c&d waste.docx

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C&D WasteManagement | IIT (BHU) Varanasi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P.K.S. Dikshit !ro"essor

Department o" Ci#i$ %ngineering IITBHU "or 'is #a$ua$e

guidance and encouragement during t'e presentation o" t'is

seminar report I am t'an*"u$ to 'im "or assigning me suc' an

interesting topic "or my pro+ect

I ,ou$d $i*e to t'an* my "riends ,'o 'e$ped in comp$eting t'is

seminar report success"u$$y

-n*it .ada#

/0/01%2034

B Tec' !art IV

Ci#i$ %ngg Dept

/


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INDEX

1. Acknowledgement ………………………………………….12. Introduction…………………………………………………3

3. Environmental and social issues…………………………....6

4. Demolition techniques ……………………………………...7

5. Concrete reccling sstem …………………………….……1!

6. C"D #aste reccling ………………………………….…...11

7. $ro%erties o& reccled aggregates ……………………….….13

8. $otential areas o& a%%lication ………………………….…...1'

9. Economic as%ects o& C"D waste reccling ……………......1610. C"D #aste scenario in India …………………………....

…17

11. (ecommendations &or India

………………………………...1)

12. *echnical and regulator requirements ………………….

…1+

13. ,trategies suggested to e-ercise waste management ….

…...!

1/. Conclusion ……………………………………………….

….1

1'. (e&erences …………………………………………….….

…

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INTRODUCTION

Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever an

construction0demolition activit takes %lace such as 2uilding roads 2ridges &lover su2wa remodelling etc. It consists mostl o& inert and non2iodegrada2le

material such as concrete %laster metal wood %lastics etc. A %art o& this waste

comes to the munici%al stream. *hese wastes are heav having high densit

o&ten 2ulk and occu% considera2le storage s%ace either on the road or

communal waste 2in0container.

It is not uncommon to see huge %iles o& such waste which is heav as well

stacked on roads es%eciall in large %ro4ects resulting in tra&&ic congestion and

disru%tion. #aste &rom small generators like individual house construction or

demolition &ind its wa into the near2 munici%al 2in0vat0waste storage de%ots

making the munici%al waste heav and degrading its qualit &or &urther

treatment like com%osting or energ recover. 5&ten it &inds its wa into sur&ace

drains choking them. It constitutes a2out 1!! o& the munici%al solid waste

e-cluding large construction %ro4ects8. 9

It is estimated that the construction industr in India generates a2out 1!1

million tons o& waste annuall. $ro4ections &or 2uilding material requirement o&

the housing sector indicate a shortage o& aggregates to the e-tent o& a2out

''!!! million cu.m. An additional 7'! million cu.m. aggregates would 2e

required &or achieving the targets o& the road sector. (eccling o& aggregate

material &rom construction and demolition waste ma reduce the demand

su%%l ga% in 2oth these sectors.9

#hile retrieva2le items such as 2ricks wood metal titles are reccled the

concrete and masonr waste accounting &or more than '! o& the waste &rom

construction and demolition activities are not 2eing currentl reccled in India.

(eccling o& concrete and masonr waste is however 2eing done a2road in

countries like :.;. :,A a%an.9

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Concrete and masonr waste can 2e reccled 2 sorting crushing and sieving

into reccled aggregate. *his reccled aggregate can 2e used to make concrete

&or road construction and 2uilding material. *he stud re%ort stresses the

im%ortance o& reccling construction waste creating awareness a2out the

%ro2lem o& waste management and the availa2ilit o& technologies &or

reccling. According to a stud commissioned 2 *echnolog In&ormation


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EN(IRONMENTAL AND )OCIAL I))UE)

A))OCIATED WIT* C+D WA)TE

Economic analsis em%hasies mone instead o& harmon 2etween economic

2ene&it and environmental e&&ects. *here is a dire need &or integrating economic

social and environmental as%ects o& reccling o%tions. (3)

*he &ollowing %oints can 2e taken into account regarding the social and

environmental as%ects o& C"D #aste.

