CD Article 2

8/21/2019 CD Article 2

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G.R. No. L-45081 July 15, 1936 JOSE A. ANGARA, petitioner,!.

"#E ELE$"ORAL $O%%&SS&ON, 'E(RO )NS*A, %&G*EL $AS"&LLO, +n (&ON&S&O $.%A)OR,re!ponent!.Godofredo Reyes for petitioner.Oce of the Solicitor General Hilado for respondent Electoral Commission.Pedro Ynsua in his own behalf.o appearance for other respondents.

LA*REL, !." "i! i! +n oriin+l +/tion in!titute in ti! /ourt y te petitioner, Jo!e A. An+r+, or te i!!u+n/e o+ 2rit o proiition to re!tr+in +n proiit te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion, one o te re!ponent!, rot+in urter /oni+n/e o te prote!t le y 'ero )n!u+, +noter re!ponent, ++in!t teele/tion o !+i petitioner +! eer o te N+tion+l A!!ely or te r!t +!!ely i!tri/t o te'roin/e o "+y++!.

"e +/t! o ti! /+!e +! tey +ppe+r in te petition +n +! +itte y te re!ponent! +re +!ollo2!71 "+t in te ele/tion! o Septeer 1:, 1935, te petitioner, Jo!e A. An+r+, +n tere!ponent!, 'ero )n!u+, %iuel $+!tillo +n (ioni!io %+yor, 2ere /+ni+te! ote or tepo!ition o eer o te N+tion+l A!!ely or te r!t i!tri/t o te 'roin/e o "+y++!;


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a "+t te $on!titution /oner! eD/lu!ie uri!i/tion upon te ele/tor+l $oi!!ion !olely +!re+r! te erit! o /onte!te ele/tion! to te N+tion+l A!!ely;b "+t te $on!titution eD/lue! ro !+i uri!i/tion te po2er to reul+te te pro/eein! o!+i ele/tion /onte!t!, 2i/ po2er +! een re!ere to te Lei!l+tie (ep+rtent o teGoernent or te N+tion+l A!!ely;c "+t lie te Supree $ourt +n oter /ourt! /re+te in pur!u+n/e o te $on!titution, 2o!eeD/lu!ie uri!i/tion rel+te! !olely to e/iin te erit! o /ontroer!ie! !uitte to te ore/i!ion +n to +tter! inolin teir intern+l or+ni+tion, te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion /+n reul+tit! pro/eein! only i te N+tion+l A!!ely +! not ++ile o it! pri+ry po2er to !o reul+te

!u/ pro/eein!;d "+t Re!olution No. 8 o te N+tion+l A!!ely i!, tereore, +li +n !oul e re!pe/te +noeye;e "+t uner p+r+r+p 13 o !e/tion 1 o te orin+n/e +ppene to te $on!titution +np+r+r+p 6 o +rti/le : o te "yin!-%/(u=e L+2 No. 1


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e "+t te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion i! +n inepenent entity /re+te y te $on!titution, eno2e2it Bu+!i-ui/i+l un/tion!, 2o!e e/i!ion +re n+l +n un+ppe+l+le; f "+t te ele/tor+l $oi!!ion, +! + /on!titution+l /re+tion, i! not +n inerior triun+l,/orpor+tion, o+r or per!on, 2itin te ter! o !e/tion!


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A! +ny u+n prou/tion, our $on!titution i! o /our!e l+/in pere/tion +n pere/tiility, ut +!u/ +! it 2+! 2itin te po2er o our people, +/tin trou teir ele+te! to !o proie, t+tin!truent 2i/ i! te eDpre!!ion o teir !oereinty o2eer liite, +! e!t+li!e +repuli/+n oernent intene to oper+te +n un/tion +! + +roniou! 2ole, uner + !y!te o/e/! +n +l+n/e!, +n !ue/t to !pe/i/ liit+tion! +n re!tri/tion! proie in te !+iin!truent. "e $on!titution !et! ort in no un/ert+in l+nu+e te re!tri/tion! +n liit+tion!upon oernent+l po2er! +n +en/ie!. & te!e re!tri/tion! +n liit+tion! +re tr+n!/ene it2oul e in/on/ei+le i te $on!titution + not proie or + e/+ni! y 2i/ to ire/t te/our!e o oernent +lon /on!titution+l /+nnel!, or ten te i!triution o po2er! 2oul e

ere eri+e, te ill o rit! ere eDpre!!ion! o !entient, +n te prin/iple! o oooernent ere politi/+l +pote!. $ert+inly, te liit+tion +n re!tri/tion! eoie in our$on!titution +re re+l +! tey !oul e in +ny liin /on!titution. &n te *nite St+te! 2ere noeDpre!! /on!titution+l r+nt i! oun in teir /on!titution, te po!!e!!ion o ti! oer+tin po2ero te /ourt!, not to !pe+ o it! i!tori/+l oriin +n eelopent tere, +! een !et +t re!t ypopul+r +/Buie!/en/e or + perio o ore t+n one +n + +l /enturie!. &n our /+!e, ti!oer+tin po2er i! r+nte, i not eDpre!!ly, y /le+r ipli/+tion ro !e/tion < o +rti/le &&& oour /on!titution.

