CELL BIOCHEM MC - Weebly

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) A–gametes; B–zygote B) A–zygote; B–gametesC) A–organs; B–organelles D) A–organelles; B–organs

1. Some levels of organization in a multicellular organism are shown in the sequence below.

A cells tissues B organ systems organism

Which terms represented by letters A and B would complete the sequence?

Base your answers to questions 2 through 5 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Where is the Beef? Out Being Irradiated

E. coli bacteria in food cause an estimated 73,000 cases of infection leading to some deaths inthe United States each year. Until recently, the only way to guarantee meat free of E. coli was toheat it to 160°F, which kills E. coli. The rare hamburgers preferred by many people are not heatedto this temperature, and just a few E. coli may cause severe illness. Recently, ground beef has been decontaminated by irradiation using electron beam technology.The packaged ground beef is scanned by an electron beam that disrupts the genetic structure of thepathogens. This kills them or leaves them unable to reproduce. This process is considered safe and has been endorsed by various governmental groups in thiscountry as well as the World Health Organization. Irradiation is effective in preserving onlycertain foods, such as herbs, wheat flour, fresh fruits, vegetables, and some meats. Although somemethods of irradiation can change the taste of some foods, this is not an effect of electron beamtechnology on ground beef. Opponents of irradiating food are concerned that the process may result in the formation ofchemicals that may be harmful or result in a loss of vitamins. Supporters claim that irradiation issafe and should be considered as just another technique for preservation of food.

2. Explain how irradiation could interfere with the process of reproduction in bacteria that survive theirradiation.

3. Explain how irradiation helps preserve meat.

4. Identify the specific group of molecules in bacteria whose function would be interfered with byheating them to 160°F.

5. Identify one specific pathogen found in ground beef.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 6 through 9 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

. . . Some of the most common and deadly bacteria do their mischief by forming a sticky scumcalled biofilm. Individually, the microbes are easy to control, but when they organize themselvesinto biofilms they can become deadly, said Dr. Barbara Iglewski of the University of Rochester. . . Bio films are actually intricately organized colonies of billions of microbes, all working in acoordinated way to defend against attack and to pump out a toxin that can be deadly. Once they are organized, the bacteria are highly resistant to antibiotics and even strongdetergents often cannot wash them away or kill them. Iglewski and colleagues from Montana State University and the University of Iowa report in Science that they discovered how the microbes in the colonies communicate and found that oncethis conversation is interrupted, the deadly bugs can be easily washed away. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common bacteria that is a major infection hazard inhospitals and among cystic fibrosis patients, the researchers isolated a gene that the bacteria usesto make a communications molecule. The molecule helps the microbes organize themselves into abio film — a complex structure that includes tubes to carry in nutrients and carry out wastes,including deadly toxins. In their study, the researchers showed that if the gene that makes the communications moleculewas blocked, the Pseudomonas aeruginosa could form only wimpy [weak], unorganized coloniesthat could be washed away with just a soap that has no effect on a healthy colony. . . .

Adapted from: Paul Recer, "Researchers find new means to disrupt attack by microbes," The DailyGazette, April 26, 1998.

A) antibioticsB) detergentsC) cutting the tubes through which the bacteria communicateD) blocking the expression of a gene that helps the colonies to organize

6. Bacteria that form biofilms may be controlled most effectively by

A) muscular and nervous systems B) circulatory and excretory systemsC) digestive and endocrine systems D) reproductive and respiratory systems

7. The tubes in biofilms function much like the human

A) They cause mutations in humans.B) They are easy to control.C) They cause major infection problems in hospitals.D) They are deadly only to people with cystic fibrosis.

8. Which statement best describes Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria?

A) presence of tubes to transport materials into and out of the colonyB) presence of a nervous system for communication within the colonyC) ease with which colonies can be broken down by detergentsD) lack of resistance of the bacterial colony to antibiotics

9. What is one characteristic of a biofilm?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 10 through 13 on the reading passage below and on your knowledgeof biology.

Take Two and Call Me in the Morning

Hippocrates observed that pain could be relieved by chewing the bark of a willow tree. We nowknow that this bark contains salicylic acid, which is similar to acetylsalicylic acid, the activeingredient in aspirin. Over 2,300 years after this observation by Hippocrates, scientists havelearned how aspirin works. When people get the flu or strain their backs, the body responds by making prostaglandins(PG), a group of hormone-like substances. The presence of certain prostaglandins may result infever, headaches, and inflammation. Scientists have determined that aspirin interferes withprostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS-2), an enzyme that the body uses to make pain-causingprostagiandins. In 1994, the structure of this enzyme was found to be a crystal with a tube runningup the middle of it. Raw materials move through this tunnel to reach the core of the enzyme,where they are transformed into prostaglandin molecules. Research has shown that aspirin blocksthis tunnel. Part of the aspirin molecule attaches to a particular place inside the tunnel, preventingthe raw materials from passing through the tunnel. This blockage interferes with the production ofprostaglandins, thus helping to prevent or reduce fever, headaches, and inflammation. The body makes two forms of the enzyme. PGHS-1 is found throughout the body and has avariety of uses, including protecting the stomach. PGHS-2 usually comes into play when tissue isdamaged or when infections occur. Its action results in pain and fever. Aspirin plugs up the tunnelof PGHS-1 completely and often causes stomach irritation in some people. Aspirin plugs up thetunnel partially in PGHS-2, thus helping to relieve pain and fever. Perhaps further research could result in a drug targeting PGHS-2 but not PGHS-I, relieving theaches, pains, and fever, but not irritating the stomach as aspirin does now.