• Back o& %u2lic awareness

• on availa2ilit o& local collection sites

• Back o& en&orcement mechanisms

• *ra&&ic congestion due to dum%ing on roads

• #ater logging due to clogging o& drains

• Insanitar and unhgienic conditions

• Attraction o& ,# over C"D waste

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DEMOLITION TEC*NI,UE) (4)

D$!o-'%'o# is the tearingdown o& 2uildings and other structures. Demolitioncontrasts with deconstruction which involves taking a 2uilding a%art while

care&ull %reserving valua2le elements &or reuse.


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*he &ollowing activities are carried out in order &or selective demolition

(emoval o& &urniture and other items.

(emoval o& all wastes &or s%ecial treatment e.g. as2estos oil tanks

chemical wastes etc.

(emoval o& all indoor installations and 2uilding materials doors

windows &loors &or reuse.

All %laster insulation and other dust %roducing material must 2e

removed 2 vacuum in closed containers.

Dismantling o& roo& structure &or reuse as roo&ing materials and tim2er.

Demolishing o& walls leaving the ru22le in %ro%er hea%s.

,orting o& ru22le &or all im%urities such as %a%er wood %lastics etc.

*hus demolition activities must 2e %lanned and snchronied with the wastemanagement %lan in order to increase the recovera2le %ortion o& the waste and

also to im%rove the qualit o& the reccled.

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CONCRETE RECCLING ))TEM

Concrete is widel used as a material &or construction and in&rastructuredevelo%ment. In recent ears a%%ro-imatel /! million tons o& demolished

concrete is 2eing %roduced ever ear. Actuall the &igure might 2e under

estimated %artl 2ecause a %art o& it is also illegall dum%ed or mi-ed with

construction soil which is not treated as waste. Figh qualit level reccling in

which reccled aggregate is made &rom waste or demolished concrete has to 2e

carried out and is the need o& the hour. *he schematic &low o& demolished

concrete waste treatment and %utting it to good use has 2een shown in the &igure

2elow.

*'/a-'% L$$- R$-'#/ o Co#r$%$ r-$

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C+D WA)TE RECCLING

*he qualit o& reccled aggregates %roduced 2 crushing the demolished chunks

o& concrete is generall lower than that o& natural aggregates. It is 2ecause o&

the adhering mortar %hase over the reccled aggregates which make them

%orous and weak when com%ared with natural aggregates. In order to %roduce

highqualit aggregate %ro%er reccling needs to 2e done.

,hima et al. !!' develo%ed a technolog to %roduce high qualit reccled

aggregates using Gheating and ru22ing methodH. :sing this technolog

aggregate can 2e reccled as raw material &or read mi- concrete while &ine %owder &rom cement %aste can 2e reccled as raw material &or cement cement

admi-ture or soil sta2ilier.(5)

*o remove the cement %aste heated concrete at 3!!C8 is ru22ed in a mill 2

media. edia in %rimar ru22ing can 2e steel 2alls and secondar ru22ing can

2e coarse aggregates itsel&. Avge. ratios o& aggregate recover are 3' coarse

aggregate 3! &ine aggregate 3' F( %owder.

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*$a%'#/ a# R'#/ M$%o

M$%o& o R$-'#/ I#$r% *ar C+D Ma%$r'a-& (7)

*here are di&&erent methods ado%ted

a8 5nsite (eccling J

*his can 2e ado%ted &or large sites such as demolition o& 2uilding sites

reconstruction o& highwas and runwas etc. 2 doing this we can reduce

the in%ut o& raw materials energ consum%tion and %ollution tra&&ic

congestion and dis%osal cost car2on &oot%rint and overall cost o& the %ro4ect. o2ile crusher or stationer crusher can 2e used de%ending on

the site constraints.

