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Cell Biology: Cell Death
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Welcome...Key
Proteolysis
Autophagy
Proteolytic enzymes
Proteolytic inhibitors
Ubiquitination
Necrosis
Proteintech Group
ForewordBillions of cells go through the process of apoptosis – or programmed cell death – in the average human each day; it is a process of death necessary for life. The inhibition of apoptosis can result in a number of cancers, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. We have included a range of antibodies related to both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in this catalog. Our apoptosis signalling pathway can also be found in the centrefold (p11).
Another destructive process essential for health is autophagy. Though initially considered to be a form of non-apoptotic cell death, a consensus has emerged that autophagy, in reality, functions primarily to uphold cellular and organismal health and not exclusively cell death. You can find more about autophagy – one of cell biology’s most intriguing phenomena – in the focus articles in this catalog, including how it plays a role in cardiac health (p5) and how it may play a role in balance- sensing in mammals (p10). You can also fide a wide selection of our autophagy-related antibodies amongst these pages.As well as apoptosis, cell death can occur in several other ways such as necrosis and nerve excitotoxicity. These processes differ in nature from apoptosis and autophagy in that they are uncontrolled and lead to the lysis of cells, inflammatory responses and potentially, to serious health problems. As another important aspect of cell death, we have also included some of our antibodies relating to lytic death and proteolysis in this comprehensive selection of our cell death-related antibodies.
About UsSince our establishment in 2002 by research scientists, the team at Proteintech Group have set out to provide the research community with quality antibodies and unbeatable customer service; essentially, we strive towards a better antibody company every day. To help us achieve our goal we employ the following approaches: we make every single antibody that we sell, giving us complete control over production, quality, validation and distribution; our standard policy is to get your antibody to you the very next working day, so you can get important experiments done sooner; To top it all, we promise a guaranteed refund if you are dissatisfied with our antibodies in anyway – antibodies haven’t worked in your species or application of choice? No problem, we’ll refund the cost.
If you’re wondering how we can offer you such great terms, it’s simple; the answer lies in the science behind our antibodies. We make the majority of our antibodies using the whole protein as the antigen and purify them using antigen affinity purification; this process results in antibodies that recognize epitopes in a variety of conditions and can be used for a variety of species. As such, we are confident that you will find an antibody in our extensive catalog (catering for over 11,000 proteins!) to suit your needs – guaranteed. After all we are not satisfied unless you are; our success lies in your own.
Proteintech Group20667-1-AP
55140-1-AP
16926-1-AP
11924-1-AP
13212-1-AP
19677-1-AP
11856-1-AP
10198-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
CAMK2D
CAMK2G
CAPS
CAPS2
CARTPT
CASP3
CASP4
CASP6
11388-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
CHRNA6 (AChRα6)
12250-1-AP
20558-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
CAST
CBLN2
Stipanuk MH et al.,J Inherit Metab Dis .2011 Feb;34(1)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
14787-1-AP
CBS20636-1-AP
20396-1-AP
20833-1-AP
60180-1-Ig
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CCDC115
CCDC158
CCDC42
CD34
Li YW et al.,J Hepatol .2011 Mar;54(3)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
14486-1-AP
CD34
16669-1-AP
17617-1-AP
60181-1-Ig
21120-1-AP
12837-2-AP
12971-1-AP
16668-1-AP
10248-1-AP
10762-1-AP
13496-1-AP
10430-1-AP
13280-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IF
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CD3D
CD3E
CD3E
CD3G
CD3ζ (ZETA)
CD40
CD40LG
CD82
CDC2
CDH23
CDK5
CEND1
Liu H et al.,Eur J Pharmacol.2011Mar 11;654(3)
Zheng S et al.,PLoS One.2011;6(6)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
13423-1-AP
CASP8
Yang X et al.,J Proteome Res. 2010 Mar 5;9(3)
Wang WS et al.,Dis Esophagus .2010 Aug;23(6)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
10960-1-AP
CFL1
10529-1-AP
60135-1-Ig
14968-1-AP
12527-1-AP
12048-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
CHGA
CHGA
CHGB
CHMP2B
CHN1
Strunnikova NV et al.,Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jun 15;19(12)
Recent Publications
Qian J et al.,Genes Immun .2011 Apr;12(3)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11553-1-AP
CHRNB1 (AChRß)
10333-1-AP
13516-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
CHRNA3 (AChRα3)
CHRNA5 (AChRα5)
12247-1-AP
11823-1-AP
15137-1-AP
18713-1-AP
60177-1-Ig
20386-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
