Cell Energy Photosynthesis and Respiration

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Cell EnergyCell EnergyPhotosynthesis and RespirationPhotosynthesis and Respiration

Mark MayoMark Mayo

Cypress CollegeCypress College

Last update 9/16/13

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Photosynthesis Photosynthesis - building from light- building from light

DefinitionDefinition-the series -the series of chemical reactions of chemical reactions in which glucose is in which glucose is organized and organized and oxygen produced oxygen produced from carbon dioxide from carbon dioxide and water in the and water in the presence of presence of chlorophyll and chlorophyll and sunlightsunlight**

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cells that make cells that make their own food their own food are called are called producers or producers or autotrophsautotrophs

all organisms all organisms depend on the depend on the sunsun as their as their ultimate source ultimate source of energy of energy **

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general formula for photosynthesis general formula for photosynthesis

sunlightsunlight

6 CO6 CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O --------------> CO --------------> C66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22**

chlorophyllchlorophyll

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chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesischlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells

packed between layers of lipid called packed between layers of lipid called granagrana (a stack) (a stack) ** each layer within the each layer within the granagrana is called a is called a thylakoidthylakoid **

**

**

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ATP ATP – – adenosine triphosphateadenosine triphosphate

the energy transfer compound the energy transfer compound composed of three parts:composed of three parts:

adenineadenine (a type of base found in DNA) (a type of base found in DNA) riboseribose-a sugar (monosaccharide)-a sugar (monosaccharide) phosphatephosphate-an inorganic molecule associated -an inorganic molecule associated

with energy transfer with energy transfer

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AMP + Energy+ P = ADPAMP + Energy+ P = ADP ADP + Energy + P = ATPADP + Energy + P = ATP

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breaking ATP to ADP + P yields energy for breaking ATP to ADP + P yields energy for cell functions cell functions

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Light Reactions Light Reactions (AKA light dependent reactions) (AKA light dependent reactions) **

Sunlight + chlorophyll react to form energized Sunlight + chlorophyll react to form energized chlorophyll (energy carrier) chlorophyll (energy carrier)

Energized chlorophyll does Energized chlorophyll does twotwo (2) things: (2) things: 1. Splits water (H1. Splits water (H220) into 2H and 1 O0) into 2H and 1 O

the oxygen (O) combines tothe oxygen (O) combines toform diatomic molecules (Oform diatomic molecules (O22) and ) and

is released to the atmosphereis released to the atmosphere**This is the oxygen we breathe!This is the oxygen we breathe!

the hydrogen (H) is trapped bythe hydrogen (H) is trapped byNADP forming NADP forming NADPH which NADPH which is used in the DARK REACTIONSis used in the DARK REACTIONS

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Light ReactionsLight Reactions

NADPH looks like this when constructed NADPH looks like this when constructed in the biology labin the biology lab

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Energized chlorophyll does Energized chlorophyll does twotwo (2) (2) things:things: 2. Adds a Phosphate to ADP forming ATP 2. Adds a Phosphate to ADP forming ATP

which is which is used in the DARK REACTIONSused in the DARK REACTIONS

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Remember: Oxygen (ORemember: Oxygen (O22) is made and ) is made and

released during the released during the LIGHT reactionsLIGHT reactions**

NADPHNADPH** and ATP are made in the and ATP are made in the LIGHT reactionsLIGHT reactions and and sent to the DARK sent to the DARK reactionsreactions

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Dark ReactionsDark Reactions

Carbon dioxide (Carbon dioxide (COCO22) + RDP ==> Unstable 6 ) + RDP ==> Unstable 6

carbon sugarcarbon sugar Unstable 6 carbon sugar ==> 2 PGA moleculesUnstable 6 carbon sugar ==> 2 PGA molecules 2 PGA + NADPH2 PGA + NADPH** + ATP ==> 2 PGAL + ADP + ATP ==> 2 PGAL + ADP

+ P + NADP + P + NADP 2 PGAL can be converted to two substances:2 PGAL can be converted to two substances:

2 PGAL ==> 2 PGAL ==> glucoseglucose** (a monosaccharide sugar) (a monosaccharide sugar) ** 2 PGAL ==> RDP 2 PGAL ==> RDP

(which is recycled to the first step again)(which is recycled to the first step again)

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Overview of Overview of photosynthesisphotosynthesis

**

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Conditions for Conditions for PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Wavelength of the light is important!Wavelength of the light is important! any color other than green will cause any color other than green will cause

photosynthesisphotosynthesis green light is the worst colorgreen light is the worst color for photosynthesis for photosynthesis** the the best colors are usually violet and red best colors are usually violet and red

