LITHOLOGY 1

Confidence Index - 1: positive 2: confident 3: probable 4: guess

pad fillPF

SURFICIAL DEPOSITS

gravelGr

perched gravelGrp

fluvial sedsFs alluviumAlvglacial tillGlt screeSc

soilSo

conglomerateSCg

SSdb carb sandstone

SEDIMENTS (S)

SAr arkoseSSd sandstone

calc sandstoneSSdc

SSsc calc siltstone

SSs siltstone

SSsb carb siltstone

lamin siltstoneSSsl

SMsb carb mudstone

SMs mudstoneSMsf fer mudstone

calc mudstoneSMsc

SShg graphitic shale

SMsp peb mudstone

SSh shale

carb shaleSShb

SCl chalk

SGw greywake

SCh chert

limestoneSLs

SEv evaporite

SLso oolitic limestone

SLsc marly limestone

gneissMGn

MSk skarn

METAMORPHICS (M)

MHf hornfels

MMb marble

mt skarnMSKmt

MSkgtep gt-ep skarn

MSkmtgt mt-gt skarnMSkgt gt skarn

ep skarnMSkep

MSksc sc skarn

MSkac ac skarn

MSkdp di skarn

meta basaltMVb

MSd meta sandstone

MMs meta mudstone

MSs meta siltstone

phylliteMPh

MShg green schist

MSh schist

MShp glauc schist

amphiboliteMSha

MHfp pyx hornfels

MShu granuliteMHfh hb hornfels

LITHOLOGY DATA RECORDING COLUMNS

LITH BXT BXC BXM %BM CI

S**

bx type/faciesM**

bx clastsV**

bx matrix

I**

% bx matrix

confidence index

IDY**IDM**

IH**

IP**

sedimentarymetamorphic

volcanic

igneous

dykedome

hypabyssal

plutonic

glacial moraineGmor

r

clast rounding

SKE endoskarnSKX exoskarn

OXIDATION STATE

Complete OxidationStrongly OxidisedModerately OxidisedWeakly OxidisedTrace OxidationUnoxidised

- no sulphides remaining

- trace Sx, strong FeO development

- approx 50% Sx oxidised- most Sx preserved, signif FeO on partings- trace FeO on partings, Sx- fresh, no FeO, Sx

5

34

210

MINERAL EXPLORATION

Mine concentrate grab

DDH selectRCH composite

Open hole composite

Mine mill feedSoil pit BLEG

DDH composite

GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE CODES

Mine dump grabFloat Sample

Pit channel sample

Subcrop grab

Outcrop pannel

Outcrop grab

Outcrop channelOutcrop chip

SAMPLE TYPE

SCGR

PTCH

OCPN

OCCH

OCRC

OCGR

FLGR

MIDP

Soil auger mesh

MIFDSOAGSOBL

OHCO

RCCO

DDSL

DDCO

MICOSoil pit meshSOPT

Mobile metal ionSMMI

Underground Select

Underground channelUnderground chipUGRC

UGCH

UGSL

SSED BLEG

SSED meshSSMS

SSBL

S J MELDRUM

2016

PORPHYRY, SKARN & EPITHERMAL SYSTEMS

ver 6 / 2016

Calle las Tres Marias 363/6

Monterrico, Surco

Lima. Peru

CEL: ++51 19 9906 8514

meldrum.geo@gmail.com

SSED pan conSSPC

ferricreteFct

SLsd dirty LS

SLsh sinkhole fill

B bedded

SLd dolomite

SLsy shelly limestone

SVcl volcaniclasticSFlch flysch seds

quartziteMQzMMg migmatite

GB graded beddingRB reverse bedding I induratedCB cross bedded F fossiliferous

Features:SNd sinter distal apr <35

SNn sinter near vent >60

SNs sinter mid slope <60

LITHOLOGY 2

VOLCANICS (V)

igneous designatorintrusive faciescompositionphenocrysts / crystalstexturesgrain sizefeatures