CHURC1
CIB1
CKB
CKB
CKM
CLN3
V Muresan et al., J Neurosci . 2009 Mar 18;29(11)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
12788-1-AP
CLSTN1
21657-1-AP
21073-1-AP
10796-1-AP
12777-1-AP
10967-1-AP
18301-1-AP
12738-1-AP
14754-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
CNGA3
CNN2
CNTFR
CNTN4
COIL
COL18A1
COL25A1
COMT
L Broadwater et al., Biochim Biophys Acta . 2011 May;1812(5):630-41
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
11418-1-AP
COX5B
13274-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
CPEB1
Webster MJ et al.,Int J Dev Neurosci. 2010 Oct 1
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10246-2-AP
CPLX1
21222-1-AP
12208-1-AP
60168-1-Ig
11211-1-AP
10317-1-AP
10317-1-AP
13474-1-AP
13997-1-AP
15808-1-AP
13760-1-AP
21009-1-AP
14388-1-AP
55027-1-AP
12245-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IF
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IF
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CPLX4
CREB1 (CBP)
CRH
CRIPT
CRMP1
CRMP1
CRY1
CRY2
CRYAB
CRYBB1
CRYBB3
CSNK1D
CSPG4
CST3
Johnson SL et al.,J Neurosci .2008 Jul 23;28(30)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10346-1-AP
CTBP2
13974-1-AP
17565-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ELISA,WB
CTNNA3
CTNNB1
Yao J et al.,PLoS One .2011;6(7)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Wei YJ et al.,Biomarkers .2008 Aug;13(5)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Eisenhofer G et al.,Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab .2008 Nov;295(5)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Karner CM et al.,Development .2011 Apr;138(7)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
14672-1-AP
15127-1-AP
10282-1-AP
20681-1-AP
14269-1-AP
15633-1-AP
13911-1-AP
19492-1-AP
10791-1-AP
17585-1-AP
10778-1-AP
17987-1-AP
55026-1-AP
16571-1-AP
10176-2-AP
60072-1-Ig
15910-1-AP
65004-1-Ig
60171-1-Ig
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono
Mouse Mono
ELISA,WB,IF
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC, IF
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
SEPT11
AAAS
AATF
ABCA2
ABCG4
ACOT2
ADAP1
ADCY3
ADD1
ADD3
ADM
ADNP
ADORA1
AHSG
AKT1
AKT1
ALDH1A1
ALDH1A1
ALDH1A1
11678-1-AP
10171-1-AP
12149-1-AP
21215-1-AP
14418-1-AP
55187-1-AP
16836-1-AP
14676-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ARPP-19
ARRB2
ATL (SP3GA)
ATOH1
ATP1A1
ATP1A1
ATP1A2
ATP5A1
ND Amin et al., J Neurosci. 2008 Apr 2;28(14)Recent Publications
11631-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
12526-1-AP
13177-1-AP
19782-1-AP
11643-1-AP
12305-2-AP
15041-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
APBB1
APBB2
APC
APH1A
APLP1
APLP2
SEPT5
13379-1-AP
AMPH
10154-2-AP
ANXA7
10520-1-AP
APOD
16290-1-AP
ARC
16608-1-AP
10524-1-AP
12639-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCAPOF
APP (Aß42)
APPL1
ARHGAP26
ARHGEF4
ARHGEF7 (PAK7)
ARHGEF9
17747-1-AP
55213-1-AP
14092-1-AP
20042-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
Sang L et al.,Cell .2011 May 13;145(4)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
15693-1-AP
ATXN10
Lu CM et al.,Proteome Sci .2011 Apr 8;9(1)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
13399-1-AP
AZGP1
A Gentilella et al., J Biol Chem , 2011 et al., 286(11):9205-15
Kettern N. et al., PLoS One , 2011;6(1)e16398Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10599-1-AP
BAG3
Q Zi et al.,Neurochem Int et al ., 2011 Jun 11
Cui T et al., Brain Res et al., 2011 et al., 1394:1-13Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11306-1-AP
BECN1
21776-1-AP
16541-1-AP
20540-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WBATXN2
AXIN1
AXIN2
16321-1-AP
14018-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
BACE2
BACH1
11087-2-AP
14673-1-AP
11613-1-AP
17465-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
BAIAP2
BAK1
BCL11A
BDNF
Morita T et al.,J Biol Chem .2009 Oct 2;284(40)Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11589-1-AP
BRSK2
12688-1-AP
20186-1-AP
10508-1-AP
19119-1-AP
14941-1-AP
16461-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ELISA,WB
BHLHE41
BIN3
BIRC5
BIRC5
BLMH
BPNT1
11989-1-AP
16330-1-AP
11602-1-AP
14335-1-AP
15660-1-AP
14479-1-AP
20887-1-AP
13730-1-AP
11533-1-AP
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
BSG
BTD
C1QA
CADM1
CADM3
CALB1
CALD1
CAMK2A
CAMK2B
AAAS CTNNB1
4-5 Focus AntibodiesWe overview apoptosis and recommend some apoptosis-related antibodies, the role of GABARAPL1 in cardiac health and our cIAP1 (BIRC2) antibody.
10 Focus AntibodiesWe have an interesting article on autophagy and balance-sensing in mice.
Validation6-9 A2M-HTRRA1The first section of our cell death and degradation-related antibody selection. Published antibodies are highlighted.
Here at Proteintech we like to give you as much information as we can. This key will help you find the antibodies key to your research area:
Apoptosis
11 Signal PathwaysOur apoptosis pathway illustration can be found here too!
12-18 HTRA2-ZNF346The second section of our cell death and degradation-related antibody selection. Published antibodies are highlighted.