10. Using one or more complete sentences, explain why chewing the bark of a willow tree could helprelieve the symptoms of headache and fever.

11. Using one or more complete sentences, describe the molecular structure of prostaglandin H2synthase.

A) It interferes with the activity of an enzyme that helps to protect the stomach.B) It is the only acid in the stomach and irritates the stomach lining.C) It stimulates prostaglandin production in the stomach.D) It is obtained from willow bark, which cannot be digested in the stomach.

12. Why does aspirin irritate the stomach of some people who take it?

A) It forms a barrier around the outer surface of PGHS-2 molecules, separating them from theprostaglandins.

B) It dissolves the crystal of the enzyme, preventing it from producing prostaglandins.C) It is an acid that dissolves the prostaglandins that cause the symptoms.D) It reduces the amount of raw material reaching the active site of the enzyme that produces

prostaglandins.

13. How does aspirin relieve the symptoms of the flu?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 14 through 18 on the reading passage below and on your knowledgeof biology.

Lyme Disease

Thousands of people have been bitten by deer ticks and infected with the bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease. About half of these people will not realize thatthey have been infected. After the initial infection, their immune systems will begin to control thebacterium, but not eliminate it altogether. Up to several years after the tick bite, the victims maydevelop complications such as crippling arthritis, neurological damage, and cardiac malfunctions.Now, researchers think they have determined one way B. burgdorferi manages to elude anactivated immune system. Five white-footed mice were infected with B. burgdorferi. The blood of the mice was sampledshortly thereafter, and it was confirmed that the mice were producing large quantities of antibodiesthat attacked the invading bacteria. Four months later, B. burgdorferi were extracted from the infected mice and mixed with thesame type of mouse antibodies. This time the bacteria initiated only a weak response, indicatingthat the antibodies were less able to recognize the bacteria. Since antibodies recognize a bacteriumby binding to specific protein molecules on the bacterial surface, these surface molecules maysomehow have changed over time. In this way, the bacteria are better able to escape earlyrecognition by antibodies produced by the human immune system.

A) spirochete B) Bacterium C) burgdorferi D) Borrelia

14. The genus name of the organism that causes Lyme disease is

A) Monera B) Protista C) Fungi D) Animal

15. Which kingdom includes the organism that causes Lyme disease?

A) a severe rash B) a high feverC) kidney failure D) joint inflammation

16. According to the passage, which symptom of Lyme disease in humans might appear several yearsafter the initial tick bite?

A) cause problems in plants as well as several species of animals.B) change their proteins, thus making recognition by the mouse's immune system more

difficult.C) destroy mouse antibodies by chemically breaking them down into harmless end products.D) be transmitted directly from one mouse to another.

17. The organisms that cause Lyme disease are able to

A) got rid of the bacteriaB) had no reaction to the infectionC) produced antibodies against the diseaseD) suffered permanent neurological damage

18. Shortly after the initial infection, the mice apparently

CELL BIOCHEM MC

19. Base your answer to question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagramrepresents four types of bacteria.

A dichotomous key to these bacterial types is shown below. Complete the missing information forsections 3a. and 3b. so that the key is complete for all four types.

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the information and graphs below and on yourknowledge of biology. The graphs show the relative enzymatic activity of four different enzymes inacidic (below pH 7) and basic (above pH 7) environments.

A) chymotrypsin B) pepsin C) cholinesterase D) papain

20. The activity of which enzyme decreases in both acidic and basic environments?

21. Which enzyme would most likely function in the stomach? Support your answer.

Enzyme: ___________

CELL BIOCHEM MC

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 22 through 26 on the information and data table below and on yourknowledge of biology.

The Enzyme Catalase

Catalase is an enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that breathe or are exposed tooxygen. According to recent scientific studies, low levels of catalase may play a role in thegraying process of human hair. The body naturally produces hydrogen peroxide, and catalasebreaks it down into water and oxygen. If there is a dip in catalase levels, hydrogen peroxidecannot be broken down. This causes hydrogen peroxide to bleach hair from the inside out.Scientists believe this finding may someday be used in anti-graying treatments for hair. A pharmaceutical company, investigating ways to prevent hair from turning gray, took tissuesamples from two different individuals. Both individuals were the same age. Each of the sampleswas placed in a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The volume of oxygen gas produced was measuredevery 5 minutes for 25 minutes. The data the company collected are shown below

22. According to the data provided, which person, A or B, is more likely to be the first to have gray hair?Support your answer.

Person: ____________________

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) more enzymes are produced at higher temperatures, increasing the amount of hydrogen peroxideB) more hydrogen peroxide is released at higher temperatures, increasing the activity of catalaseC) increasing temperatures altered the structure of catalase, decreasing oxygen productionD) increasing temperatures decreased the synthesis of amino acids, increasing levels of hydrogen

peroxide

23. If the temperature of the tissue samples used in the experiment had been raised from 37°C (bodytemperature) to 50°C, the results would have been different because

24. Plot the data from the data table for the sample from person B on the grid. Connect the points andsurround each point with a small triangle.

