CDM Opportunities in Bangladesh and Priority Sectors

Presented by Ijaz Hossain Chemical Engineering Department BUET ijazhossain@gmail.com

Greenhouse Effect

The main greenhouse gases (GHGs) The Convention concerns all greenhouse gases not covered by the 1987 Montreal Protocol to the United Nations Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer. The focus of the Kyoto Protocol is on the following six:

●Carbon dioxide (CO2)

● Methane (CH4)

● Nitrous oxide (N2O)

● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

The first three are estimated to account for 50, 18 and 6 per cent, respectively, of the overall global warming effect arising from human activities. The HFCs and PFCs are used as replacements for ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) being phased out under the Montreal Protocol

© UNFCCC 2003

NOTE: N2 and O2 are not GHGs

FOSSIL FUELS

OIL

GAS

COAL

What is CDM ?

Cost effective way of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission globally

i.e.

Reducing GHG in Developing Countries instead of in Developed Countries

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

Developed Country

Need GHG credits Too Expensive in Country

Developing Country

Need Money + Technology Cheap to reduce GHG

$

GHG credits

HOW CDM WILL WORK

What are baselines?

– X represents avoided tons in a given time period

– Actual project performance may differ from projected

– X1 represents CERs for the period

Baseline: scenario without CDM project

Project actual

Project projection

X

t CO2

X1

time2008

© UNFCCC 2003

Energy Savings

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

YEAR

Mill

ion

To

ns

of

Oil

Eq

uiv

alen

t

Business-as-usual

Efficient

> 18 Mtoe 2005 consn Total Savings in 25 years = 160 Mtoe

2005 0% 2010 5% 2015 10% 2020 15% 2025 20% 2030 25%

How CDM Can Help Private Sector in Bangladesh?

Developing countries in the process of achieving fast economic growth often

have to settle for inferior technologies. These technologies more often than not

consume more energy than state-of-the-art or advanced technologies. CDM

allows a more energy efficient (or less GHG emitting) technology to be

installed.

Therefore, through CDM an entrepreneur can:

Opt for a better technology resulting in cost savings;

Be able to comply easily with the Department of Environment's regulations;

Have a safer and cleaner plant; and

Contribute to sustainable development and to global environmental protection.

Potential Sectors for CDM Projects in Bangladesh

Energy – both supply side and demand side

Waste

Forestry

1. Switching from more carbonintensive fuels to less carbonintensive fuels or renewables

2. Replacing an inefficientdevice by an efficient one

3. Increasing the efficiency of anexisting device

4. Modifications of a process sothat it consumes less fossilfuel

TYPES of ENERGY SECTOR CDM PROJECTS

TYPES of ENERGY SECTOR CDM PROJECTS (cont.)

5. Waste heat utilization either fromelectricity generators (turbines orengines) or high temperatureprocesses

6. Greenfield projects

7. Lowering energy consumptionthrough building design andmaterials

8. Conservation (behavioral changeswhich consumes less energy)

1. Switching from more carbonintensive fuels to less carbonintensive fuels or renewables

I. Replacing coal by natural gasin brickfields

II. Replacing diesel buses bydedicated CNG buses

III. Solar home systems (PV)

2. Replacing an inefficient deviceby an efficient one

I. Incandescent bulbs toCompact Fluorescent Lamps

II. Efficient motors and boilers

III. Efficient grinders in cementindustries

IV. Efficient machines andgenerators

3. Increasing the efficiency of anexisting device

I. Retrofitting boilers and motors

II. Improved insulation andhousekeeping (re-rolling mills)

III. Vehicle maintenance

4. Modification of a process so thatit consumes less fossil fuel

I. Pulping using Continuous digestersin place of Batch digesters

II. Replacing the wet process ofcement manufacture by the dryprocess in the Chattak CementFactory

5. Waste heat utilization either fromelectricity generating units orhigh temperature processes

The first option is also known asCogeneration, which can beemployed in Sugar Mills; Pulp andPaper Mills; Textile Mills; Jute Mills,Cold Storages and in TeaManufacturing.

The second option can be employedin Ceramic Industries.

6. Greenfield projects (i.e. using an entirelydifferent process in a new project to accomplish thesame outputs as the baseline)

I. Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) forbrick making

II. Hoffman Kiln, which uses naturalgas, is a greenfield project withfuel switching

III. State-of-the-art Re-rolling Mills

7. Lowering energy consumptionthrough building design and materials

I. Solar reflective glass windowsto reduce air-conditioning load

II. Design buildings to havewindows facing south

8. Conservation (behavioral changeswhich consumes less energy)

I. Car pooling

II. Using mass transit systemsinstead of personalizedtransport modes

CDM – Methane Options

• Methane recovery from landfill with or without electricity generation

• Composting of urban solid waste

• Biogas from a wide variety of wastes, such as (a) poultry droppings (b) tannery waste (c) effluent from food processing industries (d) human excreta, and (e) sewage, to replace fossil fuel

CDM – Carbon Dioxide Options

• Solar home systems in off grid areas

• Efficient lamps to replace incandescent light bulbs

• Fuel substitution and efficiency improvement in brick manufacturing

• Industrial Cogeneration (e.g. Sugar, Textile, Pulp and Paper)

Standard Cheap High Energy Use Short Life

State-of-the-art Expensive Low Energy Use Long Life

Technology A

Technology B

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

INCANDESCENT BULB

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP

HIGH COST BARRIER

Cold Storage Cogeneration Energy Flow in a Retrofitted Cluster

Bull’s Trench Kiln (BTK)

Fixed Chimney Kiln (FCK)

Solar

Wind

Biomass

Bio-diesel From: Varenda Rherir Tel Jamalgota

Grameen Shakti Presents Rural-Based Solar Home System Model At

WIREC

BIODIESEL

Vegetable oil (soybean, palm, jatropha, etc.) can be converted (transesterification) into a diesel like substance (complete substitute of diesel)

At $70-80 barrel of OIL – Biodiesel can compete with oil

Indonesia doing biodiesel in a big way – clearing up an area the size of Denmark

Good CDM in terms of CER, but concerns about FOOD SECURITY

Feedstock for Biodiesel

Improved Biomass Cookstove

Biogas Digestor

Biogas can Replace LPG

Biogas can Replace NRB (Non Renewable Biomass)

Deforestation

Social Forestry

ORGANIC WASTE Greenhouse Gas Reduction at

Landfills Methane generated in landfills is considered to come from anaerobic decomposition of organic biomass The collection and combustion of landfill gas can be considered to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 95%

Example of GHG Reduction with MSW

VERMINSSpreading more than

40 Diseases

METHANE GASBad Odor &Green Housegas

LEACHATEPolluting Ground & Surface Water