Proteintech Group
20667-1-AP 55140-1-AP
16926-1-AP 11924-1-AP
13212-1-AP19677-1-AP
11856-1-AP10198-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC ELISA,WB,IHC
CAMK2D CAMK2G
CAPS
CAPS2
CARTPT
CASP3
CASP4
CASP6
11388-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
CHRNA6 (AChRα6)
12250-1-AP20558-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
CAST
CBLN2
Stipanuk MH et al.,J Inherit Metab Dis .2011 Feb;34(1)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
14787-1-AP
CBS
20636-1-AP 20396-1-AP
20833-1-AP 60180-1-Ig
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit PolyMouse Mono
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CCDC115 CCDC158
CCDC42
CD34
Li YW et al.,J Hepatol .2011 Mar;54(3)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
14486-1-AP
CD34
16669-1-AP 17617-1-AP
60181-1-Ig 21120-1-AP
12837-2-AP 12971-1-AP
16668-1-AP 10248-1-AP
10762-1-AP 13496-1-AP
10430-1-AP 13280-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IFELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CD3D
CD3E
CD3E
CD3G
CD3ζ (ZETA) CD40
CD40LG
CD82
CDC2
CDH23
CDK5
CEND1
Liu H et al.,Eur J Pharmacol.2011Mar 11;654(3)
Zheng S et al.,PLoS One.2011;6(6)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
13423-1-AP
CASP8
Yang X et al.,J Proteome Res. 2010 Mar 5;9(3)
Wang WS et al.,Dis Esophagus .2010 Aug;23(6)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
10960-1-AP
CFL1
10529-1-AP 60135-1-Ig
14968-1-AP 12527-1-AP
12048-1-AP
Rabbit PolyMouse Mono
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
CHGA
CHGA
CHGB
CHMP2B
CHN1
Strunnikova NV et al.,Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Jun 15;19(12)
Recent Publications
Qian J et al.,Genes Immun .2011 Apr;12(3)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11553-1-AP
CHRNB1 (AChRß)
10333-1-AP 13516-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
CHRNA3 (AChRα3)
CHRNA5 (AChRα5)
12247-1-AP 11823-1-AP
15137-1-AP 18713-1-AP
60177-1-Ig 20386-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
CHURC1
CIB1
CKB
CKB
CKM
CLN3
V Muresan et al., J Neurosci . 2009 Mar 18;29(11)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
12788-1-AP
CLSTN1
21657-1-AP 21073-1-AP
10796-1-AP 12777-1-AP
10967-1-AP 18301-1-AP
12738-1-AP14754-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IFELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
CNGA3
CNN2
CNTFR
CNTN4
COIL
COL18A1 COL25A1
COMT
L Broadwater et al., Biochim Biophys Acta . 2011 May;1812(5):630-41
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC,IF
11418-1-AP
COX5B
13274-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
CPEB1
Webster MJ et al.,Int J Dev Neurosci. 2010 Oct 1
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10246-2-AP
CPLX1
21222-1-AP 12208-1-AP
60168-1-Ig 11211-1-AP
10317-1-AP 10317-1-AP
13474-1-AP 13997-1-AP
15808-1-AP 13760-1-AP
21009-1-AP 14388-1-AP
55027-1-AP 12245-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Mouse Mono Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IFELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IFELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
CPLX4
CREB1 (CBP) CRH
CRIPT
CRMP1
CRMP1
CRY1
CRY2
CRYAB
CRYBB1
CRYBB3
CSNK1D
CSPG4
CST3
Johnson SL et al.,J Neurosci .2008 Jul 23;28(30)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10346-1-AP
CTBP2
13974-1-AP 17565-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC,IFELISA,WB
CTNNA3 CTNNB1
Yao J et al.,PLoS One .2011;6(7)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Wei YJ et al.,Biomarkers .2008 Aug;13(5)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Eisenhofer G et al.,Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab .2008 Nov;295(5)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
Karner CM et al.,Development .2011 Apr;138(7)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
14672-1-AP 15127-1-AP
10282-1-AP 20681-1-AP
14269-1-AP 15633-1-AP
13911-1-AP19492-1-AP
10791-1-AP 17585-1-AP
10778-1-AP 17987-1-AP
55026-1-AP 16571-1-AP
10176-2-AP 60072-1-Ig
15910-1-AP 65004-1-Ig
60171-1-Ig
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Mouse Mono
Rabbit Poly Mouse Mono
Mouse Mono
ELISA,WB,IFELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC ELISA,WB,IHC, IF
ELISA,WB,IHC,IF ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHC ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
SEPT11
AAAS
AATF
ABCA2
ABCG4
ACOT2
ADAP1
ADCY3
ADD1
ADD3
ADM
ADNP
ADORA1
AHSG
AKT1
AKT1
ALDH1A1 ALDH1A1
ALDH1A1
11678-1-AP 10171-1-AP
12149-1-AP 21215-1-AP
14418-1-AP 55187-1-AP
16836-1-AP14676-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHC ELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB,IHC,IF
ARPP-19
ARRB2
ATL (SP3GA) ATOH1
ATP1A1
ATP1A1
ATP1A2
ATP5A1
ND Amin et al., J Neurosci. 2008 Apr 2;28(14)
Recent Publications
11631-1-AP Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
12526-1-AP13177-1-AP
19782-1-AP 11643-1-AP
12305-2-AP15041-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
APBB1
APBB2
APC
APH1A
APLP1
APLP2
SEPT5
13379-1-AP
AMPH
10154-2-AP
ANXA7
10520-1-AP
APOD
16290-1-AP
ARC
16608-1-AP 10524-1-AP
12639-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
APOF
APP (Aß42) APPL1
ARHGAP26 ARHGEF4
ARHGEF7 (PAK7)ARHGEF9
17747-1-AP 55213-1-AP
14092-1-AP20042-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
Sang L et al.,Cell .2011 May 13;145(4)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
15693-1-AP
ATXN10
Lu CM et al.,Proteome Sci .2011 Apr 8;9(1)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
13399-1-AP
AZGP1
A Gentilella et al., J Biol Chem , 2011 et al., 286(11):9205-15
Kettern N. et al., PLoS One , 2011;6(1)e16398
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB
10599-1-AP
BAG3
Q Zi et al.,Neurochem Int et al ., 2011 Jun 11
Cui T et al., Brain Res et al., 2011 et al., 1394:1-13
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11306-1-AP
BECN1
21776-1-AP 16541-1-AP
20540-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ATXN2
AXIN1
AXIN2
16321-1-AP 14018-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
BACE2
BACH1
11087-2-AP 14673-1-AP
11613-1-AP 17465-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB
BAIAP2
BAK1
BCL11A
BDNF
Morita T et al.,J Biol Chem .2009 Oct 2;284(40)
Recent Publications
Rabbit Poly ELISA,WB,IHC
11589-1-AP
BRSK2
12688-1-AP 20186-1-AP
10508-1-AP 19119-1-AP
14941-1-AP16461-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC,IFELISA,WB
BHLHE41 BIN3
BIRC5
BIRC5
BLMH
BPNT1
11989-1-AP 16330-1-AP
11602-1-AP 14335-1-AP
15660-1-AP 14479-1-AP
20887-1-AP13730-1-AP
11533-1-AP
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly Rabbit Poly
Rabbit Poly
ELISA,WB,IHCELISA,WB,IHC
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB
ELISA,WB,IHC
BSG
BTD
C1QA
CADM1
CADM3
CALB1
CALD1
CAMK2A
CAMK2B
AAAS CTNNB1
Cleavage of
caspase substrates
DNA
Survival
Genes
Degradation
Intrinsic
Pathway
Stress Signals
DNA
Death
genes
MITOCHONDRIA
Survival
Factors
Ca2+- induced
Cell Death Pathways
Extrinsic Pathway
Death Ligand
Apoptosis, derived from the Greek word for “falling off” or “dropping
off” (like leaves from a tree), is defined by distinct morphological
and biochemical changes. These changes are mediated by a family
of cysteine aspartic acid-specific proteases (caspases), which are
expressed as inactive precursors or zymogens (pro-caspases) and
are proteolytically processed to an active state following an apoptotic
stimulus. To date, 14 mammalian caspases have been identified and
these can be roughly divided into three functional groups: apoptosis
initiators (including caspase-2, -9, -8, -10), apoptosis effectors
(including caspase-3, -6, -7), and cytokine maturation caspases
(including caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, -12, -13, -14).