25. Plot the data from the data table for the sample from person A on the grid. Connect the points andsurround each point with a small circle.

26. Mark an appropriate scale, without any breaks in the data, on each labeled axis.

Base your answers to questions 27 through 29 on the diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The diagram compares cell functions with jobs in a factory.

27. Which cell structure synthesized the "Protein being exported"?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

28. What chemical substance produced by the mitochondrion is represented by arrow A?

29. Which two chemical waste products are most likely represented by the smoke above themitochondrion?

___________ and ___________

30. The chart below contains characteristics that can be used to classify organisms A, B, and C.

State one reason why organism A and organism C might be placed into two different classificationgroups, even though they are both single celled.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the information and diagrams below and on yourknowledge of biology.

There are over 40 different species of butterfly fish found in tropical reefs throughout theworld. Three different species of butterfly fish are shown below.

The fish fin diagram and dichotomous key shown below can be used to determine the speciesof each of these fish.

31. Select two characteristics from the dichotomous key that are useful for determining the identity offish A, B, and C. Using these characteristics, label the headings for the last two columns in the tableand complete the last two columns in the table.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

32. Use the dichotomous key and fish fin diagram to identify fish A, B, and C and write the name of eachfish in the column labeled "Scientific Name" in the table below.

Base your answers to questions 33 and 34 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on the action of enzyme X. Thisenzyme is functioning at its optimal temperature, 36°C, and at its optimal pH, 5.5.

33. State what would most likely happen to the rate of enzyme action if the temperature were reduced by10 degrees. Support your answer.

A) decreases B) increasesC) remains the same D) increases, then decreases

34. When the substrate concentration increases from 0.4% to 0.5%, the rate of the reaction

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 35 through 38 on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic substance produced in an organism as a result of certainmetabolic processes. Catalase, a biological catalyst produced by cells, speeds the breakdown ofhydrogen peroxide into less harmful substances. In an investigation, 2-gram pieces of liver (which contains catalase) were added to separatedishes. Each dish contained the same amount of a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, but atdifferent temperatures. The relative activity of the catalase was determined. The results wererecorded and are shown in the data table below.

35. What type of organic substance is catalase?

36. At which temperature does catalase work most effectively? Support your answer.

37. Plot the data, surround each point with a small circle, and connect the points

38. Mark an appropriate scale on each axis.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

39. Fill in all of the blanks in part 2 and 3 of the dichotomous key below, so that it contains informationthat could be used to identify the four animals shown below.

Base your answers to questions 40 through 42 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Food is often treated to lower the risk of disease and spoilage, as shown in the chart below.

40. Explain why high salt concentrations can kill organisms.

41. State one way extremely high temperatures can affect biological catalysts found in these organisms.

42. Identify one type of organism that is controlled by these food preservation methods.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

43. Complete the chart below by identifying two cell structures involved in protein synthesis and statinghow each structure functions in protein synthesis.

Base your answers to questions 44 and 45 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.The diagram represents six insect species.

44. Use the key to identify the drawings of species A, B, C, and D. Place the letter of each species on theline located below the drawing of the species.

45. A dichotomous key to these six species is shown above. Complete the missing information forsections 5.a. and 5.b. so that the key is complete for all six species.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

46. Data from two different cells are shown in the graphs below.

Which cell is most likely a plant cell? Support your answer.

47. An incomplete graph is shown below.

What label could appropriately be used to replace letter Z on the axis?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the graph below. The graph shows the relativeconcentrations of different ions inside and outside of an animal cell.

48. Name the process responsible for maintaining high concentrations of K+ ions inside the cell.

49. Write the symbol of the ion that is closest to equilibrium inside and outside of the cell.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

50. Base your answer to the following question on the information below.

The effect of pH on a certain enzyme is shown in the graph below.

A) above 10 B) between 8 and 10C) between 5 and 7 D) below 5

At what pH would the enzyme be most effective?


An investigation was performed to determine the effects of enzyme X on three different disaccharides(double sugars) at 37°C. Three test tubes were set up as shown in the diagram below. At the end of 5minutes, the solution in each test tube was tested for the presence of disaccharides (double sugars)and monosaccharides (simple sugars). The results of these tests are shown in the table below.

What can be concluded about the activity of enzyme X from the data table?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) closely related to Diplococcus pneumoniaeB) Bacillus anthracisC) Bacillus subtilisD) not identifiable from the information given

52. The chart below lists characteristics of five species of bacteria.

An unknown organism has a type A cell wall, a capsule, flagella, and endospores. The organism isaerobic and ferments glucose, lactose, and maltose. It does not cause red blood cell lysis and does notgrow well at 20°C. Based on the chart, the best conclusion that can be drawn is that this organism is

A) molecule 1, only B) molecules 1 and 5, onlyC) molecules 1, 3, and 4, only D) molecules 1, 3, 4, and 5

53. Molecular structures are represented in the diagrams below.

Structure 2 represents a chemical component of

54. Explain how carbohydrates provide energy for life functions.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) B)

C) D)

55. A single protist was placed in a large test tube containing nutrient broth. The tube was then kept atroom temperature for 24 hours. Samples from the tube were observed periodically during the 24hours, using the low power of a compound light microscope. The data are summarized in the tablebelow.

