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1
UNESCO-NIGERIA TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
REVITALISATION PROJECT-PHASE II
YEAR 2- SE MESTER 4
THEORY/PRACTICAL
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING II CEC 210
2
CEC 210
CONTENT INDEX
Week 1: 1.1 Stair detail. 1
Week 2: 2.1 Special stairs. 2
2.2 Pile foundation 4
Week 3: 3.1 Steel structural drawings. 6
Week 4: 4.1 Connection between steel members. 8
4.2 Connections 10
Week 5: 5.1 Building services drawings. 12
Week 6: 6.1 Water tank installation details. 16
Week 7: 7.1 Manhole details. 17
Week 8: 8.1 Septic tank details. 18
Week 9: 9.1 Installation of Air conditioning system. 19
Week 10: 10.1 Road design presentation. 20
10.2 Longitudinal section 20
10.3 Cross section 22
Week 11: 11.1 Canal and irrigation engineering. 24
11.2 Earth dam 25
3
Week 12: 12.1 Site visit. 26
Week 13: 13.1 Computer Aided drawing (CAD). 27
Week 14: 14.1 Computer Aided drawing (CAD) . 28
Week 15: 15.1 Computer Aided drawing (CAD). 29
4
WEEK ONE 1.1 STAIR DETAILS
Detailing of stairs and preparing their bar bending schedules
Fig. 1.1 stairs
Coursework / Practical Students are to draw reinforcement details for special stairs and attempt to its bar
bending schedule sheets
5
WEEK TWO 2.1 SPECIAL STAIRS AND PILE FOUNDATION
DETAILS
Detailing of stairs and pile foundation and preparing their bar bending schedule
sheet
6
Fig. 2.1 Special stairs
7
2.2 Pile foundation
Fig. 2.2. Piles
8
COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL Students are to draw special stairs and pile foundation and attempt to prepare
their bar bending schedule sheet.
9
WEEK THREE 3.1 STEEL STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
The training of the structural steel drafter is of vital importance to the engineering
profession, the construction industry and every structural steel fabricator.
Steel produced at the rolling mills and shipped to the fabricating shop comes in a
wide variety of shapes and sizes. e.g
Universal beam, column, channel, angle; structural tees, Hollow structural
section – consisting of round, square and rectangular section, plates, round and
rectangular bars.
Standard hot rolled section are produced in three grades of steel 43, 50 and 55.
These numbers when multiplied by 10 give the maximum tensile strength of the
steel in N/mm2. By adding chromium and copper to grade 50 steel during
manufacture, a weather resistant steel is produced which does not require a
protective coating.
Universal beam, column, joists and channels are described by their depth,
breadth, mass per metre and length required in that order. The standard
abbreviations used are as follows:
Universal beam - IUB
Universal column - IUC
Rolled steel joist - RSJ
Rolled steel channel - RSC
The expression 457x 152 x 60 UB x 7440
10
Fig. 3.1 Universal sections
Means a universal beam with a depth of 457mm, width of 152mm, weighing
60kg/metre and 7440mm long.
Cold rolled section are formed by folding flat sheet steel into a variety of shapes
like toughing, decking, cladding, zed and channel sections.
steel section may be shown in true shape on large –scale drawings but on small
–scale drawing they are shown symbolically as thick lines together with important
section properties
COURSEWORK Students are to draw at least twelve structural steelwork shapes available in the
Nigerian market
11
WEEK FOUR 4.1 CONNECTION BETWEEN STEEL MEMBERS
There are many ways of connecting the various elements of steel structure. The
decision as to which will be used will have to be taken by the designer from his
knowledge of the forces they will have to transmit.
Bolts, Rivets, or welds are usually used for connecting two steel members,.
Three qualities of bolts are available
a. Black bolts - common bolts, with un-machined shanks.
b. Close – tolerance turned bolts: accurately turned or machine bolts used
where ship and vibration are undesirable.
c. High-strength friction grip bolts. Grade yield or 0.2% proof stress
4.6 - 240N/mm2
8.8 - 640N/mm2
The nominal diameter of the bolt is the diameter of its shank and is given in mm.
e.g M16, M20, M22. - BS4190.