Apoptosis
Signaling Pathway
For more information on all the antibodies featured here or to view
our extensive catalog, visit www.ptglab.com
Proteintech Group
Focus Antibodies
Apoptosis, derived from the Greek word for “falling off” or “dropping off”, is defined by distinct morphological and biochemical changes in the cell. These changes are mediated by a family of cysteine aspartic acid-specific proteases or caspases, which are expressed as inactive precursors or zymogens (pro-caspases) and are proteolytically processed to an active state following an apoptotic stimulus. To date, 14 mammalian caspases have been identified and these can be roughly divided into three functional groups: apoptosis initiators (including caspase-2, -9, -8 and -10), apoptosis effectors (including caspase-3, -6 and -7), and cytokine maturation caspases (including caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, -12, -13 and -14).
Extrinsic pathwayCaspases may be activated by an extrinsic pathway or by an intrinsic pathway. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by the binding of transmembrane death receptors (Fas, TNF receptor, and TRAIL receptor) with their respective ligands (FasL, TNF, and TRAIL) to activate membrane-
proximal caspases (caspase-8 and -10), which in turn cleave and activate effector caspases such as caspase-3 and -7. This pathway can be regulated by FLIP, which inhibits upstream initiator caspases, and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), which affect both initiator and effector caspases.
Intrinsic pathway – the role of mitochondriaThe intrinsic pathway requires disruption of the mitochondrial membrane and the release of mitochondrial proteins, such as cytochrome c. Cytochrome c released from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytoplasm, works together with the other two cytosolic protein factors, Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease activating factor-1) and procaspase-9, to promote the assembly of a caspase-activating complex termed the apoptosome, which in return induces activation of caspase-9 and thereby initiates the apoptotic caspase cascade.
Control of cytochrome c releaseThe primary regulatory step for mitochondrial-mediated caspase activation (the intrinsic pathway) is at the level of cytochrome c release. The known regulators of cytochrome c release are the Bcl-2 family proteins. The mammalian Bcl-2 family can be divided into pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members. The pro-apoptotic members include Bax and Bad. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members include Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic molecules blocks cytochrome c release in response to a variety of apoptotic stimuli. On the contrary, the pro- apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins promote cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.
Cross-talkThere is considerable cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. For example, caspase- 8 can proteolytically activate Bid, which then facilitates the release of cytochrome c and amplifies the apoptotic signal following death receptor activation. Most anticancer agents either directly induce DNA damage or indirectly induce secondary stress-responsive signaling pathways to trigger
Keywords: apoptosis, Bcl, caspase, CytC, extrinsic pathway, FADD, FAS, FLIP, intrinsic pathway, TRAIL
apoptosis by activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and some can simultaneously activate the extrinsic receptor pathway.
Apoptosis and chemotherapyMost chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, and many similarities exist in cellular response to drug-induced apoptosis, regardless of their primary target. Defects in apoptosis signaling commonly contribute to the resistance of tumors to chemotherapy.
Proteintech stock a wide range of apoptosis-related antibodies and are adding more to our catalog all the time, browse the catalog for more of our apoptosis related antibodies.
Apoptosis – The Basics
Related Antibodies:
cIAP2 (BIRC3)
CASP2 CASP3 CASP9 TRAILR4
CASP2 CASP3 CASP4 CASP6CASP8 CASP9 CASP10 CASP12 cIAP1 (BIRC2) cIAP2 (BIRC3) FASFAS TNFR1 TRAIL TRAIL TRAILR4 TRAILR2
rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal:rabbit polyclonal: mouse monoclonal:rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: rabbit polyclonal: mouse monoclonal:
10436-1-AP19677-1-AP11856-1-AP10198-1-AP13423-1-AP10380-1-AP 14311-1-AP 55238-1-AP 10022-1-AP10058-1-AP 13098-1-AP60196-1-Ig 21574-1-AP 10399-1-AP 17235-1-AP 16781-1-AP 65046-1-Ig
Published antibodies.Here are some of our cell death related antibodies:Look out for the to quickly find all of our published antibodies
Turn the page to browse a selection of cell death related antibodies.
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are a family of anti-apoptotic regulators found in viruses and metazoans. c-IAP1 (10022-1-AP) and c-IAP2 (10058-1-AP) are recruited to tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1-associated complexes, such as activated CD40 receptors (12971-1-AP), where they can regulate receptor-mediated signaling and the degradation of TNFR associated factors (TRAFs). CD40 is a member of the TNFR superfamily and is responsible for the efficient activation of cell- mediated and humoral immune responses via activated T cells and B cells respectively.
Our c-IAP1 antibody has featured in various publications investigating CD40 signaling [1-2] FAS- mediated apoptosis in human leukemia T-cells [3] and NFκB activation [2-3]. The most recent paper [1], published in the Journal of
Immunology last year, looks into the signaling properties of a variant form of human CD40 receptor. Authors Anna Peters and Gail Bishop had previously identified this as a gain-of-function allele producing a proline-to-alanine amino acid substitution at position 227 of CD40 (hCD40-P227A). In the current study the authors show that hCD40-P227A binds more TRAF3 (amongst other associated proteins) than wild-type CD40, yet both forms of the receptor bind similar amounts of cIAP1. As a result of higher TRAF3 binding, CD40 signalling changes dramatically causing hyperactivity of the JNK stress/inflammatory response pathway.