Which graph best represents the data?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 56 through 59 on the information and data table below.

One milliliter of a solution containing an even distribution of a species of bacterium was spread onthe surface of a nutrient medium in each of five culture dishes. The nutrient medium in each dishwas the same, except for pH. The dishes were then incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. The number ofbacterial colonies in each dish was then counted, and the results are represented in the data tablebelow.

56. Using one or more complete sentences, state a conclusion that relates the number of colonies of thespecies of bacterium to pH.

A) pH of the nutrient mediumB) species of bacterium in each culture dishC) color of the colonies of bacteriaD) amount of nutrient medium in each culture dish

57. The limiting factor in this investigation is the

58. Plot the data for the number of bacterial colonies on the grid. Surround each point with a small circleand connect the points.

59. Using the information in the data table, construct a line graph on the grid provided. Mark anappropriate scale on each labeled axis.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) A and B B) B and D C) C and D D) A and C

60. The diagrams below represent four different molecules.

Which two diagrams represent the building blocks of lipids?


One ounce each of protein, carbohydrate, and fat are burned separately in a calorimeter to determinecaloric content. The results are shown in the data table below.

A) An ounce of fat contains almost twice as many calories as an ounce of protein.B) A protein is a better energy food than a carbohydrate.C) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins all yield approximately the same number of calories per unit of

weight.D) Proteins and carbohydrates provide the most calories per ounce.

Which statement represents a valid conclusion based on the data?

CELL BIOCHEM MC


The diagram below is a pictograph representing the estimated chemical composition of the humanbody.

A) 25% B) 32% C) 68% D) 74%

What percentage of the human body is composed of inorganic material?

CELL BIOCHEM MC


Worker bees acting as scouts are able to communicate the distance of a food supply from thehive by performing a "waggle dance." The graph below shows the relationship between thedistance of a food supply from the hive and the number of turns in the waggle dance every 15seconds.

Using one or more complete sentences, state the relationship between the distance of the food supplyfrom the hive and the number of turns the bee performs in the waggle dance every 15 seconds.

CELL BIOCHEM MC


In an investigation to determine which sugar concentration is most attractive to flies,containers of sugar solutions of various concentrations were placed on a window ledge. Thenumber of flies that landed on each container during a one-hour period was recorded. Theinformation is represented in the data table and graph below.

Using one or more complete sentences, state one error in the graph.

A) B)

C) D)

65. Which type of diagram could best be used to displaydata showing the numerical relationship between thecomponents of a substance and the entire substance?

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 66 and 67 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.The graph illustrates the growth curves for two types of bacteria (A and B) under differing pH values.

A) 15 million/100 ml B) 25 million/100 mlC) 35 million/100 ml D) 45 million/100 ml

66. A growth medium at pH 6.5 supports approximately what concentration of bacteria A?

A) They could not coexist in the same medium.B) Their optimum pH values are different.C) Bacteria A grows at a faster rate than bacteria B.D) Bacteria A is larger than bacteria B.

67. Which conclusion concerning bacteria A and bacteria B can correctly be drawn from the dataprovided in the graph?

Base your answers to questions 68 and 69 on the information below. Select the laboratory procedurechosen from the list below, that best applies to that statement.

Each procedure uses a sample of peeled raw potato whose dimensions are 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm.

Laboratory Procedures

(1) Place 2 drops of methylene blue solution on the potato sample.(2) Place 2 drops of iodine (Lugol's) solution on the potato sample.(3) Weigh the potato sample; place the sample in a beaker of distilled water for 30 minutes; removethe sample from the beaker and reweigh.(4) Weigh the potato sample; heat the sample for 5 hours in an oven at 80°C; remove the sample fromthe oven and reweigh.

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

68. This procedure provides information which can be used to determine the total water content of thepotato sample.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

69. This procedure demonstrates the effects of osmosis.

Base your answers to questions 70 through 73 on thestructural formula below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

A) enzymatic hydrolysisB) anaerobic respirationC) dehydration synthesisD) carbon fixation

70. The process by which two or more of thesemolecules are bonded together in a muscle cell isknown as

A) amino acids and ureaB) carbon dioxide and waterC) ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxideD) glycerol and fatty acids

71. The complete aerobic oxidation of this compoundproduces what byproducts?

A) starch and celluloseB) hemoglobin and proteaseC) fats and oilsD) polypeptides and nucleic acids

72. Which high-molecular-weight substances are madeup of repeating units of these molecules?

A) glucose B) glycerolC) maltose D) alanine

73. The structural formula represents a molecule of

74. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation below.

Four discs, each soaked in a differentantibiotic, were placed on the surface of a cultureplate that had been inoculated with E. coli bacteria. The diagram below shows the cultureplate after it had been incubated for 48 hours.

A) penicillin B) erythromycinC) streptomycin D) chloramphenicol

Which antibiotic was most effective in inhibiting thegrowth of E. Coli?

CELL BIOCHEM MC


The results of an experiment to determine the chemical composition of the cytoplasm of organism X are summarized in the data table below.

