Cell Glossaries

7/26/2019 Cell Glossaries

1/10

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Typical organisms bacteria,archaea protists, fungi,plants,animals

Typical size ~ 110 m~ 10100 m(sperm cells, apart from the tail, are

smaller)

Type of nucleusnucleoid region; no

real nucleusreal nucleus with double membrane

DNA circular (usually)linear molecules (chromosomes) withhistoneproteins

RNA-/protein-

synthesiscoupled in cytoplasm

R!"synthesis inside the nucleus

protein synthesis in cytoplasm

Ribosomes #0$%&0$ '0$%0$

Cytoplasmatic

structureery few structures

highly structured by endomembranes and acytos*eleton

Cell moementflagellamade of

flagellin

flagella and ciliacontaining microtubules;

lamellipodiaand filopodiacontaining actin

!itochon"ria noneone to seeral thousand (though some lac*mitochondria)

Chloroplasts none in algaeandplants

#rganization usually single cellssingle cells, colonies, higher multicellular organisms

with speciali+ed cells

Cell "iisioninary fission(simple

diision)

-itosis(fission or budding)

-eiosis

Cell Glosaries:

Cell the basic structural unit of all living organisms; it typicallycomprises a small, usually microscopic, discrete mass oforganellecontainingcytoplasm, bounded externally by a membrane. Eachcell is capable of interacting with other cells andperforming all thefundamental functions of life. In plants the cell usually alsoincludesthe cell wall. Originally the term referred to the boundingwall of aplant cell that had lost its living content.

Proaryote any organism in which the genomic!"# is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane within thecells;

i.e. any organism whose cells possess a prokaryon. $heproaryotescomprise the bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaea andare classi%ed in their own ingdom, variously named&oneraor Procaryotae.

Euaryote any organism whose cells containa eukaryon 'or euarya( and undergo meiosis.

)lagella the speciali*ed locomotoryappendage of bacteria of certain taxonomic groups,consisting of anoncontractile, %liform extension through the cell surface,bornesingly, in groups, or as a covering layer. It is commonly +- lmlong and /--0 nm in diameter, is built up of several
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'often three(longitudinally arranged chains of fagellin subunits 'oftenin a spiral(,and is anchored to the cell envelope by a basal body 'def./(,which imparts rotatory motion to it. 1acterial 2agella carrythe 3'or 2agellar( antigens, which are useful in some instances,e.g. inSalmonella spp., for classi%cation.

)lagellin any member of a group of similar monomeric solubleglobular

proteins that constitute the subunits of bacterial 2agella.$heyalso comprise the ma4or antigens of several bacteria,including Salmonellaspp., which alternate between the production of twoantigenicforms of 2agella, termed phase / and phase -.

Cilia a speciali*ed euaryotic locomotor organelle thatconsists of a %liform extrusion of the cell surface. Eachcilium isbounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane,and containsa regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchoredbasallyin a centriole.

&icrovilliany of the very small, %nger5lie pro4ectionsthat occur on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells,especiallywhere cellular function re6uires a maximal surface area forabsorption or secretion, as in the proximal renal tubuleand thesmall intestine, where they constitute the brush border.

$he pro4ectionsare about /- lm long and / nm in diameter. $he core ofamicrovillus contains a bundle of about 7 actin %lamentsof uniformpolarity with their 8barbed9 ':( ends anchored in a cap ofillde%nedamorphous material in the microvillar tip. #t the base theactin %laments extend into the perpendicular networ, alsomade

up largely of actin, nown as the terminal web. In the corethe actin%laments are bound together by the actin5binding proteins%mbrinand villin. $he renal and intestinal microvilli contain a widerangeof hydrolases that are integral membrane proteins; theirhydrophilicdomains, containing the catalytic sites, face outwardsfrom the cell.

Protoplasm the living contents of a cell; i.e. the matter containedwithin 'and including( the plasma membrane, usuallytaen to excludelarge vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingestedmaterial.

In euaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.Cell all the rigid or semi5rigid envelope lying outside the cellmembrane

of plant, fungal, and most proaryotic cells maintainingtheirshape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. Inproaryotes it liesinside any capsule and slime layer, usually consists mainlyof peptidoglycan,and can be removed by various techni6ues with retentionof its three5dimensional form. In fungi the cell wall iscomposedlargely of polysaccharides, while in plants it is made up ofcelluloseand, often, lignin.

Cell any membrane found in a cell. $he term is sometimes


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&embrane used loosely to indicate the plasma membrane.

Cytoplasmic&embrane

any of the membranous structureswithin the cytoplasm of euaryotes, such as the rough andsmoothendoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.

Cytoplasm plasma membrane but including the other intracellularorganellesand structures.


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form thema4or component of the cell9s contractile machinery andare implicatedin cell division, cell movement, muscle contraction, nerveoutgrowth,tubular gland formation, gastrulation, and neurulation.

Organelle any discrete structure in a unicellular organism, or in anindividual cell of a multicellular organism, that is adaptedand>orspeciali*ed for the performance of one or more vitalfunctions.

"ucleus the most conspicuous organelle ofa euaryotic cell; it contains the chromosomes and 'exceptfor mitochondriaand chloroplasts( is the sole site of !"# replication andof @"# synthesis in the cell. Asually a spheroidal body, it isseparatedfrom the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope.

"ucleolus a small, dense body one or more of whichare present in the nucleus of euaryotic cells. It is rich in@"# andprotein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is notseenduring mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of thenucleolar!"# into 70< ribosomal5precursor @"#, the processing of

this@"# into 0.B


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to a speciali*ed site on the bacterial plasma membrane forsegregationto the two daughter cells. &itochondria and chloroplastscontainseveral copies of a much smaller circular !"# moleculewithsome attached proteins.

3istone any of a group of evolutionarily highly conserved basicproteins,molecular mass //-/ !a, that constitute about half themass of the chromosomes of all euaryotic cells, exceptspermato*oa.

$hey comprise single polypeptide chains with a lysine5plusargininecontent of about -0, and are concerned in the pacing of!"# in chromatin.

!"# deoyribonucleicacid; one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consistingofa long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, ormore commonly,two, strands of lined deoxyribonucleotides, the +D5phosphategroup of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being

4oinedin +D,0D5phosphodiester linage to the 0D5hydroxyl group ofthe deoxyribosemoiety of the next one.

@"# ribonucleicacid; one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consistingof a long,unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides,the +D5phosphate group of each constituent ribonucleotide'except thelast( being 4oined in +D,0D5phosphodiester linage to the 0D5hydroxylgroup on each ribose moiety of the next one. $he presenceof a free-D5hydroxyl group on each ribose moiety renders thesephosphodiesterbonds susceptible to hydrolytic attac by alali, in contrasttothose of DNA. $he @"# chain has polarity, with one ! D endand one

" D end. $wo purines, adenine and guanine, and twopyrimidines, cytosineand uracil, are the ma4or bases usually present. Inaddition,minor bases may occur; transer #NA, however, containsunusualbases in relatively large amounts. $he se6uence of basescarries information,whereas the sugar and phosphate groups play a structuralrole. @"# is fundamental to protein biosynthesis in alllivingcells.

&itochondrion

a semiautonomous, self5replicatingorganelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, andsi*es inthe cytoplasm of virtually all euaryotic cells. It is the site

of tissuerespiration Conventionally,mitochondria are represented as elongated cylinders withadiameter of .0/. lm; however, in living cells they showgreat mobilityand plasticity, in some cells forming long, moving chainswhile in others being %xed in position near sites of high#$P consumption;e.g. in cardiac muscle they are paced between themyo%brilswhile in a sperm they are tightly wrapped around the2agellum.&ammalian hepatocytes each contain /-mitochondria, roughly - of the cell volume. #mitochondrionhas two functionally distinct membrane systems, the outer