Autophagy is a pathway for the degradation and recycling of long-lived proteins and cytoplasmic organelles through the lysosome and plays an important role in homeostasis and cell survival. It is required for normal cardiac function and has also been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Two recent publications have investigated autophagy in cardiomyocytes and the Proteintech GABARAPL1 rabbit polyclonal antibody has played a key role in this work.
The GABA (A) receptor-associated protein-like 1 (GABARA-PL1) was first described as an estrogen regulated gene which shares a high sequence homology with the gabarap gene. It interacts with the GABAA receptor and tubulin and promotes tubulin polymerization. Previous work has demonstrated that the GABARAP family members (GABARAP, LC3, GATE-16 and Atg8) are not only involved in the transport of proteins or vesicles but are also implicated in various mechanisms such cell death, cell proliferation and autophagy; during autophagy GABARAPL1 associates with autophagic vesicles and is a useful marker of the autophagic process. These properties of GABARAPL1 have recently been utilized in the study of autophagy in cardiomyocytes.
FoxO induces GABARAPL1 expressionKatherine Yutzey’s team at the Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center, Ohio, US investigated the role of the FoxO transcrip-tion factor in regulating autophagy and cell size in cardio-myocytes. They report that FoxO overexpression reduces cardiomyocyte cell size and induces expression of autophagy pathway markers such as GABARAPL1 and ATG12. Induction
of GABARAPL1 expression was shown by confocal micros-copy. They also found that FoxO was directly responsible for GABARAPL1 induction, as the GABRAPL1 promoter was identified as a FoxO binding site through chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) experiments [1].
Down-regulation of autophagy after mechanical unloading in heartKassiotis et al, report in Circulation that markers of autophagy are down-regulated in failing human hearts after mechanical unloading. Mechanical unloading involves a medical device assisting the heart and means a decreased energy demand from the failing heart. The researchers found that protein expression levels of GABARAPL1, ATG5 and ATG12 were all reduced under mechanical loading conditions, as measured by quantitative western blotting. The authors suggest that au-tophagy may be an adaptive mechanism in the failing heart and that this phenomenon is attenuated by mechanical unloading [2].
Cardiac autophagy and GABARAPL1
Keywords: apoptosis, Bcl, caspase, CytC, extrinsic pathway, FADD, FAS, FLIP, intrinsic pathway, TRAIL
Related Antibodies:
GABARAPL1ATG5ATG12ATG7ATG6
Rabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonal
11010-1-AP10181-2-AP11122-1-AP10088-2-AP11306-1-AP
Related Publications
A. Sengupta et al., J. Biol. Chem., 284, 41 (2009)C. Kassiotis et al., Circulation, 120, S1 (2009)
Related Antibodies:
CD40cIAP1 (BIRC2)cIAP2 (BIRC3)FASFASTNFR1TRAF1TRAF3TRAF4TRAF5TRAF6TRAF7
Rabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalmouse monoclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonal
12971-1-AP10022-1-AP10058-1-AP13098-1-AP60196-1-Ig21574-1-AP11543-1-AP18099-1-AP10083-2-AP12868-1-AP12809-1-AP11780-1-AP
Related Publications
Peters AL and Bishop GA, J Immunol. 2010;185(11):6555-62Hostager BS, Fox DK, Whitten D et al., PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e11380Akao Y, Nakagawa Y, Iio A et al., Leuk Res. 2009;33(11):1530-8.Varfolomeev E, Goncharov T, Fedorova AV et al., J Biol Chem. 2008;283(36):24295-9.
Our cIAP1 (BIRC2) antibody: aiding research on the CD40 signaling complex
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.2.
If the antibody you’re looking for is not here, please check our website.
Proteintech Group
Recent Publications
Richards JB et al.,PLoS Genet.,2009;5(12):e1000768Recent Publications
Roy R et al.,J Biol Chem.,2011 Apr 14Frohlich C et al.,Mol Cancer Res.,2011 Aug 29
Recent PublicationsLi J et al.,J Virol.,2011 Jul;85(13):6319- 33Chen X et al.,J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci.,2011 Apr;31(2):235- 40
Chen W et al.,Biochem Pharmacol.,2010 Jul 15;80(2):247-54Recent Publications
Iwasawa R et al.,EMBO J.,2011 Feb 2;30(3):556-68Recent Publications
Recent Publications
Yu JQ et al.,Cancer Epidemiol.,2011 Sep 19Zhang J et al.,Cancer.,2011 Jan 1;117(1):86-95
If the antibody you’re looking for is not here, please check our website.
Recent PublicationsLiu H et al.,Eur J Pharmacol.,2011 Mar 11;654(3):209-16Zheng S et al.,PLoS One.,2011;6(6):e21064
Peters AL et al.,J Immunol.,2010 Dec 1;185(11):6555-62 Hostager BS et al.,PLoS One.,2010;5(6):e11380
Recent Publications
Tang F et al.,PLoS One.,2011;6(9):e24367Recent Publications
Wang B et al.,Genes Dev.,2009 Mar 15;23(6):729-39Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsLiu H et al.,Eur J Pharmacol.,2011 Mar 11;654(3):209-16Chen W et al.,Biochem Pharmacol.,2010 Jul 15;80(2):247-54
Recent PublicationsLee KJ et al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,2010 Sep 3;399(4):711-5Hohberger B et al.,FEBS Lett.,2009 Feb 18;583(4):633-7
Rahman SM et al.,Cancer Res.,2011 Apr 15;71(8):3009-3017Recent Publications
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Proteintech Group
Aggarwal P et al.,Cancer Cell.,2010 Oct 19;18(4):329-40Recent Publications
Porter TD et al.,Drug Metab Dispos.,2011 Mar 2Recent Publications
Weitzel DH et al.,Cell Signal.,2011 Jan;23(1):297-303Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsSong S et al.,J Pharmacol Exp Ther.,2011 Sep 13Ben Sahra I et al.,Cancer Res.,2011 May 3
Zhang J et al.,Mol Cancer.,2010;9:211Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsChopy D et al.,J Virol.,2011 Apr 27Furr SR et al.,J Neurovirol.,2008;14(6):503-13
Nakamura Y et al.,Mol Cell Biol.,2011 May 16Recent Publications
Yang M et al.,Environ Mol Mutagen.,2008 Jun;49(5):368-73Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsZhao X et al.,Neurosci Lett.,2010 Jul 26;479(2):175-9Insinna C et al.,Neural Dev.,2010 Apr 22;5(1):12
Labitzke EM et al.,Arch Biochem Biophys.,2007 Dec 1;468(1):70-81Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsKozawa E et al.,Arthritis Rheum.,2011 Oct 3
If the antibody you’re looking for is not here, please check our website.
