own genetic information

• In a form of small, circular DNA molecules

Endosymbiotic Theory Ancient Prokaryotes from way back in the day had a symbiotic

relationship with the ancient eukaryotes What is symbiosis?

• A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence.•The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes•There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to make energy (ATP)• Mitochondria

• There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energy• Chloroplasts

AGAIN, DO YOU SEE THE

SIMILARITIES?