Ceasar and the End Ceasar and the End of the Republicof the Republic

Setup of Rome’s governmentSetup of Rome’s government

►Rome’s government was set up using Rome’s government was set up using social class more than anything else. social class more than anything else. ((what are the two social classes of what are the two social classes of Romans?Romans?))

►Plebians complained about having so Plebians complained about having so little power.little power.

►This brought about a change in the This brought about a change in the government that led to model much government that led to model much more equitable than had previously more equitable than had previously been the case.been the case.

CincinnatusCincinnatus

►The Roman Government had a provision The Roman Government had a provision for a “dictator” during times of distress. for a “dictator” during times of distress.

►This person had almost unlimited This person had almost unlimited powers for 6 months. powers for 6 months.

►At the end of 6 months, they were to At the end of 6 months, they were to return the power to the 2 consuls, and return the power to the 2 consuls, and go back to their lives.go back to their lives.

►Cincinnatus, was one such example.Cincinnatus, was one such example.

Cincinnatus Cont.Cincinnatus Cont.

► Cincinnatus was a farmer, and a loyal and Cincinnatus was a farmer, and a loyal and devoted citizen.devoted citizen.

► The Roman army found itself surrounded The Roman army found itself surrounded and needed help. and needed help.

► Cincinnatus was declared Dictator and Cincinnatus was declared Dictator and asked to help. He defeated the enemy army asked to help. He defeated the enemy army and returned to his farm approx. 16 days and returned to his farm approx. 16 days after.after.

►He could have taken power, but refused.He could have taken power, but refused.►George Washington would later follow his George Washington would later follow his

example.example.

Roman LawRoman Law

► Roman Law was very well defined.Roman Law was very well defined.► The first version that was adopted was called The first version that was adopted was called

the “12 Tables”. the “12 Tables”. ► This made sure the same laws applied to This made sure the same laws applied to

everyone, plebeians and patricians alike.everyone, plebeians and patricians alike.► They were carved on bronze tablets and placed They were carved on bronze tablets and placed

in the Roman Forum. in the Roman Forum. ► A person was innocent until proven guilty.A person was innocent until proven guilty.► People could defend themselves before a judgePeople could defend themselves before a judge► Law should apply equally to everyone was Law should apply equally to everyone was

began.began.► RULE OF LAW!!!!!!!!!!RULE OF LAW!!!!!!!!!!

Rome ExpandsRome Expands

► Rome began to expand after it had Rome began to expand after it had conquered all it Italy. conquered all it Italy.

► Rome’s main rival was another Rome’s main rival was another Mediterranean city named Carthage.Mediterranean city named Carthage.

► Carthage was an Phoenician outpost.Carthage was an Phoenician outpost.► Carthage ruled a large trading empire that Carthage ruled a large trading empire that

Rome needed in order to expand and grow.Rome needed in order to expand and grow.► The island of Sicily brought both powers to The island of Sicily brought both powers to

war. Each side wanted the island.war. Each side wanted the island.► This began a set of conflicts called the This began a set of conflicts called the

“Punic Wars”“Punic Wars”

The Empire of Carthage began as a Phonecian trading post. It then became self sustainable and

the focal point of a major empire of trading.

First Punic WarFirst Punic War

►Rome sent its army to Sicily to keep Rome sent its army to Sicily to keep Carthage from taking over in 264 B.C. Carthage from taking over in 264 B.C.

►Rome was not used to fighting a naval Rome was not used to fighting a naval battle, so they had to quickly battle, so they had to quickly assemble a navy and go to war with a assemble a navy and go to war with a much more able Carthaginian navy. much more able Carthaginian navy.

►After 20 years, Rome finally won and After 20 years, Rome finally won and Carthage had to pay a huge fine to Carthage had to pay a huge fine to Rome and leave Sicily which was now Rome and leave Sicily which was now under Roman rule.under Roman rule.

Second Punic WarSecond Punic War

►To make up for the loss of Sicily, To make up for the loss of Sicily, Carthage expanded into southern Spain.Carthage expanded into southern Spain.

►Rome viewed this as an encroachment Rome viewed this as an encroachment on their territory and helped the people on their territory and helped the people of Spain rebel against Carthage’s rule.of Spain rebel against Carthage’s rule.

►Carthage, in response, sent their most Carthage, in response, sent their most famous general into Rome to punish famous general into Rome to punish Rome.Rome.

►His name was Hannible.His name was Hannible.►This began the 2This began the 2ndnd Punic War Punic War

Hannibal’s route to Rome took him through the Italian Alps, where many of his men starved and much of his

force was diminished.