Xi L et al.,J Cell Mol Med.,2011 Jan 20Recent Publications
Griffitts J et al.,J Lipid Res.,2009 Apr;50(4):611-22Recent Publications
Cheng K et al.,J Neurosci.,2011 Aug 17;31(33):11905-13Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsShirendeb U et al.,Hum Mol Genet.,2011 Apr 1;20(7):1438-55Calkins M et al.,Hum Mol Genet.,2011 Aug 25
Recent PublicationsChen W et al.,Biochem Pharmacol.,2010 Jul 15;80(2):247-54
Recent PublicationsOkae H et al.,Dev Dyn.,2010 Apr;239(4):1089-101Haider NB et al.,Exp Eye Res.,2009 Sep;89(3):365-72
Nagpal JK et al.,Mod Pathol.,2008 Aug;21(8):979-91Recent Publications
Wang AL et al.,PLoS One.,2009;4(4):e5304Recent Publications
Li P et al.,Cell Mol Life Sci.,2010 Sep;67(18):3197-208Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsShu L et al.,AAPS J.,2011 Sep 22
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Proteintech Group
A research paper featuring two Protein-tech antibodies (Lc3a - 12135-1-AP - and Atg8 - 11010-1-AP) released in July 2010 shed light on how far the reaches of the autophagic process might go – that is beyond the recycling and degradation of cellular material to the higher order functions of mammals such as balance-sensing in mice.
Autophagy is a cellular, degradative process required for cellular homeostasis and organismal viability in all eukary-otes. This process breaks down interior cell structures – such as defective organelles or internalized pathogens – that are generally too large for other degradative systems.
The process of autophagy engulfs portions of the cell by a double-membrane vesicle called an “autophagosome” – in response to a variety of internal or external instructions – and followed by its fusion with a lysosome containing all the necessary degradative machinery, namely acidic hydrolases. The former’s content and inner membrane are then de-graded by the hydrolases and lysosomal acidic environment. Essentially, autophagy is a cell janitor or caretaker, sweep-ing away any unwanted cellular components or anything that might otherwise cause the cell damage.
When regulated properly, autophagy is a process that promotes normal cellular and developmental processes, whereas its malfunction leads to an array of human diseases and contributes to aging. However, work published last year in The Journal of Clinical Investigation[1] suggests the influence of autophagy extends beyond the cellular level and may have a role in higher-order processes of organismal physiology – in other words, maintenance of cell homeostasis might not be the only balancing act in which autophagy plays a role...
“Unbalanced” miceA team lead by Carlos López-Otín at the University of Oviedo, Spain [1], investigated a novel role for autophagy in mouse sense of balance – or equilibrioception, to give it its more technical name. At the molecular level, the researchers noted that mice deficient in autophagin-1 protease (Atg4b–/–), encoded by the Atg4b gene, had increased levels of p62 protein along with an accumulation of ubiquitinylated (degradation-marked) proteins when compared to control mice. (p62 protein levels negatively correlate with autophagic flux and are a good indication of reduced autophagy.)
López-Otín and colleagues subsequently discovered that autophagy reduction in these mice occurred through defective proteolytic processing of the autophagosome component LC3; ultimately, this compromised the rate of autophagosome maturation. Yet, it was not the molecular changes that most struck the researchers about the mutant mice, it was their behavior. They not only had substantial reduction of autophagic activity, but also displayed some unusual behavioral patterns, characteristic of inner-ear disorders.
López-Otín and his fellow researchers noted that Atg4b-null mice maintained a tilted position of the head, adopted circling behaviors and had a tendency to crawl and walk
“Unbalanced” mice tip the balance on autophagy
backwards when placed outside their cages. Themice also to routinely failed both balance testing on a rota-rod tread-mill and swim tests, (all unsuccessful mice were saved from drowning in the latter case!)
An unusual discoveryInvestigating a variety of potential explanations, the Oviedo team found that the mice did not exhibit defects such as increased apoptosis or show any signs of central nervous system damage which might explain their “unbalanced” behavior. Neither did they find any gross morphological defects upon examination of the middle- and inner-ear. However, upon closer inspection of the Atg4b–/– inner-ear, they found defects in the development of the otoconia – very useful and fascinating components of the balance system in the inner ear.
Otoconia are small, organic crystals of calcium carbonate that coat the saccule and utricle of the equilibriocep-tion vestibular system. They are required for the spatial detection of gravity and linear acceleration, stimulating the cilia of the saccule and utricle epithelium by their move-ment relative to their surrounding, gelatinous supporting substrate called the cupula. The importance of otoconia in balance-sensing is apparent in people with benign paroxys-mal positional vertigo (BPPV). BPPV is a disorder in which the changing of the head’s position with respect to gravity leads to sudden vertigo; it results from the dislodging of otoconia from the saccule and utricle and their becoming trapped in other vestibular structures of the inner-ear.