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onecompletely surrounding the whole organelle and the inneronebeing infolded into cristae. $hese membrane systemsde%ne twocompartments the mitochondrial matrix and theintermembranespace. $he matrix contains en*ymes for the oxidation ofpyruvateand fatty acids and for the tricarboxylic5acid cycle; it alsocontainsthe mitochondrial !"# and the en*ymes and structuresnecessaryfor expression of the mitochondrial genes. $he innermembranecontains the en*ymes of the respiratory chain, #$Psynthetase, andspeci%c transport proteins. $he intermembrane spacecontains anumber of inases. $he outer membrane, which ispermeable tomolecules of up to / !a, contains monoamine oxidase,cytochromeb0, a number of transferases, and a fatty5acid elongationsystem. $he mitochondrion was formerly nown as achondriosomeand by numerous other names.

Crista any of the inward folds of the inner mitochondrialmembrane. $heir number, extent, and shape diFer in

mitochondriafrom diFerent tissues and organisms. $hey appear to bedevices for increasing the surface area of the innermitochondrialmembrane, where the en*ymes of electron transport andoxidativephosphorylation are found. $heir shape can vary with therespiratorystate of the mitochondria.

Chloroplast chlorophyll5containingplastid, found in cells of algae and higher plants, that isthe site ofphotosynthesis. Chloroplasts are characteri*ed by asystem of membranesembedded in a hydrophobic proteinaceous matrix, orstroma. $he basic unit of the membrane system is a

2attened singlevesicle called the thylakoid; thylaoids stac into grana'sing.granum(. #ll the thylaoids of a granum are connectedwith eachother, and the grana are connected by intergranallamellae. Chloroplastsare rich in various proteases 'e.g. serine, aspartic, #$P5dependent,light5activated, for oxidi*ed or photodamaged proteins,for traGcing of protein precursors into the plastids(.


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from translation of messenger @"# 'm@"#(. It consists ofone large and one small subunit, each containing onlyprotein and@"#. @ibosomes and their subunits are characteri*ed bytheir sedimentationcoeGcients, expressed in $%edberg units 'symbol


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Hlycosylation ofthe glycoproteins also continues. $he smooth E@ is the siteof synthesisof lipids, including the phospholipids. $he ma4ormembranephospholipids are phosphatidylcholines,phosphatidylethanolamines,phosphatidylserines, and sphingomyelins. $he E@ alsoproduces cholesterol, triacylglycerols, eicosanoids, andceramides,and contains en*ymes that catalyse reactions to detoxifylipid5solubledrugs and harmful products of metabolism. Karge6uantities ofcertain compounds such as phenobarbital cause anincrease in theamount of the smooth E@

&icrosome any of the small, heterogeneous, artefactual, vesicularparticles, 0/0 nm in diameter, that are formed whensome euaryoticcells are homogeni*ed and that sediment on centrifugationat /0 g. &icrosomes are formed mostly from disruptedendoplasmicreticulum membranes but some arise from the plasmamembrane.

$hose formed from rough endoplasmic reticulum arestuddedwith ribosomes on the outside 'rough microsomes(;those

formed from smooth endoplasmic reticulum and fromplasmamembrane have no adhering ribosomes 'smoothmicrosomes(.

Holgi#pparatus

a compoundmembranous cytoplasmic organelle of euaryotic cells,consistingof 2attened, ribosome5free vesicles arranged in a more orless regular stac. It diFers from the endoplasmicreticulum in oftenhaving slightly thicer membranes, appearing in sectionsas a characteristicshallow semicircle so that the convex side 'cis or entryface( abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granulesemergingfrom the concave side 'trans or exit face(. In vertebrate

cells there isusually one such organelle, while in invertebrates andplants, wherethey are nown usually as dictyosomes, there may beseveral scatteredin the cytoplasm. $he Holgi apparatus processes proteinsproducedon the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum;suchprocessing includes modi%cation of the coreoligosaccharides ofglycoproteins, and the sorting and pacaging of proteinsfor transportto a variety of cellular locations, e.g. to storage granules,lysosomes,or secretory vesicles. $he Holgi is a ma4or site of synthesis

ofpolysaccharides, including the pectin and hemicellulose ofthe plantcell wall and most of the glycosaminoglycans of theextracellularmatrix in animals. $hree diFerent regions are recogni*edin termsof structure and function cis, in the vicinity of the cis face,trans, inthe vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying betweenthe cis andtrans regions. hile the luminal proteins of theendoplasmic reticulumleave it together with the proteins to be secreted, they areretrievedfrom the cis networ and returned to the endoplasmicreticulum.