Hannibal’s DefeatHannibal’s Defeat

►Hannibal, even with a diminished force, Hannibal, even with a diminished force, defeated the Romans and moved in to defeated the Romans and moved in to loot Rome.loot Rome.

►However, the Romans had attacked However, the Romans had attacked Carthage, and Hannibal had to return to Carthage, and Hannibal had to return to Carthage to defend his country.Carthage to defend his country.

►A Roman general named Scipio A Roman general named Scipio defeated Carthage, and Rome now defeated Carthage, and Rome now retained posession of Spain and retained posession of Spain and received another large fine from received another large fine from Carthage.Carthage.

Third Punic WarThird Punic War

►While Carthage was no longer a military While Carthage was no longer a military threat, they still were an economic threat, they still were an economic power. power.

► In 146 B.C. Rome invaded Carthage and In 146 B.C. Rome invaded Carthage and burned it. They also enslaved 50,000 burned it. They also enslaved 50,000 men, women, and children. men, women, and children.

►Rome, according to legend, even sowed Rome, according to legend, even sowed salt in the fields so that crops could no salt in the fields so that crops could no longer be grown again.longer be grown again.

►They also conquered lands in the They also conquered lands in the eastern Med. Further enhancing their eastern Med. Further enhancing their grip on the Med. Seagrip on the Med. Sea

Rich vs. PoorRich vs. Poor

►Problems in the Roman empire between Problems in the Roman empire between the rich and the poor began to worsen. the rich and the poor began to worsen.

►Small farmers could not compete with Small farmers could not compete with large farming estates called large farming estates called latfundialatfundia..

►Large landowners would use slave labor Large landowners would use slave labor for farming, and small farmers could not for farming, and small farmers could not afford to, thus forcing them out of afford to, thus forcing them out of buisiness.buisiness.

►The army then entered politics in order to The army then entered politics in order to try and regulate the government, under try and regulate the government, under Marius as Consul.Marius as Consul.

Problems ContinueProblems Continue

►Marius was not able to reform Rome to Marius was not able to reform Rome to the likes of the people. the likes of the people.

►He even changed the Roman army He even changed the Roman army from volunteer to a paid professional from volunteer to a paid professional army.army.

► In 82 B.C. a general named Sulla In 82 B.C. a general named Sulla inserted himself as Consul.inserted himself as Consul.

►He weakened the councils, and then He weakened the councils, and then stepped down from power hoping that stepped down from power hoping that Rome could heal itself.Rome could heal itself.

► It would not be able to!It would not be able to!

Civil WarCivil War

►Many saw how Sulla had used an army to Many saw how Sulla had used an army to grab power, and tried to do the same. grab power, and tried to do the same.

►50 years of civil war followed Sulla’s 50 years of civil war followed Sulla’s removal from office until a group of three removal from office until a group of three came to power.came to power.

►The 1The 1stst Triumvirate was headed by Triumvirate was headed by Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar.Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar.

►All three were successful military men All three were successful military men who formed an alliance to gain power in who formed an alliance to gain power in Rome.Rome.

Fall of the 1Fall of the 1stst Triumvirate Triumvirate

► Each of the three had a special area of Each of the three had a special area of concern. Pompey in Spain, Crassus in Syria, concern. Pompey in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and Caesar in Gaul (France).and Caesar in Gaul (France).

► Caesar became a hero to all classes of Caesar became a hero to all classes of people.people.

► Crassus was killed in battle and the Senate Crassus was killed in battle and the Senate decided Pompey should be the leader and decided Pompey should be the leader and return home with his army and step down return home with his army and step down from power. from power.

► Instead, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his Instead, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army , and drove Pompey’s army from Italy, army , and drove Pompey’s army from Italy, and then destroyed them in Greece. and then destroyed them in Greece.

CAESAR in POWERCAESAR in POWER► In 44 B.C. Caesar declared himself dictator for In 44 B.C. Caesar declared himself dictator for

life. life. ► He also filled the Senate with members only He also filled the Senate with members only

loyal to him. loyal to him. ► He granted citizenship to people in Roman He granted citizenship to people in Roman

territories, started colonies to provide land for territories, started colonies to provide land for the homeless, created work for the jobless, the homeless, created work for the jobless, and encouraged slave-owners to hire more and encouraged slave-owners to hire more free workers.free workers.

► He also created a new calendar, now called He also created a new calendar, now called the Julian calendar, with 12 months, 365 the Julian calendar, with 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year.days, and a leap year.

► However, his enemies killed him on the steps However, his enemies killed him on the steps of the Senate in 44 B.C. on the “Ides of of the Senate in 44 B.C. on the “Ides of March”.March”.