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Jan Kenneth A. Barazon CE151/A1

CE-2 Oct 6, 2011

STRUCTURAL LOADS- These are forces and acceleration applied to a

structure and its components. Loads cause deformations in

structures. It is assessed by different methods of structural

analysis. There are different types of loads like dead loads,

live loads, environmental loads, etc.

TYPES OF LOADS

Dead Loads-loads that are relatively constant over time,including the weight of the structure itself. Dead loadsare also known as Permanent Loads. The dead load does not

change over the life of the structure. It neither increases

nor decreases and does not shift or move over time. One

example of a dead load is a bridge.

Live Loads- Also called imposed loads. They are temporary,of short duration, or moving. These loads may involve

considerations such as impact, vibration, fatigue, etc.

Live loads, sometimes referred as probabilistic loads

include all forces that are variable within the objects

normal operation cycle. Road live loads are produced duringmaintenance by workers, equipment and materials and during

the life of the structure by movable objects such as

planters and by people. Examples of live loads are animals,

people, and anything that you can move.

Wind Loads- These loads depend on the velocity of the windat the location of the structure, permeability of the

structure, height of the structure etc. They may be

horizontal or inclined forces depending on the angle of

inclination of the roof for pitched roof structures. They

can even be suction type of forces depending on the angle

of inclination of the roof or geometry of the buildings.Eiffel Tower is one of the structures that were designed in

terms of high wind resistant.

Seismic Load- One of the basic concepts of earthquakeengineering which means application of an earthquake-

generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact

surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with

adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

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Thermal Load-Thermal loads are the heating and coolingloads placed on the dwelling by its fabric i.e. design,

insulation, shading, glazing etc. When simulation tools

calculate Thermal loads, standardized occupant behavior is

assumed for operation of ventilation openings and shading

devices to ensure their effect on the loads is considered.The lower the load, the more the house can maintain

comfortable conditions for the occupants without the need

for air conditioning or heating.

Snow Loads- are prevalent in northern and/or mountain regions

all over the world. The snow load provisions of ASCE 7-05

provide guidance for determining the magnitude of those loads

based on geographic location and the nature of the structure

being considered.

Other Loads-Engineers must also be aware of other actionsthat may affect a structure, such as: Displacement, Fire,

Corrosion, Explosion, Shrinkage, impact from vehicles and

Loads during construction.