A) 15 B) 20 C) 22 D) 92

What percentage of the cytoplasm is composed of organic material?


To compare the growth of plants grown under specific colors of light with that of plants grownunder natural conditions, four groups of bean plants were grown under the light conditionsindicated below. All other factors were kept constant.

Group A – red lightGroup B – green lightGroup C – violet lightGroup D – white light

A) A B) B C) C D) D

In this investigation, which group of plants served as the control?

77. Enzymes and antibodies are molecules that have specific shapes that give them different functions.Select either enzyme or antibody, and explain how the shape of the molecule you chose helps it carryout its normal function.

Molecule: ________________________________

Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the statement below.

The work of a cell is carried out by the many different types of molecules it assembles. Most ofthese molecules are proteins. Explain how the cell is able to make the many different proteins itneeds.

78. Identify both the cellular structure that assembles these proteins and the kinds of molecules that areused as the building blocks of the proteins

79. Identify where in the cell the information necessary to construct a particular protein is located andthe specific molecule that contains this information.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the information below and your knowledge of Biology.

Nutrients in a diet, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals, play an important role inhomeostasis within the human body. Lack of these nutrients can lead to malfunctions that disrupt thisinternal balance. Explain how diet can influence homeostasis. In your answer, be sure to:

80. Describe, using one specific example, how a decrease in this nutrient can alter homeostasis

Nutrient: ________________________________

81. Select a nutrient from the passage and write it on the line below and state one role this nutrient playsin the body.

Base your answers to questions 82 and 83 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

82. If the sequence of building blocks were changed, what effect could it most likely have on the protein?

83. Identify the type of building block represented by the letters A, B, and C.

84. Draw an arrow to indicate, one part of the plant cell below that would not be found in an animal cell.The tip of the arrow must touch the part being identified.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

85. Base your answer to question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

In a cell, a variety of structures perform specific functions and interact to maintainhomeostasis. The diagram below represents a typical cell with three cell structures labeled 1, 2,and 3.

Select one cell structure labeled in the diagram and write its number in the space below. Explain howthe cell structure you selected helps maintain homeostasis in a cell.In your answer, be sure to:• identify the cell structure you selected• state one function of this cell structure• identify one substance that is often associated with the cell structure you selected and state howthat substance is associated with the cell structure• identify one other cell structure and explain how it interacts with the cell structure you selected tomaintain homeostasis in the cell

86. The table below lists enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and thetemperature and pH ranges of these locations.

Different enzymes are secreted in each of the three locations. Ptyalin digests carbohydrates. Pepsinand trypsin both digest proteins. Discuss the activity of these enzymes. In your answer, be sure to:• state how the activity of pepsin will most likely change after it moves with the food from thestomach to the small intestine• support your answer using data from the table• state how a fever of 40°C would most likely affect the activity of these enzymes and support youranswer• identify the characteristic of enzymes that prevents ptyalin and trypsin from digesting the sametype of food

CELL BIOCHEM MC

87. The diagram below represents a cell found in some complex organisms. The enlarged sectionrepresents an organelle, labeled X, found in the cell.

Describe the function of organelle X and explain how it is important to the survival of the cell. In youranswer, be sure to:• Identify organelle X• State the process that this organelle performs• Identify the two raw materials that are needed for this process to occur• Identify one molecule produced by this organelle and explain why it is important to the organism

88. Cardinals are birds that do not migrate but spend the winter in New York State. Many people feedthese birds sunflower seeds during the winter months. Explain how the starches present in thesunflower seeds help the cardinals to survive. In your answer, be sure to:

• identify the building blocks of starches• identify the process used to produce these building• state one way cardinals use these building blocks to survive

CELL BIOCHEM MC

89. A dichotomous key is shown below.

Use the dichotomous key to identify the scientific name of the organism represented below.

90. Two life functions performed by all living organisms are nutrition and respiration. Identify two otherlife functions that are essential for the survival of all living organisms. Explain how each of the twolife functions you identified maintains homeostasis.

91. The diagram below represents stages in the digestion of an organic compound.

Explain why substance X would not be likely to digest a different organic compound.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

92. Smallpox is a disease caused by a specific virus, while the common cold can be caused by over 100different viruses. Explain why it is possible to develop a vaccine to prevent smallpox, but it isdifficult to develop a vaccine to prevent the common cold. In youranswer be sure to:

• identify the substance in a vaccine that makes the vaccine effective• explain the relationship between a vaccine and white blood cell activity• explain why the response of the immune system to a vaccine is specific• state one reason why it would be difficult to develop a vaccine to be used against thecommon cold

93. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

When humans perspire, water, urea, and salts containing sodium are removed from the blood.Drinking water during extended periods of physical exercise replenishes the water but not the sodium.This increase in water dilutes the blood and may result in the concentration of sodium dropping lowenough to cause a condition known as hyponatremia. Symptoms of hyponatremia include headache, nausea, and lack of coordination. Left untreated, itcan lead to coma and even death. The body has a variety of feedback mechanisms that assist inregulating water and sodium concentrations in the blood. The kidneys play a major role in thesemechanisms, as they filter the blood and produce urine.Many people today drink sport drinks containing large amounts of sodium. Describe one possibleeffect this might have on a person who is not very active.