volcanic designatorcomposition

minerals (abundance order)volc facies

grain sizefeatures

COMPOSITION

D dacite

A andesite

rhyodaciteRDR rhyolite

basaltB

BA basaltic andesite

P phonolite

TA trachyandesite

tephriteEL latiteT trachyite

VOLCANIC FACIES

clt crystal lithic tuff

ct crystaltuff

lithic tufflt

ft pyroclastic flowtufftat ash tuff

lpt accret lapilli tuff

vtt vitric tuff

fragmentalfgm

lhr laharba block and ash

MINERALS

b biotite

h hornblendepyroxenep

m magnetite

quartzq

f feldspar

GRAIN SIZE

fm fine to medium

mediummmc medium coarse

very finevf

f finec coarse

pillow basaltpign ignimbrite

FEATURES

VE vessicularL leucocratic

W weldedflow bandedFB

D melanocratic

RB reverse graded beddedGB graded bedded

EXAMPLES

VAct fhq D dark andesitic crystal tuff with feld hornblend and quartz crystals/phenos

VRDign fqh W welded rhyodacitic ignimbrite with feld & quartz phenos/crystals

EXTRACT AS MUCH INFORMATION IN A CODED FORM AS POSSIBLE

LITHOLOGY 3

INTRUSIVES (I)

INTRUSIVE FACIES

IP plutonicIH hypabyssaldykeIDY

IDM dome

pg pegmatite

gb gabbro

lamprophyrelasp serpentenitemonzonitemz

mzg monzogabbrosy syenite

pl aplite

COMMON MINERALS

b biotite

h hornblendepyroxenep

m magnetite

quartzq

f feldspar

ROCK TEXTURES

PE porph > equigranularaphaniticA

PA porphyritic, aphanitic gmass equigranularEP porphyritic

G graphictic

FEATURES

VE vessicular

L leucocratic FY feltyflow bandedFB

D melanocratic

COMPOSITION

an andesitic

dm microdiorite

daciticdard rhyodacitic

doleritedo

di diorite

gd granodiorite

g granitic

tonaliteto

rh rhyolitic

GRAIN SIZE

fm fine to mediummediumm

mc medium coarsevery finevf

f fine c coarse

olivineo

a augite

VT vitric

ba basaltic andesite

EP equi > porphyritic

BRECCIA FACIES TABLE

BRECCIA FACIES TABLE CONTD

g glass DXproximalPXdistal

FACIES

VI vitric

a augite

UT tephra CR crystal crowded

fl lava flow

CR crystal crowded

BXi intrusion bx

BRECCIAS (BX)

BXf fault bx

BXt tectonic bx

jigsaw bxBXj

BXs pseudomicro bx

BXc crackle bx

BXp

phreatic bx

rock flour bxBXr

BXb pebble bx

BXrc rf-clastic bx

BXh hydrothermal bx

very angularva

CLAST ROUNDING (r)

an angularsub-angularsa

sr sub-roundedroundedro

wr well rounded

ploymictPL

BRECCIA CLASTS (BXC)

ML monolithicmeta sedsMS

IG igneousporphyryPO

MM metamorphic

*** 'specified lithologies'

quartzqz

fe iron oxides

BRECCIA MATRIX (BXM)

qz-sx qz-sulphide

sx sulphide

qz-fe oxqz-fe

ja jarosite

qz-al qz-alunite

al alunite

qz-jarositeqz-ja

al-pf al-pyrophyllite

cl clay

pf pyrophyllite

OR - a lithology or other mineral species

LITHOLOGY 4

BXv volcanic bx

BXg phreatomagmatic

BXp

phreatic bx

BX9

BX1

BX4

BX3

BX6

BX7

TECTONIC

PHREATIC

BX2

coarse poor sort

coarse well sort

fine poor sort (dykes)

fine well sort (dykes)

hydrothermal matrix

qz clast qz matrix

ign matrix fine

BXl acid drain back bx BX8 ha cl matrix

BXg phreatomagmatic BX5 ign matrix coarse

BXd diatreme bx

BSs barren silica shoulder pseudo bx coarse qz-al alt

FACIES

alternative

rf rock flour

typical to high sulphidation

porphyry/breccia complexes

ALTERATION

nul0 trace1 weak2 moderate3 strong4 intense5

PS sub propylitic

ALTERATION FACIES (AFAC)