The process of riveting involves heating the rivet until it is red hot, inserting it in
the matched holes in the members to be connected and then forming a cup-
shaped head on the other end of the rivet by means of suitable dies and a
hammer.
Welded connections is an alternation to shop bolting. Welded connection have
the advantage, of saving in weight of the cleats and splice plates, avoidance of
loss of strength of sections by drilling holes in them and a smoother and more
easily maintained profile. The two basic welds are:
Fillet welds and built welds.
Fillet welds are he commonest and designers will sometimes prefer to extend on
2 plate so as to get a fillet weld instead of a butt weld. But welds are formed in a
variety of shapes often requiring the butting edges to be specially prepared.
Symbols are used to denote the various types of weld and these are extracted
from BS499 part 2: symbols for welding. The symbols are used in association
with a sloping arrow line pointing to the location of the weld. Attached to the
12
arrow line is a reference line drawn horizontally. There must be a change of
direction between arrow line and reference line.
Fig. 4.1 Welding symbols
13
4.2 Connections
Fig. 4.2 Connections
1. Column bases to foundation, usually concrete
2. Beams to columns
3. Beams to beams
4. Splicing beams and column splices
Fig. 4.3 Connections column to column
14
Fig. 4.4 Connection column to foundation
COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL Students are to prepare working drawings for connections in structural steelwork:
Beam to beam
Beam to column
Column to column
Column to foundation
15
WEEK FIVE 5.1 BUILDING SERVICES DRAWINGS
Fig. 5.1 Plumbing drawings
Plumbing work drawings
- water supply to the building
- Sanitary pipe work
16
Fig. 5.2 Plumbing-work drawing
17
Fig 5.3 Wash-hand basin
The building regulation require that every soil and waste appliance be adequately
trapped with a satisfactory water seal and have means of access for internal
cleansing. The entry of foul air from the drainage system into the building is
prevented by the installation of suitable traps which should be self cleansing.
Drainage systems must be designed to provide efficient and economical method
of carrying water borne waste in such a way as to avoid the risk of pipe blockage
and the escape of effluent into the ground.
Sewer arrangements
- Combined systems
- Separate system
- Partially separate system
Access to drains: This is required for inspection and rodding to clear blockage.
The means of access is the inspection chambers. Inspection chambers becomes
a manhole when the depth exceeds 900mm .
Inspection chambers or manholes are mainly provided at:
- Changes of direction and gradient
- Junction of two or more sewers
- Wherever the pipe diameter changes in size
- The head of the sewer
18
INTERCEPTORS
An interceptor or intercepting trap is used to intercept by means of a water seal
at least 62mm deep the foul air from a sewer or cesspool from entering a house
drainage inspection chamber or manhole and is provided with a rodding arm to
give access to the section of drain between the trap and the sewer or cesspool.
A cesspool is an underground chamber constructed for the reception and storage
of foul water.
Cesspool are different to septic tanks in that they only contain the sewage for a
period of time and have to be pumped out at frequent interval according to their
capacity and usage
COURSEWORK Students to draw line diagram of plumbing work for water supply and drainage
system
19
WEEK SIX 6.1 WATER TANK INSTALLATION DETAILS
Fig. 6.1 water tank installation
Coursework Students to prepare working drawing for plumbing work
20
WEEK SEVEN 7.1 MANHOLE DETAILS
Manhole and inspection chamber details
Fig 7.1 Manhole
Coursework Student to prepare working drawing of manhole and inspection chamber
21
WEEK EIGHT 8.1 SEPTIC TANK DETAIL
Septic tank and soak away pit details
Fig. 8.1 Septic tank
In areas where there are no public sewers to direct household drains septic tanks
are used. In the septic tank, heavier solids settle at the bottom as sludge and
lighter solids rise and form a scum which acts as a surface seal and permits
decomposition by bacteria.