What López-Otín and his colleagues found in the case of Atg4b–/– mice was that many totally lacked otoconia in the utricle and saccule, whereas others presented mildly abnormal or giant otoconia. Utricular and saccular regions from affected Atg4b–/– mice presented an accumulation of abnormal extracellular vesicle-like structures thought to be the precursors of mature otoconial crystals. This indicated
that the mice had problems secreting the necessary otoco-nial core proteins into the vestibular lumen. This prompted López-Otín and his team to look at alterations in vesicle sorting complexes and whether aberrations in autophagy might affect their workings.
Solving the puzzleThe Oviedo team was given clues on where to begin their search by previously established murine models of balance disorders, well-characterized for their underlying muta-tions. Some of these strains showed otoconial abnormali-ties due to deficiencies in components of the Bloc-1 and Ap-3 vesicle sorting complexes [2] and it was these two protein complexes that now came under scrutiny in the López-Otín lab’s studies. When the lab pharmacologically inhibited autophagy in cell lines lacking either Atg4b–/– and Atg5–/– for prolonged periods of time, they found a clear reduction in the mRNA levels of several subunits of both Bloc-1 and Ap-3. Consistent with this finding, other researchers had recently proposed a role for autophagy in melanogenesis, another process for which the activity of Ap-3 and Bloc-1 sorting complexes are essential [3].
With this work, López-Otín and his lab have not only uncovered new features of balance-sensing in higher mam-mals but also, fundamentally, they have emphasized a role for autophagy that extends beyond the individual cell. As peer researchers Andreas Till andSuresh Subramanifrom University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, write in their ensuing review: “The intriguing aspect of this work is that an autophagy block impairs the secretion and assembly of otoconial proteins, emphasizing a role for autophagy in functions distinct from macromolecule degradation.” [4]
Related Antibodies:
Lc3Atg8
Rabbit polyclonalRabbit polyclonal
12135-1-AP11010-1-AP
Related Publications
Keywords: Autophagy, Autophagosome, Atg8, LC3, mouse models, balance-sensing, equilibrioception, p62, otoconia,
G Mariño et al., J Clin Invest.2010 Jul 1120(7)2331-44JS Bonifacino, Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1038:103–114.AK Ganesan et al., PLoS Genet. 2008;4(12):e1000298.A Till and S Subramani, J Clin Invest. 2010;120(7):2273–2276.
1.2.3.4.
Cleavage ofcaspase substrates
DNA
SurvivalGenes
APOPTOSIS
Degradation
DNA damage
IntrinsicPathway
Stress Signals
SURVIVAL
DNA
Deathgenes
Ca2+ rises,ER Stress
SURVIVALFACTORS
Ca2+- inducedCell Death Pathways
Extrinsic PathwayDeath Ligand
Apoptosis, derived from the Greek word for “falling off” or “dropping off” (like leaves from a tree), is defined by distinct morphological and biochemical changes. These changes are mediated by a family of cysteine aspartic acid-specific proteases (caspases), which are expressed as inactive precursors or zymogens (pro-caspases) and are proteolytically processed to an active state following an apoptotic stimulus. To date, 14
mammalian caspases have been identified and these can be roughly divided into three functional groups: apoptosis initiators (including caspase-2, -9, -8, -10), apoptosis effectors (including caspase-3, -6, -7), and cytokine maturation caspases (including caspase-1, -4, -5, -11, -12, -13, -14).
AIF
Proteintech Group
Recent PublicationsDang L et al.,Nature.,2009 Dec 10;462(7274):739-44Ogihara T et al.,J Biol Chem.,2010 Feb 19;285(8):5392-404
Recent PublicationsChen G et al.,Oncogene.,2010 Mar 11;29(10):1498-508 Wang Y et al.,Clin Cancer Res.,2007 Jul 15;13(14):4111-6
Recent PublicationsLi J et al.,Carcinogenesis.,2008 Jul;29(7):1373-9Tzouvelekis A et al.,Respir Res.,2009;10:14
Recent PublicationsBehbahani H et al.,Neurochem Int.,2010 Nov;57(6):668-75 Chandiramani N et al.,PLoS One.,2011;6(1):e14485
Recent Publications
Nin M et al.,J Dermatol Sci.,2009 Apr;54(1):17-24Recent Publications
Zheng J et al.,J Neurochem.,2011 Apr;117(1):143-53Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsLin CL et al.,Chin Med J (Engl).,2005 Jan 5;118(1):20-6
If the antibody you’re looking for is not here, please check our website.
Recent PublicationsGao C et al.,Med Oncol.,2011 Sep 11
13
Recent Publications
Rodríguez-Navarro JA et al.,Hum Mol Genet.,2008 Oct 15;17(20):3128-43 Yang JY et al.,BMC Cancer.,2010;10:388
Cunha IW et al.,Transl Oncol.,2010 Feb;3(1):23-32Recent Publications
Du R et al.,J Proteome Res.,2010 Apr 5;9(4):1805-21Recent Publications
Recent Publications
Cocas LA et al.,J Neurosci.,2011 Apr 6;31(14):5313-5324 Teissier A et al.,Cereb Cortex.,2011 Jun 10
Li H et al.,Cancer Lett.,2010 Nov 28;297(2):198-206Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsOverton JD et al.,J Biol Chem.,2011 Apr 1Jiao J et al.,Biochim Biophys Acta.,2009 Oct;1792(10):1027-35
Zhang H et al.,Mol Cell Biochem.,2011 May 18Recent Publications
Wei Y et al.,J Cell Mol Med.,2010 Mar 9Yuan G et al.,Cell Signal.,2008 Jul;20(7):1284-91
Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsHaussecker D et al.,Nat Struct Mol Biol.,2008 Jul;15(7):714-21 Cao D et al.,RNA.,2009 Nov;15(11):1971- 9
Li C et al.,J Surg Oncol.,2010 Nov 23Recent Publications
Xu B et al.,Mol Cell Biochem.,2011 Apr;350(1-2):207-13Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsAlvarez-Fischer D et al.,Nat Neurosci.,2011 Sep 4Shen SM et al.,FEBS Lett.,2011 Jun 12
Zheng Z et al.,J Immunol.,2011 Aug 1Recent Publications
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Proteintech Group
Albino D et al.,Cancer.,2008 Sep 15;113(6):1412-22Recent Publications
Rune A et al.,Diabetologia.,2009 Oct;52(10):2182-9Recent Publications
Yun C et al.,J Cell Biol.,2008 Nov 17;183(4):589-95Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsOsawa T et al.,Neuropathology.,2011 Feb 1 Meng Q et al.,Mol Biol Rep.,2011 Jun 17
Chen W et al.,Biochem Pharmacol.,2010 Jul 15;80(2):247-54Recent Publications
Recent Publications
Lu WG et al.,Sheng Li Xue Bao.,2007 Feb 25;59(1):51-7Sarkar J et al.,Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.,2010 Dec;299(6):L861-71
Li J et al.,BMC Cancer.,2010;10:354Recent Publications
Huang Y et al.,Endocr Relat Cancer.,2011;18(1):13-26Recent Publications
Lillvis JH et al.,BMC Med Genet.,2011 Jan 19;12(1):14Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsSun D et al.,Melanoma Res.,2011 Aug;21(4):335-43
If the antibody you’re looking for is not here, please check our website.