UA unaltered

PR propylitic

potassicPT

AR argillic

IA intermediate arg

AA - acid sulphate facies

SV silica vuggy

CS clay silica

SM silica massive

vein selvageVNS

ALTERATION STYLE (ASTY)

sed selectSED

adulariaad

ax andalusite

ALT MINERALS (AMIN)

al alunite (udif)

aK K-alunite

clay (udif)cl

di diaspore

do dolomite

dk dickite

pyrophyllitepf

se sericite

qz quartz

sc scapolite

pervasivePERPAT patchyFRC fracture

structureSTRBXM bx matrixBXC bx clast

clottedCLTCAV cavities

mordenitemr

an andraditefeldspar (udif)fp

gt garnet (udif)

smectitesmsu specularite

carbonatecb

ch chlorite

halloysiteha

hu heulandite

tourmalineto

vs vesuvianite

corundumco

cx clinopyroxene

cs cristobalite

jarositeja

ka kaolinite

lx lucoxene

zeoliteze

zu zunyite

P2 biotite (2nd PT event)

phyllic:pro-ms ret-sePH

SI silicification

silica aluniteSA

SK skarn

SG silica granularQT qz-tourmaline

ALT INTENSITY (AINT)

mt magnetite

ep epidote

sd siderite

bi bioite gp gypsum tr tridymite

cz chabazite

il illite

wa wairakite

cd chalcedony

im ilmenite

wo wollastonite

ac actinolite

ca calcite

os opaline silca

ab albite

ms muscovite

na natrolite

SE sericitic (IA)silica claySC

ICO int contact

px pyroxene

ba barite

ah anhydritenative SS

aN Na-alunite

ce celadonite

dp diopside

gf graphite

kf k-spar

palygorskitepa

pg phlogopite

ro roscolite

topaztp

zw zinnwaldite

selectSEL REP replacementphenocrystPHN

matrixMTX

o'printOPN

aplite (ab or kf)AB

CB carbonate

ZE zeolite

SO silica opaline

S1 silica mas vuggy

S2 silica vuggy mas

CA clay aluniteSP silica patchySW silica wormy

advanced argAA

PROGRADE

RETROGRADE

Silica

Group

Alunite

Group

al-ka

Group

kaolin

Group

il-ka

Group

illite

Group

Chlorite

Group

Calc-Silicate

Group

SO

SG

SC CS

AR

SM

SM

PH

se-kf

PHmica

PTbi-mt

PT SD

kf-bi-ogSKcx-gt

SKtm-qz

Increasing pH

Increasing Temperature

PTac-kf

SKmt-gt

EPITHERMAL

DEEP EPITHERMAL

PORPHYRY

2 3 4 5 6

100

250

300

ALTERATION FACIES AND SUB FACIES - CEGSJM alteration sub facies overlain on the Corbett & Leach alteration table

PT SK PH PR PS AR AAIA

SA

SV

S2

S1

SP

SW

SG

IA

IAch-il

il-sm

AR

ka

sm

CA

AApf-al

PHkf-mica

PRbi-ep-ac-kf

PR

ch-ep-ca-ad

PS

PH-AAse

PHse

CEG ALTERATION FACIES TABLE

(SVM)

(SMV)

qz-ha cl-haSG

SH

mm montmorilonite

SY

pr paragonite

la laumonite

rt rutile

conditions of

non-dissociation

retrograde

prograde

Includes the addition of IA to the original Corbett & Leach diagram - codes changed to suit this reference set

tremolitetm

AAdi-dk

epithermal

porphyrytransition

anataseaa

BXx collapse breccia

RX recrystallisedHF hornfels

BRECCIA FACIES (BXT)

THE BRECCIA MATRIX COMPONENT NORMALY DEFINES THE BRECCIA FACIES

breccia designatorbreccia facies

clast componentclasr rounding (optional)

matrix componentestimate % matrix

phreatic breccias - sourced at depth & drill upwards.

diatreme breccas - originate at surface and drill downwards. Matrix is clay rich &

hydrothermal fluids

hydrothermal breccias - matrix is sourced from

clasts are sourced form near surface

Matrix is pulverised rock flour &clasts are sourced from depth

passive process

explosive origin

'BRECCIA RULES OF THUMB'

blockdesignator

RO roscolite (alkalic epi)

CE celadonite (LSE)