94. Select one of the paired items below and describe how the first item in the pair regulates the seconditem for the maintenance of homeostasis.

insulin-blood sugar level CO2 in blood-breathing rate activity of guard cells-water loss from a leaf

95. Write the structures listed below in order from least complex to most complex.

organcellorganismorganelletissue

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 96 through 98 on on the information below and on your knowledge ofbiology. The diagrams represent two different cells and some of their parts. The diagrams are notdrawn to scale.

A) Cell B lacks vacuoles while cell A has them.B) DNA would not be found in either cell A or cell B.C) Both cell A and cell B use energy released from ATP.D) Both cell A and cell B produce antibiotics.

96. Which statement best describes these cells?

97. Identify the organelle labeled X in cell B.

98. Identify an organelle in cell A that is the site of autotrophic nutrition.

Base your answers to questions 99 and 100 on the statement below and on your knowledge ofbiology.

Some internal environmental factors may interfere with the ability of an enzyme to functionefficiently.

99. Explain why changing the shape of an enzyme could affect the ability of the enzyme to function.

100. Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

101. Organelles carry out specific processes involving chemical reactions. In the chart below, identify two organelles and, for each, identify a process involving chemical reactions that occurs there.Describe one specific way each process identified is important to the functioning of the organism.

Base your answers to questions 102 through 104 on the diagrams below of two cells, X and Y, and onyour knowledge of biology.

102. Identify one process that is carried out in cell Y that is not carried out in cell X.

103. State one function of the organelle that you identified in the previous question.

104. Select one lettered organelle and write the letter of that organelle in the space below. Identify theorganelle you selected.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

105. Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.

What term or phrase does letter X most likely represent?

Base your answers to questions 106 and 107 on the diagram of a cell below.

106. Choose either structure 3 or structure 4, write the number of the structure on the line below, anddescribe how it aids the process of protein synthesis.

Structure: ________

107. Describe how structures 1 and 2 interact in the process of protein synthesis.

108. Identify a specific structure in a single-celled organism. State how that structure is involved in thesurvival of the organism.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

Base your answers to questions 109 and 110 on the diagram below that represents a human enzymeand four types of molecules present in a solution in a flask.

109. State what would most likely happen to the rate of reaction if the temperature of the solution in theflask were increased gradually from 10°C to 30°C.

110. Which molecule would most likely react with the enzyme? Why?

111. Just like complex organisms, cells are able to survive by coordinating various activities. Complexorganisms have a variety of systems, and cells have a variety of organelles that work together forsurvival. Describe the roles of two organelles. In your answer be sure to include:a the names of two organelles and the function of eachb an explanation of how these two organelles work togetherc the name of an organelle and the name of a system in the human body that have similar functions

112. In desert environments, organisms that cannot maintain a constant internal body temperature, suchas snakes and lizards, rarely go out during the hot, sunny daylight hours. They stay in the shade,under rocks, or in burrows during the day. Explain how this behavior helps maintain homeostasis inthese organisms.

113. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows some of thespecialized organelles in a single-celled organism.

a Write the letter of one of the labeled organelles and state the name of that organelle.b Explain how the function of the organelle you selected in part a assists in the maintenance ofhomeostasis.c Identify a system in the human body that performs a function similar to that of the organelle youselected in part a.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

114. The diagram below represents a cell viewed using a compound light microscope.

Select one of the lettered parts from the diagram. Record the letter of the part chosen in the space provided on your answer paper and, using one or more complete sentences, state the function of thepart.

115. A unicellular organism is represented in the diagram below.

Draw an arrow to the structure where deoxyribonucleic acid is synthesized. The point of the arrowmust touch the structure.


A plant cell is represented in the diagram below.

Select one of the lettered structures. Record the letter of the structure chosen and, using one or morecomplete sentences, state the function of the structure.

117. A compound light microscope was used to study a stained wet-mount preparation of a sample of anunknown tissue. Using one or more complete sentences, state an observation that could be used tosupport the conclusion that the tissue sample could be from a plant.

118. Using one or more complete sentences, state one observation a student could make to determine thata slide preparation of unicellular organisms contained protists and not monerans.

CELL BIOCHEM MC


The diagram below represents a human cheek cell.

Select one of the lettered parts from the diagram and record the letter of the part chosen. Using ormore complete sentences, state a function of the part.

120. On the diagram of the plant cell, draw an arrow pointing to a structure that would be present in thistype of cell but not in a typical animal cell. Then write the name of the structure indicated by thearrow on the line provided. The point of the arrow should touch the structure.

CELL BIOCHEM MC

A) Lepidosiren paradoxa B) Alopias vulpinusC) Sphyrna mokarran or S. mokarran D) Monodon monoceros

121. A dichotomous key is shown below.

Use the dichotomous key to identify the scientific name of the organism represented below.

Answer KeyCELL BIOCHEMISTRY CR

1. D2. — It causes

mutations. —Essential enzymesare destroyed. —Irradiation disruptsthe structure ofbacterial DNA sothat it cannotreplicate properly.

