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Metabolism
*Photosynthesis*Cellular Respiration
Cell Activities
TYPES CATABOLISM
THE DESTRUCTIVE METABOLISM, IS THE PROCESS THAT PRODUCE THE ENERGY REQUIRED FOR ALL ACTIVITIES IN THE CELLS.
METABOISM
OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLAST OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS
CHLOROPLAST: A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLE WHICH ALLOW PLANTS TO PRODUCE THEIR OWN ORGANIC FOOD
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER+ ENERGY=GLUCOSE+OXYGEN
CO2+H2O+ENERGY=C6 H12 06+O2
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
OVER ALL REACTION
THE CYCLING OF MOLECULES BETWEEN CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA ALLOW A FLOW OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN THROUGH ALL LIVIG THNGS
THE MITOCHONDRIA:CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ALSO KNOWN AS CONSRUCTION METABOLISM, IS ALL ABOUT BUILDING AND STORING
IT SUPPORTS THE GROWTH OF NEW CELLS,THE MAINTENANCE OF BODY TISSUES AND THE STORAGE OF ENERGY FOR USE IN THE FUTURE
ANABOLISM
DURING ANABOLISM, SMALL MOLECULES ARE CHANGED INTO LARGER, MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES OF CARBOHYDRATE, PROTEIN AND FAT
CELLULAR RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE CHEMICAL ENERGY OF “FOOD” MOLECULES IS RELEASED AND PARTIALLY CAPTURED IN THE FORM OF ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS CAN ALL BE USED AS FUELS IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, BUT GLUCOSE IS MOST COMMONLY USED AS AN EXAMPLE TO EXAMINE THE REACTIONS AND PATHWAYS INVOLVED.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
STEP WISE RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM MOLECULES LIE GLUCOSE, ACCOMPANIED BY THE USE OF THIS ENERGY TO SYNTHESIS ATP MOLECULES
MITOCHODRIA IS A MEMBRANE ENCLOSED ORGANELLE THAT CONTAINE DNA, RIBOSOMES AND ENZYMES, SITE OF ATP PRODUCTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AS THE CELL PERFORMS ITS LIFE PROCESSES AND CONVERTS ABSORBED FOOD SUBSTANCE INTO NEW LIVING PROTOPLASM, IT INCREASES IN SIZE. AFTER ATTAINING A CERTAIN SIZE, IT DIVIDES
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
A.) DIRECT CELL DIVISION OR AMITOSIS-UNICELLULAR ORGANISM UNDERGO DIRCET CELL DIVISION, WHERIN CONSTRICTION APPEARS ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH DEEPENS AND DIVIDES BOTH CYTOPLASM AND NUCLEUS RESULTING INTO A DAUGHTER CELL (PROKARYOTIC cell)
B.) INDIRECT CELL DIVISION OR MITOSIS IS WHEN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISN UNDEGO INDIRECT CELL DIVISION WHEREIN SEVERAL CHANGES TAKE PLACE IN THE CELL PRIOR TO DIVISION (EUKARYOTIC CELLS)
THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR DIVISION IS UNIQUE TO EUKARYOTIC CELLS
-IN BOTH PROCESSES, DNA WITHIN THE PARENT CELL IS DISTRIBUTED TO THHE DAUGHTER CELL
-46 CHROMOSOMES ,23 PAIRS.
CHROMOSOMES IS AN ORGANIZED STRUCTURE
OF DNA AND PROTEIN THAT IS FOUND IN CELLS. IT IS A SINGLE PIECE COILED DNA CONTAINING MANY GENES, REGULATORY ELEMENTS AND OTHER NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
- 1 PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES –DETERMINES THE INDIVIDUAL SEX
FEMALE- XX MALE- XY
PRODUCES TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, EACH WITH DNA THAT IS IDENTICAL TO THE DNA OF PARENT CELL
MITOSIS
TIME BETWEEN CELL DIVISIONSPROTEIN SYNTHESIS CARRIED OUTDNA FOUND AS THIN THREADS OF CHROMATIN IN
THE NUCLEUSNUCLEOLUS PRESENTDNA REPLICATED TOWARDS DIVISION TIME
INTERPHASE
METABOLIC CHANGES PREPARE THE CELL FOR DIVISION. AT A CERTAIN POINT-THE RESTRICTION POINT-THE CELL IS COMMITED TO DIVISION AND MOVES INTO THE S PHASE
NO DNA SYNTHESIS OCCURS BUT RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DO OCCUR
EACH DAUGHTER CELL GROWS THE SIZE OF THE LONGEST AND MOST VARIABLE PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE.
G 1 PHASE
FINAL PREPARATION FOR THE CELL DIVISION OCCURS DURING THIS PHASE
FURTHER INCREASE IN CELL VOLUME AND SYNTHESIS OF ENZYME AND OTHER PROTEIN
METABOLIC CHANGES ASSEMBLE THE CYTOPLASMIC MATERIALS NECESSARY FOR MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
G 2 PHASE
A NUCLEAR DIVISION (MITOSIS) FOLLOWED BY A CELL DIVISION (CYTOKINESIS)
M PHASE
CHROMATIN THICKEN INTO CHROMOSOMESNUCLEAR MEMBRANE DISINTEGRATESCENTRIOLE PAIRS MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF
THE CELLSPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO FORMCHROMOSOMES COIL AND SHORTENCHROMOSOMES HAS A PAIR OF CHROMATIDS
CONNECTED BY CENTROMERE
PROPHASE
GUIDED BY THE SPINDLE FIBERS, THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS LINE UP ALONG THE CENTER OF THE SPINDLE STRUCTURE
CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE CENTER OF THE CELL, CENTROERES DIVIDE PULLING THE CHROMOSOMES APART
METAPHASE
THE CHROMOSOME PAIRS (SISTERS) BEGIN TO PULL APART. ONCE SPERATED THEY ARE CALLED DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES.
DUE TO PULL, MANY CHROMOSOMES BENDGROOVE IN PLASMA MEMBRANE PRESENT-SISTER CHROMATIDS ARE NOW TWO SEPARATE
CHROMOSOMES
ANAPHASE
CHROMOSOMES RETURN TO CHROMATINSPINDLE DISINTEGRATESNUCLEAR MEMBRANE TAKES SHAPE AGAINCENTRIOLES REPLICATEMEMBRANE CONTINUED TO PINCH INWARD
TELOPHASE
THE FINAL CELLULAR DIVISION TO FORM TWO CELLS IN PLANTS A CELL PLATE FORMS ALONG THE LINE OF THE METAPHASE PLATE, IN ANIMALS THERE IS A CONSTRICTION OF THE CYTOPLASM
THE CELL THEN ENTERS INTERPHASE-THE INTERVAL BETWEEN MITOTIC DIVISIONS
CYTOKINESIS
WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL WALL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE REPLICATION. WHEN THE PROCESS IS COMPLETE, EACH CELL WILL HAVE THE SAME GENETIC MATERIAL THAT THE ORIGINAL CELL HAD BEFORE REPLICATION. EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS ALSO IDENTICAL TO EAH OTHER. NOTE THAT ONCE TELOPHASE IS COMPLETE, THE CELL RETURNS TO INTERPHASE
CYTOKINESIS