"e $on!titution i! + enition o te po2er! o oernent. o i! to eterine te n+ture, !/op+n eDtent o !u/ po2er!I "e $on!titution it!el +! proie or te in!truent+lity o te

ui/i+ry +! te r+tion+l 2+y. An 2en te ui/i+ry ei+te! to +llo/+te /on!titution+l oun+rie!it oe! not +!!ert +ny !uperiority oer te oter ep+rtent!; it oe! not in re+lity nulliy or

in+li+te +n +/t o te lei!l+ture, ut only +!!ert! te !olen +n !+/re oli+tion +!!ine to iy te $on!titution to eterine /oni/tin /l+i! o +utority uner te $on!titution +n toe!t+li! or te p+rtie! in +n +/tu+l /ontroer!y te rit! 2i/ t+t in!truent !e/ure! +nu+r+ntee! to te. "i! i! in trut +ll t+t i! inole in 2+t i! tere Cui/i+l !upre+/yC 2i/properly i! te po2er o ui/i+l reie2 uner te $on!titution. Een ten, ti! po2er o ui/i+lreie2 i! liite to +/tu+l /+!e! +n /ontroer!ie! to e eDer/i!e +ter ull opportunity o+ruent y te p+rtie!, +n liite urter to te /on!titution+l Bue!tion r+i!e or te ery lismota pre!ente. Any +ttept +t +!tr+/tion /oul only le+ to i+le/ti/! +n +rren le+l Bue!tion+n to !terile /on/lu!ion! unrel+te to +/tu+litie!. N+rro2e +! it! un/tion i! in ti! +nner, te

ui/i+ry oe! not p+!! upon Bue!tion! o 2i!o, u!ti/e or eDpeien/y o lei!l+tion. %ore t+nt+t, /ourt! +//or te pre!uption o /on!titution+lity to lei!l+tie en+/tent!, not only e/+u!ete lei!l+ture i! pre!ue to +ie y te $on!titution ut +l!o e/+u!e te ui/i+ry in te

eterin+tion o +/tu+l /+!e! +n /ontroer!ie! u!t ree/t te 2i!o +n u!ti/e o te people+! eDpre!!e trou teir repre!ent+tie! in te eDe/utie +n lei!l+tie ep+rtent! o teoernent! o te oernent.Hut u/ +! 2e it po!tul+te on te intern+l /e/! o po2er proie in our $on!titution, itout not te le!! to e reeere t+t, in te l+nu+e o J+e! %+i!on, te !y!te it!el i!not Cte /ie p+ll+iu o /on!titution+l lierty . . . te people 2o +re +utor! o ti! le!!inu!t +l!o e it! u+ri+n! . . . teir eye! u!t e eer re+y to +r, teir oi/e to pronoun/e . . .+re!!ion on te +utority o teir /on!titution.C &n te L+!t +n ulti+te +n+ly!i!, ten, u!t te!u//e!! o our oernent in te unolin ye+r! to /oe e te!te in te /ru/ile o @ilipino in+n e+rt! t+n in /on!ult+tion roo! +n /ourt /+er!.&n te /+!e +t +r, te n+tion+l A!!ely +! y re!olution No. 8 o (e/eer 3, 1935, /onrete ele/tion o te erein petitioner to te !+i oy. On te oter +n, te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion

+! y re!olution +opte on (e/eer 9, 1935, De !+i +te +! te l+!t +y or te lin oprote!t! ++in!t te ele/tion, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely,not2it!t+nin te preiou! /onr+tion +e y te N+tion+l A!!ely +! +ore!+i. &, +!/ontene y te petitioner, te re!olution o te N+tion+l A!!ely +! te eKe/t o /uttin oK tpo2er o te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion to entert+in prote!t! ++in!t te ele/tion, return! +nBu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, !uitte +ter (e/eer 3, 1935, ten tere!olution o te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion o (e/eer 9, 1935, i! ere !urplu!+e +n + no eKe/tHut, i, +! /ontene y te re!ponent!, te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +! te !ole po2er o reul+tinit! pro/eein! to te eD/lu!ion o te N+tion+l A!!ely, ten te re!olution o (e/eer 9, 1935y 2i/ te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion De !+i +te +! te l+!t +y or lin prote!t! ++in!t teele/tion, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, !oul e upel.


