Cell & animal reproduction

Grade 6

Compiled by: Alya Kays

Plants reproduction

Animal Cell

• The body is made up of millions of tiny cells

• Most of the cell is made up of protoplasm

• Cell parts: Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

SHAPE

• Plant cell is rectangular in shape.

• Animal cell is spherical in shape.

Plant cells

Animal cells

CELL WALL

• Plant cell is covered by a thick cell wall.

• Cell wall is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose.

• Animal cell is covered by a thin cell membrane.

• It is made up of Lipoprotein.

VACUOLE

• In plant cell, Vacuole is big, prominent and permanent.

Vacuole

• In animal cell, Vacuole is small, temporary and not so prominent.

PLASTIDS

• Plastids are present only in plant cell.

• Plastids are of three types.

• *Leucoplast• *Chromoplast• *Chloroplast

• PLASTID IS ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELL.

Paramecium

Skeletal muscles attach to bones. They help you do things such as kick a ball,

chew food, or write. When one of these muscles

contracts, or shortens, the bone attached to the muscle moves. Skeletal muscles are

voluntary—that is, you control when they work.

Skeletal muscles consist of cells containing light and

dark bands that make them appear striped.

• The epithelium is a protective layer of cells that covers an organ surface or lines a body cavity. Shown here is a layer of simple squamous (scaly) epithelium. Skin is composed of several layers of epithelial cells.

Bone cell

Osteocytes

Cell Division

• Mitosis– Increases total number of cells– Results in animal growth– Chromosomes pairs are duplicated

Cell Division

• Meiosis– Produces gametes– Only have one-half the chromosomes

of normal cells

Gametes

Reproductive Terminology

Species Act OffspringCows calving calfEwes lambing lambSows farrowing pigHens hatching chickMares foaling foalGoats kidding kidFrog hatching tadpole

Mammals Reproduction

Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for

mammals functions

Terminology• Estrus

– When a female is receptive to be bred

• Lactation– Period of time that milk is

secreted by the mammary glands

• Parturition– Than act of giving birth

Reproductive Functions of the Female

Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or menstrual cycle) to the next.

Length of estrous cycle by species:Cow 19 - 21 daysEwe 16 - 17 daysSow 19 - 21 daysMare 21 - 24 daysWoman 28 daysHen none

Female Tract

Female Reproductive System

• Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the male testicle and is the site of gamete production. – A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per

ovary, while a human female has 400,000 potential eggs per ovary.

– Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not continuously produced as in the male.

– All species contain two functional ovaries except for the hen which has only a left functioning ovary.

Female Reproductive System

• Uterine Horn - The anterior, divided end of the uterus in the cow, ewe, and mare. Sow has only 2 horns, no body, woman has no horns, only body.

• Uterus - Muscular sac connecting fallopian tubes and cervix

1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport2. Supports embryo and fetus during gestation3. Expels fetus at parturition

Female Reproductive System

Reproductive Functions (Female)

Steps in the female reproductive process:

1. Ovulation — Produce gamete (ova or ovum)— Release of egg(s)— Infundibulum pushes the

ovum into the fallopian tube

Ovulation Rates

Ovulation Rates by SpeciesCow- 1 egg per estrusEwe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrusSow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrusMare- 1 egg per estrusHen- Approx. 28 eggs per month

Fertilization

• When the sperm from a male reaches the egg from a female

• Two cells join to form a complete cell

• Pairs of chromosomes are formed again

• Many different combinations of traits are formed

Fertilization

Figure 16.13 Fertilization

Reproductive Functions (Female)

Gestation and Lactation Periods:

Species Gestation Period Lactation(Milking)Cow 275 - 285 days beef 180 - 270

daysdairy 305 - 365

daysEwe 115 - 142 days 60 - 90 - 120 daysSow 112 - 115 days 21 - 42 daysMare 330 - 345 days 90 - 150 daysWoman 270 days ? years

Baby development

Human baby

Reproduction in Poultry

Objective: Specify how the reproductive system for

poultry functions

Birds

Reproduction in Poultry

The poultry oviduct has five parts:1) Vagina

– Holds the egg until laid

2) Uterus– Secretes the shell

3) Isthmus– Adds the two shell membranes

4) Magnum– Secretes the albumen

5) Infundibulum– Where fertilization takes place

Reproduction in Poultry

• Major difference:– Embryo of livestock develop inside the

female’s body while the embryo of poultry develops inside the egg.

• Poultry only have the left ovary and oviduct when mature

• The yoke is the ovum• Chicken Incubation

– 21 days

1- A butterfly starts its life as an egg, laid by a female adult butterfly after mating. Butterfly eggs vary in size and shape, but most are surrounded by a protective hard shell.

2- A caterpillar develops within the egg and then eats its way out of the shell.

4- A caterpillar spends all its time eating. As it grows, the caterpillar becomes too large for its skin and molts (sheds its skin) to reveal new skin. Depending upon the type of butterfly, caterpillars molt four or five times.

• 3- When the caterpillar reaches its final size it stops feeding. The caterpillar wriggles and twists to gradually remove its old skin, revealing a new protective skin called the chrysalis.

5- Inside the chrysalis, the caterpillar changes from a wormlike creature into an adult butterfly.

6- When the butterfly reaches adulthood, it leaves the chrysalis. It pumps blood into its crumpled wings and expands them to their full size before flying away.

Life Cycle of a Frog

Amphibians

Metamorphosis•Metamorphosis is the

changes that a frog goes through during its life cycle.

•There are four main stages in the life cycle of the frog.

Egg• The first stage in the life cycle

of the frog is the egg.• A frog lays many eggs at one

time.• The eggs are covered with a

jellylike coating.

Tadpole•The second stage of the

frog life cycle is the tadpole.•Hatched tadpoles have gills

for breathing in the water. •They have a tail, but no

legs.

•As a tadpole grows, lungs begin to form.

•Back and front legs begin to grow. These parts allow the adult frog to live on land.

Adult Frog•Once the lungs form and begin to work, the gills and tail disappear.

•The adult frog is now ready to live on land.

Frog life cycle

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