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Objects appear green because they Objects appear green because they REFLECT green light and ABSORB all REFLECT green light and ABSORB all other colorsother colors

Objects appear red because they Objects appear red because they REFLECT red and absorb all other colorsREFLECT red and absorb all other colors

Objects appear black because…Objects appear black because…** Objects appear white because…Objects appear white because…

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Englemann’s research proved this before Englemann’s research proved this before absorbance spectra were available absorbance spectra were available

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Temperature Temperature increases in temperature will increase increases in temperature will increase

photosynthesis (direct relationship)photosynthesis (direct relationship) enzymes needed for photosynthesis are enzymes needed for photosynthesis are

affected by temperatureaffected by temperature what happens as you sample the what happens as you sample the

QUANTITY of plant growth from the arctic to QUANTITY of plant growth from the arctic to the equator?the equator?

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ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis

The production of organic molecules from The production of organic molecules from inorganic substances without light (non-inorganic substances without light (non-photosynthetic)photosynthetic)

Some bacteria are capable of Some bacteria are capable of chemosynthesischemosynthesis usually found in the ground or on the ocean usually found in the ground or on the ocean

floorfloor some marine bacteria are capable of some marine bacteria are capable of

chemosynthesis chemosynthesis

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ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis

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Respiration Respiration – The Fire of Life– The Fire of Life

Formula for cellular respiration Formula for cellular respiration

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22 ---> 6 CO ---> 6 CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O + 38 ATPO + 38 ATP

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The aerobic respiration stage occurs within The aerobic respiration stage occurs within the mitochondrion the mitochondrion **

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respiration includes all of the chemical respiration includes all of the chemical processes in which energy is releasedprocesses in which energy is released

this is similar to the burning of wood, but this is similar to the burning of wood, but controlledcontrolled

respiration occurs at cell temperatures respiration occurs at cell temperatures because of enzymesbecause of enzymes

energy is released by oxidationenergy is released by oxidation the removal of hydrogen atomsthe removal of hydrogen atoms the addition of oxygen atoms the addition of oxygen atoms

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Respiration Respiration – The Fire of Life– The Fire of Life Respiration and Photosynthesis are Respiration and Photosynthesis are

complementarycomplementary

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Cellular Respiration - occurs in two main Cellular Respiration - occurs in two main stagesstages

1. 1. anaerobic stageanaerobic stage (without oxygen) (without oxygen) a. glucose ==> 2 pyruvic acidsa. glucose ==> 2 pyruvic acids

2. 2. aerobic stageaerobic stage (with oxygen) (with oxygen) a. 2 pyruvic acids ==> 2 acetic acidsa. 2 pyruvic acids ==> 2 acetic acids b. the two acetic acids enter the citric acid cycle b. the two acetic acids enter the citric acid cycle

(Kreb’s cycle)(Kreb’s cycle) c. after many steps 38 ATP molecules and carbon c. after many steps 38 ATP molecules and carbon

dioxide and water are the final products dioxide and water are the final products

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The total production is 38 ATP The total production is 38 ATP ** molecules, but it takes 2 ATP molecules molecules, but it takes 2 ATP molecules to accomplish thisto accomplish this

The NET energy production is 36 ATP The NET energy production is 36 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule molecules from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration during aerobic respiration **

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Fermentation Fermentation

A computerized diagram of a yeast in the process of budding

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FermentationFermentation

It is similar to respiration, but without oxygen It is similar to respiration, but without oxygen that produces very little energy that produces very little energy

After the usual anaerobic stage of respiration After the usual anaerobic stage of respiration there can be two different pathways for the there can be two different pathways for the pyruvic acid without oxygen:pyruvic acid without oxygen: 1. glucose can be metabolized to ethyl alcohol + 2 1. glucose can be metabolized to ethyl alcohol + 2

ATP (ATP (yeastyeast) (called ) (called alcoholic fermentationalcoholic fermentation))** 2. glucose can be metabolized to lactic acid + 2 ATP 2. glucose can be metabolized to lactic acid + 2 ATP

(human(human and animaland animal musclesmuscles**) (called ) (called lactic acidlactic acid** fermentationfermentation))

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alcoholic fermentation occurs during the alcoholic fermentation occurs during the production of bread and alcoholic production of bread and alcoholic beveragesbeverages

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lactic acid fermentationlactic acid fermentation

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lactic acid fermentation causes sore muscles lactic acid fermentation causes sore muscles when we over exercisewhen we over exercise

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Cell Energy Photosynthesis and Respiration