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$hus transport occurs in both directions. 'reeldin Ablocsprotein secretion through the Holgi but does not appear toblocthe return pathway. Galactosyltranserase is a mareren*yme for thetrans membranes while N-acetylglucosaminyltranseraseIII serves thisrole for the medial membranes.

Lacuole a closed structure, found only in euaryotic cells, that iscompletely surrounded by unit membrane and containsli6uid material.Plant cells contain a conspicuous vacuole, which may

occupyup to ?0 of the cell volume. In these cells it has a rolesimilar tothat of lysosomes of animal cells, being rich in hydrolyticen*ymes'especially various types of protease(. In seed reservetissues, speciali*edprotein storage vacuoles contain abundant storage proteindeposited during seed maturation. Apon germination, aspeci%cprotease is imported to supply amino acids to the newseedling.

Lesicle a closed structure, found only in euaryotic cells, that iscompletely surrounded by a unit membrane but, unlie a%acuole,contains material that is not 'or is not nown to be( in theli6uidstate.

&icrobody a cytoplasmic organelle, spherical or oval in shape, and.//.0 nm across, that is bounded by a single membraneand containsoxidative en*ymes, especially those utili*ing 3-O-.&icrobodiesinclude glyoysomes and peroisomes.

Peroxisome a type of euaryotic cell organelle that is rich in en*ymesthat act on or generate hydrogen peroxide, especially theen*ymescatalase, 'S(5-5hydroxy5acid oxidase, and !5amino5acidoxidase.Peroxisomes occur in mammalian idney and liver, and inyeasts and certain proto*oans. $hey contain over 0matrix en*ymesinvolved in degradation of very5long5chain, branched, orpolyunsaturated fatty acids, in the conversion ofcholesterol to bileacids, and in biosynthesis of other phospholipids andisoprene compounds.

$hey are particularly numerous in leaf photosynthetic cellsof plants, photosynthesi*ing via the Calvin 'C+( pathway; inplantsthey are closely associated with chloroplasts andmitochondria,which is consistent with their function in photorespiration

Hlyoxysome a cellular organelle, of density /.-0 gcm+, found in theorgans of fatty seedlings where fat is being converted to

carbohydrate.It contains the en*ymes of the glyoylate cycle and mostof theparticulate beta5oxidation activity.

Kysosome any of a group of related cytoplasmic, membrane5boundorganelles that are found in most animal cells and thatcontain a varietyof hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activitiesinthe p3 range 0=. $he contained en*ymes display latencyif properlyisolated. #bout 7 diFerent lysosomal hydrolases arenownand lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies andfunctions.


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Centrosome a structure occurring close to the nucleus duringinterphase

in many euaryotic cells. It comprises a pair of centrioles,satellite bodies, and a cytoplasmic *one from which themitotic microtubulespindle is organi*ed. $he structure of the centrosome inanimal cells changes continually during the cell-di%isioncycle. $heprotein PC&5/ recruits centrosomal proteins such ascentrin, pericentrin,ninein, and dynactin. On phosphorylation by Cd-, thecentrosomal nucleophosmin is released to initiatecentrosomal duplication.In some cells, lac of p0+ leads to multiple copies of thecentrosome being generated during a single cell cycle.

Centiole a cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in manyeuaryoticcells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubularwalls, +0 nm long and /-/0 nm in diameter. Itcontainsnine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular %brils, each%bril consistingof one complete microtubule fused to two incompletemicrotubules.Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles toeach other. #t division, each pair of centrioles generatesanotherpair and the twin pairs form the poles of the mitoticspindle.

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