28 5&&site (eccling J

i. *he inert hard C"D materials are collected &rom various outlets

and delivered to a centralied reccling %lant &or %rocessing.

ii. *he inert hard C"D materials are collected &rom various outletsand stock%iled at selected site. A mo2ile crushing %lant is hired to

%rocess these materials a&ter the stock%ile has reached a

%redetermined level is economicall &or %rocessing. *his method

saves the ca%ital cost and running cost o& esta2lishing a centralied

crusher.

iii. Esta2lishing reccling %lant within land&ill. *his %ractice has 2een

ado%ted in Denmark &or ears. I& %ro%erl im%lemented the

incoming trucks can 2e used to e-%ort the reccled %roducts andmore reduction in energ consum%tion and car2on &oot%rint.

iv. $rocessing within %rivate owned construction waste rece%tion

&acilities J Incoming wastes are stocked in se%arate stock%iles

2ased on its qualit &or later %rocessing as di&&erent qualit o&

wastes requires di&&erent treatment.

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9RO9ERTIE) O: RECCLED AGGREGATE

,ince reccled aggregates are %roduced 2 crushing and screening o&

demolished waste or chunks o& ru22les a certain amount o& mortar &rom the

original concrete remains attached to the reccled aggregates. *he volume o&

mortar attached to old aggregates is '3! &or 16K3 mm coarse reccled

aggregates around /! &or )16 mm coarse reccled aggregates and around

6! &or /) mm coarse reccled aggregates.

5wing to the %resence o& old mortar 2eing attached to the aggregates the

reccled aggregates have lower densit and higher %ercentage o& water

a2sor%tion when those o& corres%onding natural aggregates. *he air content o&

reccled aggregate concrete is slightl higher /' 8 than concrete with natural

aggregate. *his increased air content in the reccled concrete leads to reduction

in the densit o& &resh concrete.

*he 2ulk densit o& &resh concrete made with natural aggregates is in the range

o& /!! kg0m3 whereas the concrete made with reccled aggregates is

signi&icantl lighter 1'! kg0mL.A com%arison 2etween %ro%erties o& natural and reccled concrete aggregates

(CA8 is shown in *a2le 1. (8)

Ta-$ 1

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*a2le 2elow shows a com%arison 2etween the %hsical %ro%erties o& the

natural aggregates A8 reccled aggregates (A8 and %ro%erl treated

reccled aggregate.

Ta-$ 2


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9OTENTIAL AREA) O: A99LICATION

Aggregate in concrete constructions t%icall account &or 7' o& total volume.

Fowever due to need o& conserving natural resources and issues relating to

sustaina2ilit econom and environmental considerations use o& reccled and

secondar aggregate is %ro%osed.

:se o& reccled aggregate is the need o& the hour and necessar &or sustaina2le

develo%ment. (CA can 2e %ut to &ollowing a%%lications without manoeuvring

with the strength li&e and ca%acit o& structures.

A%%lications o& concrete demolition wastes without any/due processing include:

1. an t%es o& general 2ulk &ills

. @ank %rotection

3. @ase or &ill &or drainage structures

/. (oad construction

'. oise 2arriers and em2ankments etc.

After proper processing involving removal o& contaminants through selective

demolition screening sie reduction in crushers crushed concrete can 2e used

as

1. ,tructural grade concrete

. ew concrete &or %avements shoulders median 2arriers sidewalks and

2ridge &oundations

3. Beanconcrete 2ases

/. ,oilcement %avement 2ases

'. @ituminous concrete

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ECONOMIC A)9ECT) O: C+D WA)TE RECCLING

*his to%ic aims to 2etter understand the economic im%lications o& im%lementingand o%erating a largescale highend CD# reccling %lant.

Economic instrument is indu2ita2l %erceived as e&&ective &or encouraging or

&orcing contractors to conduct environmentall &riendl construction %ractices.