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#ere i! ten pre!ente +n +/tu+l /ontroer!y inolin +! it oe! + /oni/t o + r+e /on!titution+n+ture et2een te N+tion+l A!!ely on te one +n, +n te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion on te ote@ro te ery n+ture o te repuli/+n oernent e!t+li!e in our /ountry in te lit oAeri/+n eDperien/e +n o our o2n, upon te ui/i+l ep+rtent i! tro2n te !olen +nine!/+p+le oli+tion o interpretin te $on!titution +n enin /on!titution+l oun+rie!. "eEle/tor+l $oi!!ion, +! 2e !+ll +e o//+!ion to reer ere+ter, i! + /on!titution+l or+n,/re+te or + !pe/i/ purpo!e, n+ely to eterine +ll /onte!t! rel+tin to te ele/tion, return! +nBu+li/+tion! o te eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely. Altou te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +y noe interere 2it, 2en +n 2ile +/tin 2itin te liit! o it! +utority, it oe! not ollo2 t+t it

i! eyon te re+/ o te /on!titution+l e/+ni! +opte y te people +n t+t it i! not!ue/t to /on!titution+l re!tri/tion!. "e Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion i! not + !ep+r+te ep+rtent o teoernent, +n een i it 2ere, /oni/tin /l+i! o +utority uner te un+ent+l l+2 et2eeep+rtent po2er! +n +en/ie! o te oernent +re ne/e!!+rily eterine y te ui/i+ry in

u!ti+le +n +ppropri+te /+!e!. (i!/+rin te Enli! type +n oter Europe+n type! o/on!titution+l oernent, te r+er! o our /on!titution +opte te Aeri/+n type 2ere te2ritten /on!titution i! interprete +n ien eKe/t y te ui/i+l ep+rtent. &n !oe /ountrie!2i/ +e e/line to ollo2 te Aeri/+n eD+ple, proi!ion! +e een in!erte in teir/on!titution! proiitin te /ourt! ro eDer/i!in te po2er to interpret te un+ent+l l+2. "ii! t+en +! + re/onition o 2+t oter2i!e 2oul e te rule t+t in te +!en/e o ire/tproiition /ourt! +re oun to +!!ue 2+t i! loi/+lly teir un/tion. @or in!t+n/e, te$on!titution o 'ol+n o 19


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te *nite St+te! proiin t+t CE+/ #ou!e !+ll e te Jue o te Ele/tion!, Return!, +nu+li/+tion! o it! o2n %eer!, . . . .C "e A/t o $onre!! o Auu!t


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e ue y +n Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion, . . .C & !oul lie to +! ro te entle+n ro $+pi2eter te ele/tion +n Bu+li/+tion o te eer 2o!e ele/tion! i! not /onte!te !+ll +l!o

ue y te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion.%r. ROMAS. & tere i! no Bue!tion +out te ele/tion o te eer!, tere i! notin to e uet+t i! 2y te 2or CueC i! u!e to ini/+te + /ontroer!y. & tere i! no Bue!tion +out teele/tion o + eer, tere i! notin to e !uitte to te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +n tere i!notin to e eterine.%r. EN"*RA. Hut oe! t+t /+rry te ie+ +l!o t+t te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion !+ll /onr +l!o tele/tion o to!e 2o!e ele/tion i! not /onte!teI

%r. ROMAS. "ere i! no nee o /onr+tion. A! te entle+n no2!, te +/tion o te #ou!e oRepre!ent+tie! /onrin te ele/tion o it! eer! i! u!t + +tter o te rule! o te +!!ely&t i! not /on!titution+l. &t i! not ne/e!!+ry. Ater + +n le! i! /reenti+l! t+t e +! een ele/tet+t i! !u=/ient, unle!! i! ele/tion i! /onte!te.%r. EN"*RA. Hut & o not eliee t+t t+t i! !u=/ient, +! 2e +e o!ere t+t or purpo!e! ote +uitor, in te +tter o ele/tion o + eer to + lei!l+tie oy, e/+u!e e 2ill not+utorie i! p+y.%r. ROMAS. ell, 2+t i! te /+!e 2it re+r! to te uni/ip+l pre!ient 2o i! ele/teI +t+ppen! 2it re+r! to te /oun/ilor! o + uni/ip+lityI (oe! +nyoy /onr teir ele/tionI "euni/ip+l /oun/il oe! ti!7 it +e! + /+n+!! +n pro/l+i! in ti! /+!e te uni/ip+l /oun/ilpro/l+i! 2o +! een ele/te, +n it en! tere, unle!! tere i! + /onte!t. &t i! te !+e /+!e;tere i! no nee on te p+rt o te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion unle!! tere i! + /onte!t. "e r!t /l+u!e