3. Acceptableresponses include,but are not limitedto:— Irradiation killsthe bacteria thatcause the meat tospoil.— disrupts thestructure of bacteriathat cause the meatto spoil

4. Acceptableresponses include,but are not limitedto:— enzymes— proteins

5. Acceptableresponses include,but are not limitedto:— E. coli.— bacteria

6. D7. B8. C9. A10. The willow tree bark

contains salicylicacid, which issimilar toacetylsalicylic acid,the active ingredientin aspirin.

11. The molecule is acrystal with a tuberunning up themiddle of it.

12. A13. D14. D15. A16. D17. B18. C19.

20. A21. – The pH of the

stomach is acidic(1.5–4.0). andpepsin works best atvery low pH values.

22. — because theirtissue sampleproduced a loweramount of oxygen,indicating a loweramount of catalase— They have lesscatalase than person B because lessoxygen is beingreleased. — Theyhave less catalase somore peroxide ispresent.

23. C

24.

25.

26. — marking anappropriate scale,without any breaksin the data, on eachlabeled axis.

27. ribosome28. ATP29. carbon dioxide and

water.30. – They have

different nutritionalrequirements. – A isan autotroph and C is a heterotroph. –They have at leastone very differentcharacteristics.

31.

32. identifying fish A, B, and C

33. — The reaction willslow down becauseit is below theoptimal temperature.

34. C35. — an enzyme — a

catalyst — protein

36. 35°C — Thegreatest amount ofactivity occurs there.— It is the highestpoint on the graph.— The rate ishighest at thistemperature.

37.

38.

39.

40. Examples: — Highsalt concentrationscan remove waterfrom cells. —disrupts waterbalance in cells —water leaves thecells by osmosis —causes dehydration

41. — Hightemperatures candestroy biologicalcatalysts inorganisms. — Hightemperatures causeenzymes to changeshape (denature).

42. Examples: —bacteria — fungi —pathogenicorganisms


43. Examples: —nucleus – containstemplate/bluepri-nt/instructions forprotein synthesis —ribosome –assembles proteins;synthesizes proteins— mitochondrion –provides energy

44.

45. 5. a. has white or clear or light wings5. b. has shaded or black or dark wings

46. Example: - Cell 1,because it containschloroplasts. - Cell1, because it has acell wall.

47. Examples: temperature pH time

48. — active transport—sodium/potassiumpump

49. Ca++ or Ca+2 or Caions Note: Ca is notacceptable.

50. B51. – Enzyme X breaks

down sugar C tomonosaccharides. – Enzyme X does notbreak down sugar A (or B).

52. D53. B

54. – Energy incarbohydratemolecules istransferred to ATP.– Carbohydrateshave energy in theirbonds that can beused to make ATPfor carrying on lifefunctions.

55. D56. Examples: – As the

pH increases from 5to 9, the number ofcolonies ofbacterium increasesand then decreases.– As the pHincreases from 5 to8, the number ofcolonies ofbacterium increases.

57. A58.

59.

60. B61. A62. C

63. The number of turnsin the waggle dancedecreases at thedistance of the foodsupply from the hiveincreases.

64. The graph does nothave an appropriatescale for sugarconcentration.

65. C66. B67. B68. D69. C70. C71. B72. A73. A74. D75. C76. D77. – antibody: The

antibody binds to aspecific pathogen, or, – enzyme: Anenzyme has aspecific shape thatmust match theshape of themolecules withwhich it interacts(lock and key orinduced fit).

78. – Ribosomesconstruct proteinsout of amino acids.–Ribosomes useamino acids toassemble proteins.–Ribosomes useamino acids.

79. – The information isin DNA moleculesin the nucleus of thecell. – The nucleuscontains the DNAmolecules where theinformation isfound. – Theinformation islocated on achromosome, whichcontains DNA.

80. — Decreased levelsof carbohydratesmight result infatigue/less energy.— Lack of proteinin the diet mightlead to muscleloss/enzymedeficiency. — Lackof minerals mightcause loss of bonedensity.

81. — Carbohydratesare a source ofenergy. They can beused to produce theATP needed forcarrying out bodyactivities. —Proteins arenecessary for growthand repair. —Minerals are neededfor strong bones andteeth.

82. — The shape of theprotein couldchange. — Thefunction of theprotein could bedifferent. — It mightform a differentprotein.

83. amino acids or peptides


84.

85. (essay)86. –Pepsin will either

stop functioning orslow down. –This isbecause the pHrange in the smallintestine is 7.5 to 9.0and pepsin normallyfunctions at 1.0 to3.0. –A fever of40°C couldslow/stop enzymefunctioning, sincethese enzymes workbest at around 37°C.–Ptyalin and trypsincannot both digestthe same type offood becauseenzymes arespecific.&-ndash;They havedifferent shapes.

87. (essay)

88. • identifying thebuilding blocks ofstarches (simplesugars; glucose)• identifying theprocess used toproduce thesebuilding blocks(photosynthesis;digestion; synthesis)• stating one waycardinals use thesebuilding blocks tosurvive: (as anenergy source; as abuilding unit forsome cell parts)

89. Sphyrna mokarran orS. mokarran

90. Circulation ortransport movesessential materialsthrough the cell ororganism. Excretiongets rid ofpotentially harmfulwastes.Note: Do not acceptdigestion (part ofnutrition) orreproduction (notnecessary tomaintainhomeostasis).