Recent PublicationsKupperman E et al.,Cancer Res.,2010 Mar 1;70(5):1970-80 Soucy TA et al.,Nature.,2009 Apr 9;458(7239):732-6
Braber S et al.,Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol.,2011 Feb;300(2):L255-65Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsSteensgaard M et al.,Acta Physiol (Oxf).,2010 Dec;200(4):347-59
Recent PublicationsHo J et al.,J Proteome Res.,2009 Feb;8(2):583-94
Recent PublicationsLucas ME et al.,J Biol Chem.,2009 May 29;284(22):14698-709 Rajandram R et al.,Nephrology (Carlton).,2009 Apr;14(2):205-12
Recent PublicationsWen Y et al.,Ann Surg Oncol.,2011 Mar 26 Hesson LB et al.,Mol Cancer.,2009;8:42
Recent PublicationsGanley IG et al.,J Biol Chem.,2009 May 1;284(18):12297-305 Wang D et al.,PLoS One.,2011;6(5):e19629
Yu N et al.,Mediators Inflamm.,2011;2011:670613Recent Publications
Zhang C et al.,Mol Cancer Ther.,2011 May 6Recent Publications
Weihofen A et al.,Biochemistry.,2009 Mar 10;48(9):2045-52Recent Publications
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Proteintech Group
Recent PublicationsThiele H et al.,Hum Mutat.,2010 Nov;31(11):E1836-50Rice GI et al.,Nat Genet.,2009 Jul;41(7):829-32
Recent PublicationsBijsmans IT et al.,Mod Pathol.,2011 Mar;24(3):463-70 Rodriguez FJ et al.,J Neuropathol Exp Neurol.,2008 Dec;67(12):1194-204
Yoon HY et al.,Biol Cell.,2011 Apr 1;103(4):171-84Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsHasdemir B et al.,J Biol Chem.,2009 Oct 9;284(41):28453-66Malik R et al.,Mol Biol Cell.,2010 Jul 15;21(14):2529-41
Caron E et al.,Mol Syst Biol.,2011;7:533Recent Publications
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Kim S et al.,Carcinogenesis.,2010 Apr;31(4):597-606Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsChen W et al.,Biochem Pharmacol.,2010 Jul 15;80(2):247-54Zhang J et al.,Mol Cancer.,2010;9:211
Wang P et al.,Nat Immunol.,2010 Oct;11(10):912-9Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsKido T et al.,PLoS One.,2011;6(7):e22979 Eyler CE et al.,Cell.,2011 Jul 8;146(1):53- 66
Zhu X et al.,Oral Oncol.,2011 Jun 6Recent Publications
Weinert BT et al.,Sci Signal.,2011;4(183):ra48Recent Publications
Shibata E et al.,Mol Cell Biol.,2011 May 31Recent Publications
Zhong N et al.,Biochem Biophys Res Commun.,2005 Dec 16;338(2):855-61Recent Publications
Baba Y et al.,Lab Invest.,2009 Dec;89(12):1340-7Recent Publications
Zhang J et al.,Int J Cancer.,2010 May 1;126(9):2229-39Recent Publications
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Proteintech Group
Hao J et al.,Tumour Biol.,2008;29(3):195-203Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsChen N et al.,Hum Pathol.,2009 Jul;40(7):950-6 Liao Y et al.,Exp Eye Res.,2009 Jan;88(1):4-11
Ehses S et al.,J Cell Biol.,2009 Dec 28;187(7):1023-36Recent Publications
Recent PublicationsWang S et al.,Pathol Int.,2010 Mar;60(3):184-92
Fu D et al.,Mol Cell Biol.,2010 May;30(10):2449-59Recent Publications
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North American Office
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1 (888) 4PTGLAB (1-888-478-4522) (toll free in USA), or 1(312) 455-8498 (outside USA)
1 (312) 455-8408
Proteintech Group, Inc. 2201 W. Campbell Park Dr. STE12, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
www.ptglab.com
Available 24 hours via Live Chat and 9-5 (CDT) via phone. Email support also available.
European Office
0161 226 6144
0161 232 1272
Proteintech Europe, Ltd. Manchester Science Park, Kilburn House, Lloyd Street North, Manchester M15 6SE
www.ptglab.com
Available 24 hours via Live Chat and 9-5 (CDT) via phone. Email support also available.
Chinese Office
027-87931629 or 027-87931627
027-87931627
Wuhan Sanying Biotechologies,a Branch of Proteintech Group, Inc.
Available 24 hours via email and 9-5 via phone.
Please contact us with any technical questions you may have.
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Technical Support
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Technical Support
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Cell Biology: Cell Death
TelephoneEurope: 0 (44) 161 226 6144US: 312 - 455 -8498China: 027 87531629
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