MT magnetite (deep PT)

chloritic (IA)CH

Principal Facies Variant Facies

cavity fillCFL structureSTR

VNM vein matrix GMS groundmass BED bedding selectvesicleVES

aH NH-alunite

nc nacrite

nt nontronite

talctc

chalcedonic silSHSY creamy silica

BXo 'overbank' phreatic breccias - weaker retrograde alt typ / oganic material

alternative

numeric

numeric

VBx vein matrix breccia

glassgl

HM heamatite

K2 kspar (2nd PT event)sodic - calcicSD

og oligoclase

Note: Deep porphyry SODIC-CALCIC (SD) & aplite (AB) inserted - approximate

ABkf qz ab

SQ sugary quartz (LSE)

DS dark silica (py?)

SQ

MINERALISATION 1

boxworkbx

bm microbotriodalbo botryoidal

buck qzBUQ

MINERALISATION TYPE (MTYP)

Oxide Transition

Supergene Enriched

OX TR

SG ENMixed SG/EN/HY

MAS massive

vein undiffVNN

MAB bx mass sx

coatingsCOT

VBX breccia vein

FFL fracture fillling

MINERALISATION STYLE (MSTY)

DSM disseminated

cavity fillingCFL

REP replacement

MTO

CBV carb vein

manto

BVN qz-SX - cp su

SX qz se - cp mo pyCVN

qz-mt +/- SX - cp bnAVN

opaline qzOPQ

SAQ saccharoidal qzcrystalline qzCXQ

chalcedonic qzCHQ

cr crustiformcolloformco

dt dogs tooth

ma massive

oc open cavities gingurogi

QAV qz-adularia vein

MM sweat veinsQMM

HypogeneHY

epithermal vns (undif)EVN

MLV mesothermal vn (undif)

MQV major qz vein

VNR stringer veinsSIV silica veinletts

milky quartz veinsMLQ

rind on clastsRND

MAS massive

BXM bx matrix

bx clastBXC

JAQ jasperoidal qz vein

AMQ amethystine qz vein

DSV dark sx + silica veinDCV dark sx + clay vein

LSV light sx + clay vein

clear quartzCLQ

no SX

2 process 1 & 2 processes

OX & SX

1 process 1 ProcessMX

GSV grey silica vein

Trans OX domTOOX >> SX

Trans SX domTSOX << SX

QVN quartz vein

QXV qz-sulphide vein

QCV qz-cb vein

SXV sulphide vein

STK stockwork vns

SHV sheeted veins

WMY wormy silics vns

PORPHYRY

DOMES

LOW SX EP

VEIN TYPES (VTYP)