91. Examples: — Adifferent organiccompound wouldhave a differentshape. — A differentorganic compoundwould not fit withsubstance X. — Theactive site of X doesnot fit a differentsubstrate. —Substance X isspecific to onlycertain materials.

92. Example: • - a dead virus - aweakened virus - aweakened pathogen• - antibodies areproduced by acertain type of whiteblood cell inresponse to vaccine• - antibodies havespecific shapes andeach antibody shapeis complimentary toonly one shape ofvirus or antigen• - since thecommon cold iscaused by manydifferent viruses, avaccine would haveto contain all thedifferent types ofcold viruses

93. Example: - It couldraise their bloodpressure - It couldcause them to retainwater - It coulddecrease waterproduction

94. Examples: -Increased insulinresults in a decreasein blood sugarlevels. - As the CO2level in the bloodincreases, thebreathing rateincreases. - Whenthe guard cells closeopenings in leaves,rate of water lossdecreases.

95. organellecelltissueorganorganism

96. C97. ribosome98. chloroplast99. Responses include,

but are not limitedto: If the shapechanges, it will notfit with the samesubstrate; Theenzyme no longerfits with themolecules withwhich it interactedbefore; Shapedetermines function.

100. Responses include,but are not limitedto: temperature; pH;concentration ofenzyme; substrate

101.


102. Examples: —photosynthesis —production ofcellulose —produceschlorophyll —producing its ownfood

103. Examples: — A (cellmembrane) regulateswhat enters andleaves the cell. — B (nucleus) controlscell activities orcontains the geneticcodes. (Do not accept “brain” or“control center”without furtherexplanation.) — C (mitochondrion)respiration or energyrelease orproduction of ATP(Do not accept“power house”without furtherexplanation.)

104. Examples: A —cell/plasmamembrane or B —nucleus or C —mitochondrion.

105. Examples: —homeostasis —dynamic equilibrium— steady state —coordination —regulation — humanbody

106. — Structure 3provides the energyneeded for proteinsynthesis. —Structure 4 allowsthe movement ofsubstances into thecell for the processof protein synthesis.

107. — Structure 2provides the code forassembling a proteinat structure 1.

108. Examples:– mitochondrion:site of respiration orreleases energy– cell membrane:regulates whatenters (or leaves) thecell

109. the rate wouldincrease

110. Molecule D willmost likely reactwith the enzymebecause Molecule D is the only one thatfits the shape of theenzyme.

111. Examples:a the cell membraneallows oxygen,carbon dioxide, andwater to enter a cellor a chloroplast useswater and carbondioxide to makeglucose ormitochondria usefood and oxygen torelease energy.b The cell membraneallows carbondioxide to enter aplant cell to be usedby chloroplasts.c food vacuole anddigestive system orcell membrane andrespiratory system ornucleus and nervoussystem

112. Examples: – Thisbehavior helpsmaintain a relativelycooler bodytemperature. – Staying in the shadekeeps the bodytemperature lowenough so thatdehydration will notoccur, or so thatenzyme action (bodychemistry) is notaffected.

113. a A = vacuole (orfood vacuole); B =vacuole (orcontractile vacuole); C = nucleus; D =cell membraneb A = Food isdigested (or stored)in the vacuole. B =Liquid wastes arestored in thevacuole. C = Thenucleus controls theactivities of the cell.D = The cellmembrane controlsthe movement ofmolecules into andout of the cell.c A = digestivesystem; B =excretory system; C= nervous system; D= excretory system,lining of digestivesystem (orrespiratory system)

114. Examples: A - It isthe organelle inwhichphotosynthesis takesplace. or B - It is theorganelle whichstores materials. or C - It directs theactivities of the cell.

115. The point of thearrow should touchthe large, dark ovalin the center of thecell.

116. A - It supports andprotects the cell.B - It regulates themovement ofmaterials into andout of the cell.C - It stores variousmaterials.

117. A cell wall wasobserved in the cellsof the tissue.

118. If a nucleus ispresent, theorganisms areprotists.


119. A. It regulates thetransport ofmaterials into andout of the cell;B. It controls theactivities of the cell;C. It provides a fluidlike environment inwhich organelles aresuspended andwithin which manybiochemicalprocesses occur.

120.121. C


85. Structure 1• ribosome • site of protein synthesis • amino acid — used to make proteins • nucleus — the ribosome getsinstructions from the nucleus determining which proteins are produced by the cell

Structure 2• nucleus • control of cell processes • DNA — makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus• ribosome — nucleus sends instructions to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Structure 3• mitochondrion • site of energy release/cell respiration • ATP — produced in the mitochondrion• cell membrane — allows glucose to enter cell and be used by the mitochondrion for energy release

87. • identifying organelle X as a mitochondrion.• stating the process this organelle performs.— respiration— aerobic respiration releases energy

• identifying the two raw materials needed for this process to occur.— sugar/glucose— oxygen (O2)

• identifying one molecule produced by this organelle and explaining why it is important to the organism.— ATP - This molecule makes energy available for life functions.— Water - This molecule is important forchemical reactions.— CO2 - This is a waste product that needs to be removed to maintain homeostasis.

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