=enerall economic &easi2ilit is carried out using the standard measures o&

%ro&ita2ilit such as cost 2ene&it analsis. (6)

It has 2een suggested that various stages o& via2ilit analsis are as &ollows

• arket and com%etition analsis

• Estimated generation o& C"D waste

• Estimated revenues and cost

• Analsis o& investments

•

@reakeven %oint

Mia2ilit o& a reccling centre de%ends on continuit o& o%eration and the

%roduction volume reached. *hrough various studies it has 2een &ound that

concrete reccling results in a %ositive net 2ene&it unlike the current %ractice

which results in a negative net 2ene&it. @ut also one o& the &actors a&&ecting the

via2ilit o& aggregate recclers is the continuous availa2ilit &eed o& materials.

Nuan et al !!+ &ound out that net 2ene&its &rom conducting C"D waste

management will occur 2ut a higher land&ill charge will lead to a higher net

2ene&it as well as an earlier realiation o& the net 2ene&it.

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C+D WA)TE )CENARIO IN INDIA )

$resence o& C"D waste and other inert material e.g. drain silt dust and

grit &rom road swee%ing8 is signi&icant J a2out a third o& total munici%al

solid waste generated.

C"D waste needs to 2e &ocused u%on in the view o&

i. *he %otential to save natural resources like stone river sand etc. and

energ.

ii. Its 2ulk which is carried over long distances 4ust &or dum%ing.

iii. ItOs occu%ing signi&icant s%ace at land&ill sites.

:tiliation o& C"D waste is quite common in industrialied countries 2ut

in India so &ar no organised e&&ort has 2een made.

C"D waste is 2rie&l mentioned in the Punici%al ,olid #aste

management and handling8 (ules !!!H J in schedule II &or its se%arate

collection.

INDIAN :OCU) O: C+D WA)TE (!!)

G….classi&ication o& ,# &or energ recover low cost emission control

equi%ment &or #*E technologies u%gradation o& %lastic waste reccling

technologies to reduce occu%ational and environmental haards reccling

technologies &or construction and demolition waste etc. G

Ca"%$r 5; Na%'o#a- M'&&'o# o )&%a'#a-$ *a'%a% 2010 MoUD

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RECOMMENDATION) :OR INDIA

At %resent Indian ,tandards 2rought out 2 @I, do not %ermit use o& reccled

C"D waste materials &or use. *his re%ort suggests recommendations &or such

uses. (9)

In so &ar as use in concrete is concerned I,Q /'6 or I(C 11 do not %ermit use

o& aggregates other than those o2tained &rom natural sources and con&orming to

I, 3)3. In view o& international develo%ments and e-%eriences as well as

shortage o& aggregates &rom natural sources in man %arts o& our countr it is

time that reccled aggregate are %ermitted &or use in concrete constructions.

A 2road &ramework is suggested 2ased on which suita2le s%eci&ications can 2e

drawn u% 2 @I,

• $ro%er &acilities &or reccling CD wastes should 2e esta2lished in

di&&erent %arts o& the countr. (ules and regulations should encourage

%ro%er reccling and reuse o& aggregate derived &rom waste materials.

• Categories J the &ollowing categories are suggestedQ

Categor I the reccled aggregate meets the requirements o& I, 3)3.

Categor II J not &ull meeting the requirements o& I, 3)3. *he content

o& crushed concrete and un2ound stone greater than )' ovendr

densit greater than '!! g0cmL water a2sor%tion less than 3.

Categor III J i& the content o& crushed concrete is equal or greater than

7!. Content o& 2rick or masonr not more than 3!.

• Areas o& a%%lication J

Categor I J it should 2e %ermitted &or unrestricted use. Categor II J it can 2e used as coarse as well as &ine aggregate u%to a

total re%lacement level o& 3! in concrete grades u%to '!.