mt +/- qzMVNDeep Porphyry Veins

BIV biotite veins

SEV sericite veins

QSV qz-se veins

LQV light qz vein

DQV dark qz vein

QRV qz-ro vein

QLV qz-lm vein

qz-hm veinQHV

ba banded bl bladed

VEINS

WQV white qz vein

Corbett & Leach ALT FACIES TABLE

Silica

Group

Alunite

Group

al-ka

Group

kaolin

Group

il-ka

Group

illite

Group

Chlorite

Group

Calc-Silicate

Group

op

cs

tr

qz

al ha

Silicaop

cs

tr

qz

ha

Silica

ha sm

Silica

Silica

Silica

al ka

Silica

ka

Silica

ka smSilica+ sd

sm

Silica

al

qz

al

ka

qz

ka

qz

qz

conditions of

al

qz

al

ka di

qz+di

al

dk

al

al pf

qz+di

qz+di

dk pf

qz+di

ax

ka sm

qz+sd

ka di

qz+di

ka il sm

qz+sd

sm cb

qz/cz

il sm

dk

qz+sd

cb

qz/cz

il

cb

qz

ka dk

il/il sm

qz+sd

dk

qz+di

pf

dk

se qz

pf

pf

qz+di

pf

qz

se

se

cb

qz

mica/se

ax

pf qz

+ cbmica qz

se

qz ch

kf

ax al qz

pf qzpf qzax al

mica qz

ax mica micaco qz

kf qzmica

bi kfcx mt

bi ackf qz

kf cb

cx qzca/do

tm qzca/doqz + ch

se/mica

Increasing pH

Increasing Temperature

ac qzkf ch

ep ac ch qzkf ca/do

ch qz epad/ab ca/do

gt qzwo vsmt

ch il

qz cb

ab/ad

ch cb

qz/cd

il-sm

ch/ch-sm

qz/cd

sm qz/cd

ch-sm/ch

cb

silica

ch-sm/ch

cb/do

silica

ch/ch-sm

zeolite

qz/cd

ch qz/chd

ca do

ad/ab

zeolite

ca/do

ch qz ep

ad/abca/dozeolite

zeolitesstb hu mo cz na

wa

la

EPITHERMAL

DEEP EPITHERMAL

PORPHYRY

PT SK PH AR AA

2 3 4 5 6

100

250

300

HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION MINERAL SYSTEMS

From: Greg Corbett & Terry Leach, Southwest Pacific Rim Gold Copper Systems - Short Course Manual, 1997

Includes the addition of IA to the original diagram - codes changed to suit this reference set

IA

cb

+ cbco qz

mica/se

pf qz

non-dissociation

PT SK PH PR PS AR AAIA

dkqz+di

sugary quartzSGQ

VEIN TEXTURES

ck cockadecm combms moss

lb lattice bladed

pl plumose

- -

Increasing Temp

100

200

300

al

ja

ha

ka

dk

pf

di

tp, zu

aa

rt

cs

qz

py

ma

sm

il-sm

ch-sm

il

ch

ep

bi

kf, ad

ca

mr

la

wa

Increasing pH

WEAKLY ACID

ACID

NEUTRAL

ALKALINE

ORE DEPOSITSAuAgCuMo

Hedenquist et al ALT TABLE

Adjusted after Hedenquist et al 1996 from Soc of resource Geology - Resource Geology Sepcial Publication 1, 1996

se ?

VNS veins selvage

NWV network vns

NWQ netwk qz vns

NWM netwk mn vns

SulphideSX

vein type

vein familly (porphyries)

gangue minerals (paragenetic order)

vein textures (paragenetic order)

min minerals (paragentic order)

QPV qz-py vein

qz-mn carb veinQMV

GEOCHEMICAL ZONATIONS

ADV adularia veinSMQ smokey quartz

My additions include colours (temp ranges), mineralisation bar and se?

bi +/- mt qzBIVac +/- mt qzACV

Shallow Porphyry Veins

se-SX qz - mo cp pyDVN

SEV CHV SXVothers

ACV

CHV

SEV

WQV

retrogradeILP / HLP

ACV ac-SX veins

MINERAL RATIOS FOR VECTORING AND MODELLING

ox - no sx cp (only)cp > bn

0 ABCD

PRINCIPAL COPPER MINERALS

bncp

cccucv

Cubr

tn

cn

mcaz

ck

cr

pm

bornitechalcopyrite

chalcocitecupritecovellite

native copperbrochantite

tenorite

cubanite

malachiteazurite

chalcantite

chrysocolla

pitch limonite

Cu FeSCuFeS

Cu SCu OCuS

CuCu (OH) SO

CuO

CuFe S

Cu CO (OH)Cu (CO ) (OH)

CuSO .5H O

Cu H (Si O )(OH)

5 4

2

2

2

4 6 4

2 3

2 3 2

3 3 2 2

4 2

2 2 2 5 4

57.3%

79.9%36.0%

79.8%

55.0%

35.0%

63.3%

56.0%

31-34.5%

88.8%66.4%23.0%

Cu %

en enargite Cu AsS3 4

100%

OX

TR

SG

HY

py (only)py > cppy = cppy < cp

1234

cp < bncp = bn

MINERALISATION 3

sol Cu (only) cc (only)cc > cv

Fsol Cu > pysol Cu = pysol Cu < py

GHI cc < cv

cc = cv

en (only)en > py cv > en

cv = encv < en

OPQR

TUV

cv (only) S

en < pyen = py

en (only) W

bn (only) E

Cu-AuPORPHYRY

cv (only)

