Lecture 2: Public Sector PlanningCE 326: Transportation PlanningFrom Horse Power to Horsepower What was the biggest transportation-related challenge faced by New York and other major cities in 1896? What other related challenges existed? How do these compare with todays major transportation challenges? What solutions were developed to address these challenges?Government Role in PlanningWho performs transportation planning? Government Federal State Regional Local Private sector can also build, maintain, and operate transportation infrastructure and servicesFederal Role Legislation passed by Congress and signed by president determines: National priorities Specific programs/projects Reporting requirements Funding mechanisms ensure compliance Federal Agencies oversee Their own programs State/local use of federal fundsUS Department of TransportationEarly Planning Legislation Federal Aid Highway Act of 1962 Mandated the 3C planning process for major cities to remain eligible for Federal Highway Funding Continuing Cooperative Comprehensive 1960s and 1970s Focus on regional planning Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) Model developed by FHWA and UMTA (now FTA) 1980s Devolution of authority to local governments States and MPOs required to self-certify compliance with federal requirements, but little guidance on the processTimeline: Major Legislation Impacting Transportation Planning in the USFederal-Aid Highway Act of 1944Air Pollution Act (1955)Clean Air Act of 1963Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956Civil Rights Act (1964)Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act (1965)National Environmental Policy Act of 1969Reorganization Plan No. 3 (1970)Air Quality Act of 1970Federal Aid-Highway Act of 1970Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973Surface Transportation Act of 1982Civil Right Restoration Act of 1987Clean Air Act Amendments 1990Intermodal Surface TransportationEfficiency Act of 1991Executive Order 12898 (1994)Transportation Equity Act for the 21stCentury (1998)Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005)Recent Highway AuthorizationsIntermodal Surface Transportation Equity Act (ISTEA, 1991)Transportation Equity Act for the 21stCentury (TEA-21, 1998)Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU, 2005)Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21stCentury Act (MAP-21, 2012) Emphasis on planning process Intermodal / Non-motorized National highway system Accessibility Transit facility redevelopment Corridor development/Intl crossings Eased private investment/tolling Regional/Interregional funding Environmental project funding Streamlined planning/env. review Performance measurement National freight systemState DOT Requirements Develop Long-Range Statewide Transportation Plan Develop Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan (STIP) that incorporates TIPs from all MPOs in state Coordinate and administrate State Planning Research Program (SPR)Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) Required for all urban areas > 50,000 population Coordinates planning and programs funds Cooperates with state and with operators of publicly owned transit services In some areas, MPO directly distributes project funds Representative structure varies Jurisdiction-based Agency-based Population-basedMPO: Five Core Functions Establish a setting Identify and evaluate alternative transportation improvement options Prepare and maintain a Metropolitan Transportation Plan (MTP) Develop a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) Involve the publicMPO: Other Functions Perform air quality management; develop traffic control measures for Non-attainment area Maintenance area Develop congestion management process (population > 200,000)State and MPO DeliverablesLocal Agencies Roles and responsibilities will vary Transit Authorities Departments of Transportation Departments of City Planning Authorities Transit Bridges Tunnels Toll Roads Ports Airports In smaller state, state authorities may manage local infrastructureWho manages transportation in the NYC Region?Federal GovernmentState GovernmentMetropolitan Planning OrganizationLocal Agencieshttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/conformity/reference/maps/pm25_1997/nynjct_newyork-nnewjesery-longisland.jpgManhattan Crossings 1 GWB 2 Third Avenue 3 Willis Avenue 4Triborough 5 Queensborough 6 Queens-Midtown Tunnel 7 Lincoln Tunnel 8 Williamsburgh Bridge 9 Holland Tunnel 10 Manhattan Bridge 11Brooklyn Bridge 12Brooklyn Battery TunnelFundingWho pays for transportation? Generally, system users via Federal taxes and fees State taxes and fees Local taxes and fees Direct tolls/faresThe Highway Trust Fund The HTF is a dedicated fund for transportation projects and operations Created by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 to fund interstate development and construction Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973 allowed HTF receipts to be allocated for transit projects Surface Transportation Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account of the HTF ISTEA provided flexibility for use of HTF funds for transit, bike, and pedestrian projectsFederal User FeesFederal Transportation Funding Authorizing Legislation Appropriations ApportionmentFederal Surface Transportation FundingFederal Highway Administration (FHWA)Federal Transit Administration (FTA)Urban RuralState DOT Transit AgencyState DOTMPO Local GovernmentTransit AgencyLocal GovernmentMPOIf Receipts > Allocations, state is a DONOR stateIf Receipts < Allocations, state is a RECEIVER stateHighway Trust Fund In the red since 2008 why? State Revenue Sources Fuel Tax Vary from state to state High: 38.1 cent per gallon tax on diesel in PA Low: 7.5 cent per gallon tax on gasoline/diesel in Georgia May be indexed to inflation Vehicle/Part Sales Taxes Registration Fees Size and Weight Permits Tolls General Fund Appropriations Income Tax Business Tax Property TaxLocal Revenue Sources User Fees Tolls Transit Fares Income Tax Property Tax Sales Tax Utility Tax