SOAKAWAY PIT
Where there is no possibility of recycling the waste water or being used for
farmland, the pit is constructed beside the septic tank to dispose the treated
waste into the surrounding ground.
COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL
22
Students to prepare working drawings for septic tank and soak away pit
23
WEEK NINE 9.1 INSTALLATION OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Air conditioning provides a comfortable climate within the structure. A good air
conditioning system controls all the principal factors that affect human comfort.
That is the right temperature the right amount of moisture and a controlled supply
of fresh, clean, odourless air.
Table 9.1 Air conditioning unit
Air conditioning system Mechanical unit Energy sources
Temperature control Heating
Refrigeration
Gas, coal, electricity,
wood,
Gas, electricity
Humidity control Humidifier de humidifier Electricity
Ventilation Fan, intake and Exhaust
filter
Electricity
Line diagram is used to represent the units on drawings
COURSEWORK Students to draw the installation layout plan for air-conditioning system
24
WEEK TEN 10.1 ROAD DESIGN PRESENTATION
Road design drawings should include the following
1. A layout plan
2. A longitudinal section
3. A cross section
LAYOUT PLAN
This is normally presented to a scale of 1:500. The layout plan should show the
existing details (as broken lines) and the proposed work (as continuous lines).
The layout plan normally includes the following details
- The horizontal alignment
- The existing drains, manholes culverts
- Location of bridges, and railway level crossings
- Existing footpath and proposed paths
- The direction of the North
Normally drawn to the following scales
Horizontal 1:500
Vertical 1:100
10.2 Longitudinal section
Details on the longitudinal section
- The datum from which all levels are measured
- The existing ground levels
- The chainage along the centre line of the road.
- The proposed longitudinal profile of the road
- The existing /proposed invert level of drains and culverts
- The gradient of the proposed road
- The vertical curves of the proposed road.
25
Fig.10.1 Longitudinal section
26
10.3 CROSS – SECTIONS
Normally drawn the following scales:
Horizontal 1:100
Vertical 1:50 or 1:100
Fig. 10.2 Cross section
27
DETAILS TO BE SHOWN
- The extent of the road reserve
- The datum from which all levels are taken
- The existing ground level
- The chainage from the centre line of the road to edge of the road reserve.
- The proposed road levels at the edges and along the centre line.
- The proposed and existing invert levels of drains and culverts
- The cross- slope of the road
- The thickness of the layers.
COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL Students to draw the proposed road profile: the longitudinal and cross sections .
28
WEEK ELEVEN 11.1 CANAL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
The most commonly used systems embrace porous or perforated pipes or gravel
–filled trenches laid to one of the following arrangement.
- Natural:- the drains follow natural depression or valleys on the site with
branches discharging into the main pipe
- Herringbone: - A number of main drains into which smaller subsidiary
- Grid:- main drain are laid near the boundaries of a site into which
branches discharge from one side only.
Fan:- The drains converge to a single outlet at one point on the boundary of the
site without the sue of the site without the use of a main drain.
- Circular section
- Triangular section
CANAL SECTION
- Natural, irregular channels section
- Trapezoidal sections
- Rectangular section
29
11.2 EARTH DAM
Fig. 11.1 Earth dam
Earth dams consisting entirely of impervious material at the centre made of clay
puddles and graded aggregate the finest to boulder stones, from the clay
puddles outwards, provides the most economical dam for irrigation purposes
COURSEWORK / PRACTICAL Students to draw and detail canal sections in relation to their engineering economy.
30
WEEK TWELVE 12.1 SITE VISIT Students to be taken on excursion to dam site, irrigation project site and road project site
31
WEEK THIRTEEN 13.1 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING The use of CAD to produce working drawings
32
WEEK FOURTEEN 14.1 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING The use of CAD to produce working drawings
33
WEEK FIFTEEN 15.1 SITE VISIT Students to write technical report on project sites visited
34