Cell Organelle NotesCell Organelle Notes

A. Cell WallA. Cell Wall

1. Found in plants, fungi, algae, nearly all 1. Found in plants, fungi, algae, nearly all prokaryotesprokaryotes

2. Animals do not have cell walls2. Animals do not have cell walls

3. Allows water, O3. Allows water, O22, and CO, and CO22 to pass through to pass through

4. **Provides support and protection for the 4. **Provides support and protection for the cellcell

5. Made of cellulose—a tough carbohydrate fiber 5. Made of cellulose—a tough carbohydrate fiber

6. (Principle component of wood and paper)6. (Principle component of wood and paper)

B. Cell Membrane B. Cell Membrane

1. Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the 1. Thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasmcytoplasm

2. Composed mainly of phospholipids2. Composed mainly of phospholipids

3. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell 3. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell in order to maintain homeostasisin order to maintain homeostasis

Magnification of Cell Membrane Magnification of Cell Membrane

NucleusNucleus

C. NucleusC. Nucleus

1. Controls most cell processes and 1. Controls most cell processes and contains the hereditary information (DNA)contains the hereditary information (DNA)

2. Found in almost all Eukaryotic cells 2. Found in almost all Eukaryotic cells

3. Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA3. Contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA• Chromatin—Unwound form of DNAChromatin—Unwound form of DNA• Chromosomes—Condensed form of DNAChromosomes—Condensed form of DNA

D. Chromatin and ChromosomesD. Chromatin and Chromosomes

1. DNA bound to protein 1. DNA bound to protein

2. Chromatin is the Stringy material seen in 2. Chromatin is the Stringy material seen in NucleusNucleus

3. The chromatin Condense to form 3. The chromatin Condense to form Chromosomes when cell dividesChromosomes when cell divides

Chromatin and Chromosomes Chromatin and Chromosomes

E. NucleolusE. Nucleolus

1. Dense region in 1. Dense region in nucleus where nucleus where ribosomes are made ribosomes are made

NucleolusNucleolus

F. Nuclear EnvelopeF. Nuclear Envelope

1. Double membrane that surrounds nucleus1. Double membrane that surrounds nucleus

2. Contains thousands of 2. Contains thousands of Nuclear PoresNuclear Pores——allow material to move in and out allow material to move in and out

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope

1. The Nuclear Envelope is a double membrane that contains pores so that substances can move in and out of the nucleus.

G. CytoskeletonG. Cytoskeleton

1. Network of protein filaments that help the 1. Network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shapecell maintain its shape

2. Aid in movement of organelles 2. Aid in movement of organelles

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

G. CytoskeletonG. Cytoskeleton

3. Two types of fibers: 3. Two types of fibers:

a. Microtubulesa. Microtubules—hollow tubes of proteins —hollow tubes of proteins • Help maintain shapeHelp maintain shape• Act as track for movement of organelleAct as track for movement of organelle• Form Form CentriolesCentrioles –important when cell –important when cell divides divides

((separate chromosomesseparate chromosomes) ) • Bundles of Microtubules form Bundles of Microtubules form cilia and flagellacilia and flagella

(movement)(movement)

b. Microfilamentsb. Microfilaments—movement and support of —movement and support of cell (long thin fibers) cell (long thin fibers)

Organelles in CytoplasmOrganelles in Cytoplasm

H. RibosomesH. Ribosomes

1. Make proteins in the cell1. Make proteins in the cell

2. Made of RNA and Protein2. Made of RNA and Protein

3. Make proteins specific to the instructions 3. Make proteins specific to the instructions given by DNAgiven by DNA

4. Some Ribosomes are attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum and some are free floating in the Cytoplasm.

I. Endoplasmic ReticulmI. Endoplasmic Reticulm

1. Internal membrane system 1. Internal membrane system

2. Smooth ER is where components (parts) 2. Smooth ER is where components (parts) of cell membrane are assembled of cell membrane are assembled

3. Rough ER is where proteins are modified3. Rough ER is where proteins are modified

Rough ER Rough ER

J. Rough ERJ. Rough ER

1. Modifies Proteins—has Ribosomes 1. Modifies Proteins—has Ribosomes attachedattached

• proteins made and then shipped into ER for proteins made and then shipped into ER for modificationmodification

Rough ER Rough ER

K. Smooth ERK. Smooth ER

1. Synthesize Lipids 1. Synthesize Lipids • Makes parts of cell Makes parts of cell

membranemembrane

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

L. Golgi ApparatusL. Golgi Apparatus

1. Proteins move from 1. Proteins move from ER to GolgiER to Golgi

2. Enzymes attach 2. Enzymes attach Carbohydrates and Carbohydrates and Lipids to the protein in Lipids to the protein in the Golgithe Golgi

3. Proteins are 3. Proteins are packaged and sent to packaged and sent to their destination their destination

M. LysosomesM. Lysosomes

1. Small packages filled with enzymes1. Small packages filled with enzymes

2. Break down lipids, carbohydrates, 2. Break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins (food) to be used by cellproteins (food) to be used by cell

3.Break down old organelles3.Break down old organelles

4. Remove debris4. Remove debris

N. VacuolesN. Vacuoles

1. Saclike structure that stores water, salts, 1. Saclike structure that stores water, salts, proteins, carbohydratesproteins, carbohydrates

2. Plant cells—single, large, central, fluid—2. Plant cells—single, large, central, fluid—turgor pressure turgor pressure

a. Small Vacuoles are called Vesiclesa. Small Vacuoles are called Vesicles • used for transporting substances in the cellused for transporting substances in the cell

Vacuole Vacuole

ChloroplastChloroplast

O. ChloroplastsO. Chloroplasts

1. Found 1. Found in plantsin plants and other organisms— and other organisms—not in animalnot in animal or fungal cells or fungal cells

2. Has double membrane2. Has double membrane

3. **Where photosynthesis occurs 3. **Where photosynthesis occurs

4. Contain green pigment called 4. Contain green pigment called chlorophyllchlorophyll

5. Have stacks of photosynthetic 5. Have stacks of photosynthetic membranes membranes

ChloroplastChloroplast

MitochondriaMitochondria

P. MitochondriaP. Mitochondria

1. Release energy from stored food 1. Release energy from stored food molecules molecules

2. Use food to form ATP (Molecule that is 2. Use food to form ATP (Molecule that is used as energy in cell)used as energy in cell)

3. Enclosed by two membranes (inner 3. Enclosed by two membranes (inner folds folds and outer)and outer) Chemical reactionsChemical reactions

4. Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells 4. Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells

MitochondriaMitochondria

Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

Plant Cell vs. Animal CellPlant Cell vs. Animal Cell

Make a Venn Diagram to compare and Make a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast plant and animal cells: contrast plant and animal cells:

Plant cell Animal cell

Both

Number your paper from 1-11. Number your paper from 1-11. Structure Structure

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FunctionFunction

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The Cell is Like a Protein FactoryThe Cell is Like a Protein FactoryWrite a paragraph that describes how Write a paragraph that describes how proteins are made in the cell. Use the proteins are made in the cell. Use the following words in your paragraph:following words in your paragraph:

NucleusNucleus

RibosomeRibosome

Rough ERRough ER

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

VesiclesVesicles