Cell Reproduction

• Cells are constantly being replaced

• Chromosomes discovery, dark stained structures composed of DNA and proteins.

• The structure of the Eukaryotic chromosome. Chromatin is DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.

Viral Reproduction

• Virus composition

• Bacteriophage

• Original Bioengineers

• Nuclear material-DNA,RNA

• Protein Coat-disguise

Asexual reproduction

• Binary fission• Spore formation• Budding• Regeneration• Vegetative Propagation

– Tubers– Stolons– Rhizomes– Bulbs– corms

Cell Cycle

• Sequence of growth and division of a cell. Interphase is the cells growth period where it spends most of its life

• G1 cell growth and protein production is high

• S the chromosomes are replicated• G2 organelles that needed for cell

reproduction gear up.

Cell Cycle

• G-1-cell grows, cell doubles in size, enzymes are produced in organelles, mitochondria, chloroplast duplicate.

• S-chromosomes replicate• G-2-preparation for mitosis• Mitosis

– Prophase– Metaphase– Anaphase– Telophase

Cell Cycle

G1

S

G2

Mitosis

Cytokinesis G1,S,G2 are allInterphase

Phases of Mitosis

• Size may be a trigger for beginning mitosis• Prophase-chromosomes look hairy, chromosomes

shorten and are called chromatids, nuclear membrane disappears

• Metaphase chromatids line up in the center of the cell.

• Anaphase chromatids race off to the poles of the cell

• Telophase the furrow or plate separates the cell. • Cytokinesis-cytoplasm splitting

http://cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.html

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/mitosis.html

Cell Cycle Website

• http://www.slideshare.net/catherinepatterson/the-cell-cycle-presentation-683955?src=related_normal&rel=713314

Control of the Cell Cycle

• Enzymes normally control the cell cycle

• Cancer are cells that reproduce out of control

– Factors might include environmental, changes in enzyme production

• Problems that could possibly occur– Failure to produce enzymes

– Overproduction of enzymes

– Other enzyme production at the wrong time

Cell Limitations• Cell size is limited 2 microns-several meters, so to 2-

200 micrometers• Diffusion limits cell size, normally fast and efficient, but

with distance the speed and efficiency decreases rapidly• DNA limits cell size heredity, information stored in the

nucleus, protein information. Size of cell quickly determines how quickly proteins need to be released.

• Surface area to volume ratio-if size double the volume increases 4X.

• Cancers are cells that are growing out of control.• Genes are segment of DNA that control production of

certain specific proteins(enzymes).

Cancers• Cancers are cells that are growing out of control.• Tumor is a large mass of cells (cancerous) that are

depriving other cells of nutrients and blood.• Metastasis is new tumor forming that disrupts the

functioning of that organ.– Causes

• Environmental, habitat, smoke, dust, water pollution, air pollution, UV light, prolonged exposure to certain compounds or minerals

• Genetic

• Viral infection, that damage genes

Cancer Prevention

• Healthy Lifestyle– Diet rich in fiber, low in fats (vitamins,

minerals)– Exercise-Roman empire

C WordsCancer- Centrioles- Centromere- Centrosomes- .Chromatids- Chromatin- Chromosomes- Cytokinesis-

C Words

• Cancer uncontrolled cell division, cells reproducing out of control

• Centrioles are microtubules in animal cells that duplicate to form a spindle

• Centromere material that binds two sister chromatids together

• Centrosomes-Are both of the centrioles together.• Chromatids-duplicate copies of chromosomes• Chromatin-strands of DNA and proteins• Chromosomes-strands of DNA and proteins that carry an

organisms genetic information.• Cytokinesis is the splitting of the cytoplasm