JKLMN

ENRICHMENTBLANKETS

HSSYSTEMS

py > popy = po cp > po

cp = pocp < po

5678

WXY

cp (only) V

po (only)py < po

po (only) Z

PYRRHOTITE-Cu SKARNS

MINERALISATION 2

antimonysb

at atacamite

MIN MINERALS (MMIN)

ar argentite

as arsenopyrite

chalcopyritecp

ct cuprite

cv covellite

cn cubanite

orpimentor

pl pyrolusite

pm pitch limonite

py pyrite

malachitemc

az azurite

electrumel

en enargite

realgarre

sh scheelite

bismuthinitebtbn bornite

flouritefl

ga galena

sideritesd

sp sphalerite

cassiteritesn

ct cerussite

ck chalcantite

hessitehs

hz hydrozincite

ja jarosite

native sulphurS

te tellurides

lm limonite

dg digenite

po pyrrhotite

ba barite

fb ferberite

sl selenides

br brochantite

go geothite

st stibnite

ci calverite

hm heamatite

ss sulphosalts

ae anglesite

cc chalcocite

ai alcantite

ma marcasite

tt tennantite

cinnabarnn

molybdenitemo

cr chromite

tenoritetn

Hg mercury

cy chrysocolla

Ag native silver

wd mn wad

ah anhydrite

Cu native copperAu native gold

neotocitene

DS dark sulphides

LS light sulphides

quartzqzcalciteca

carbonatecb

rhodochrositerc gypsumgp

tourmalineto

roscolite micaro

rhodoniterd

magnetitemt

Common vein gangue minerals

magnetitemt

ba barite

ze zeolite

adulariakf rhodochrositerc mn mn wad

so scorodite

lx lucoxene

zc zincitemn oxidemn

ENRICHMENT

PERIPHERY

CORE

Useful mineral ratios for vectoring purposes

25 °/045°

315°/25° NE

N45W/25NE

BEDDING

E

PUMICE ALIGNMENT

IGNEOUS BANDING

FLOW LINEATION

D/DAZM

W

S

LINEAR FEATURES

315°

N

DIPS25°

045°

DIP/DIP AZIM

STRIKE/DIP (UK)

STRIKE/DIP (US)

CONTACT (OBSERVED)

DISCONFORMITY

UNCONFROMITY

FOLD AXIS

FOLDS

BOUNDARIES

VEIN

CLEAVAGE

FRACTURE

FOLIATION

FAULT-THRUST

FAULT-REVERSE

FAULT-NORMAL

FAULTS

JOINT

STRUCTURE & EVENTS

PLANNAR FEATURES

BED

LPU

LFL

LIB

UNC

CON

VEN

DIS

FAX

FLN

FTH

FLR

SCL

FOL

SJO

SFR

FAULT (UNDIF) FLT

SCHISTOSITY SCH

BASE PARTIAL OX

BASE SOLUBLE Cu

BASE COMPLETE OX

EVENTS

BCO

BPO

BSO

CONTACT (INFERRED) CIN

MAPPING

CA - ANGLE

CORE AXIS

45°

LOGGING

TO CORE AXIS

STRAIN ELLIPSE

=ONE

=acre

MULTIPLIER4046.856m2

=cubic metre 35.3147 cubic ft

=degree celsius 0.555 ( F-32)

=fathom 1.8288m

=foot 0.3048m

=furlong 201.168m

=gallon 4.54609L

=gallon (US) 3.785412L

=gram 35.273962 x 10 ounces

=gram/tonne 0.0001%

3

= 0.032666oz (troy)/long ton

= 0.02917oz (troy)/short ton

=hectare 10,000m2

= 2.4710538 acres

=inch 25.4mm

=kilogram 2.2046226 pounds

=kilometre 0.621371 miles

=litre 0.219969 gallons

=metre 3.28084 feet

= 1.0936132 yards

=mile 1.609344 km

=mile/hr 0.44704 m/s

=ounce (troy) 31 103477g

=ounce(T)/long ton 30.61224 g/t

=ounce(T)/short ton 34.28571 g/t

=km2 0.386102 miles2

=mile2 640 acres

=acre 2.589988 km2

=stone 6.3502932 kg

=ton, long 1.016047 t (metric)

=ton, short 0.907185 t (metric)

=tonne (t) 0.9842 long tons

=acre 1.1023 short tons

=acre 2204.62 lbs

=yard 0.9144n

CONVERSION FACTORS PERCENTAGES

IGNEOUS ROCKSPhreatic vs Diatreme Breccias