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TEC*NICAL AND REGULATOR RE,UIREMENT)

$olic is required &or mandating the &ollowing

• Each :B@ should kee% track o& construction and demolition

activit and generate data regarding quantit and characteristics

continuousl &or at least one ear and then re%eat once in ever

3 ears

• *his data should 2e collated 2 the odal Agenc ma2e the

:D 0 un. Admn. De%tt. o& the concerned ,tate =ovt.8

• E-%ert organiations 0 institutions should analse the data and

evolve was to use the material in the 2est %ossi2le wa

• $ilot demonstration %ro4ects in each state

• Change in the relevant regulations and 2laws etc.

•

De&ining o& relevant terms in consonance with other relevantrules.

• (eview o& rules a&ter ever ' or 1! ears.

• ,ince the revised ,# (ule is alread in the %ress there is a

need to %re%are a se%arate regulation &or C"D #aste.

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)TRATEGIE) )UGGE)TED TO EXERCI)E WA)TE

MANAGEMENT

• andator ado%tion o& waste management %lan at national

level.

• $ro%ose ,elective Demolition in tender stage itsel&.

• Im%osing ta- on waste dis%osal.

• *a- e-em%tion &or usage o& (CA to encourage its use in new

construction.• Increasing e&&ort in education and in&ormation on waste

reduction and reccling to identi& and e-%loit the o%%ortunities

o& reccling and overcome the 2arriers due to conservation.

• @I, Code to %ermit the use o& reccled aggregates in

construction.

• $lanning o& a se%arate line o& collection and trans%ortation o&

C"D waste.

• A mechanism to identi& and locate generators o& C"D waste.

• @an on land&illing o& C"D waste.

• Develo%ing market &or reccled %roducts.

• *he %rocessing %art can 2e allocated to @5* 0 D@5* %artners

who would also hel% in develo%ing market.

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CONCLU)ION

#ith its growing quantum a com%rehensive management %lan

&or C"D waste is essential com%rising hierarch and %lan

*he %rinci%le o& P3(O J reduce reuse and reccle is a%%lica2le

&or C"D #aste.

$lan J with a good %lan during construction or demolition it is

%ossi2le to minimie waste generation 2 reducing wastage

&ollowed 2 reuse or salvage o& materials or even some items

like doors or window &rames etc.

*he last in the list o& %riorit J reccle J is %ossi2le 2 wa o&

segregation o& the com%onents crushing the large aggregates

and using the di&&erent sie grades.

A waste management %lan should cover activities at conce%tual

level and %lanning stages through design and construction stages

maintenance and reconstruction stages.

ethodical %lanning and reviewing o& waste minimiation is a

necessit.

$lan to include li&e ccle cost on waste dis%osal.

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RE:ERENCE)

1. htt%00ur2anindia.nic.in0%u2licin&o0swm0cha%/.%d& . htt%00www.delhi.gov.in

3. cIntre >. ,%atari ,. and clean F.B. !!+ Energ and

=reenhouse gas emissions tradeo&&s o& reccled concrete aggregate

use in nonstructural concrete.

/. Demolition and reuse o& concrete and masonr $roceedings o& the

*hird International (IBE ,m%osium 1++3.

'. ,hima F. *ateashiki F. and Noshida N. Advanced concrete

reccling technolog and its a%%lica2ilit assessment through in%ut

out%ut analsis "ourna# of Ad$anced %oncrete &echno#ogy' vol.3

'3'7.

6. unes ;. (. A. Evaluation o& investments in reccling sentres &or

C"D wastes aste anage*ent' 78

7. Ir une !1

Mol. 1 o. 1.

11. Dr. Christian >. Engelsen (eccled aggregates %rocessed &romconstruction and demolition waste J @est $ractices.

/5 Construction waste management initiatives in B"*

Constructions.

51
http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap4.pdfhttp://www.delhi.gov.in/http://urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap4.pdfhttp://www.delhi.gov.in/

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