reer! to te /+!e reerre to y te entle+n ro $+ite 2ere one per!on trie! to e ele/te inpl+/e o +noter 2o 2+! e/l+re ele/te. @ro eD+ple, in + /+!e 2en te re!ien/e o te +2o +! een ele/te i! in Bue!tion, or in /+!e te /itien!ip o te +n 2o +! een ele/te i!in Bue!tion.#o2eer, i te +!!ely e!ire! to +nnul te po2er o te /oi!!ion, it +y o !o y /ert+in+neuer! upon it! r!t eetin 2en te return! +re !uitte to te +!!ely. &he purpose isto $i#e to the Electoral Commission all the powers e'ercised by the assembly referrin$ to theelections( returns and )uali*cations of the members. en tere i! no /onte!t, tere i! notin toe ue.%r. EN"*RA. "en it !oul e eliin+te.%r. ROMAS. Hut t+t i! + iKerent +tter, & tin %r. (ele+te.%r. $&N$O. %r. 're!ient, & +e + !iil+r Bue!tion +! t+t propoune y te entle+n ro &lo/o

Norte 2en & +ro!e + 2ile +o. #o2eer & 2+nt to +! ore Bue!tion! ro te ele+te ro$+pi. "i! p+r+r+p 6 on p+e 11 o te r+t /ite! /+!e! /onte!tin te ele/tion +! !ep+r+te rote r!t p+rt o te !e/tion! 2i/ reer! to ele/tion!, return! +n Bu+li/+tion!.%r. ROMAS. &hat is merely for the sa+e of clarity. ,n fact the cases of contested elections are alreadincluded in the phrase -the elections( returns and )uali*cations.- &his phrase -and contestedelections- was inserted merely for the sa+e of clarity.%r. $&N$O. *ner ti! p+r+r+p, +y not te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion, +t it! o2n in!t+n/e, reu!e to/onr te ele/tion! o te eer!.C%r. ROMAS. & o not tin !o, unle!! tere i! + prote!t.%r. LAHRA(OR. %r. 're!ient, 2ill te entle+n yielI

"#E 'RES&(EN". "e entle+n +y yiel, i e !o e!ire!.%r. ROMAS. illinly.

%r. LAHRA(OR. (oe! not te entle+n ro $+pi eliee t+t unle!! ti! po2er i! r+nte to te+!!ely, te +!!ely on it! o2n otion oe! not +e te rit to /onte!t te ele/tion +nBu+li/+tion o it! eer!I%r. ROMAS. & +e no out ut t+t te entle+n i! rit. & ti! r+t i! ret+ine +! it i!, een it2o-tir! o te +!!ely eliee t+t + eer +! not te Bu+li/+tion! proie y l+2, tey/+nnot reoe i or t+t re+!on.%r. LAHRA(OR. So t+t te rit to reoe !+ll only e ret+ine y te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion.%r. ROMAS. Hy te +!!ely or i!/onu/t.%r. LAHRA(OR. & e+n 2it re!pe/t to te Bu+li/+tion! o te eer!.%r. ROMAS. )e!, y te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion.%r. LAHRA(OR. So t+t uner ti! r+t, no eer o te +!!ely +! te rit to Bue!tion teeliiility o it! eer!I


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%r. ROMAS. Heore + eer /+n Bue!tion te eliiility, e u!t o to te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion+n +e te Bue!tion eore te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion.%r. LAHRA(OR. So that the Electoral Commission shall decide whether the election is contested ornot contested.%r. ROMAS. Yes( sir" that is the purpose.%r. 'ELA)O. %r. 're!ient, & 2oul lie to e inore i te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +! po2er +n+utority to p+!! upon te Bu+li/+tion! o te eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely een tout+t Bue!tion +! not een r+i!e.%r. ROMAS. & +e u!t !+i t+t tey +e no po2er, e/+u!e tey /+n only ue.

&n te !+e !e!!ion, te r!t /l+u!e o te +ore!+i r+t re+in C"e ele/tion, return! +nBu+li/+tion! o te eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely +nC 2+! eliin+te y te Spon!or!ip$oittee in re!pon!e to +n +enent introu/e y (ele+te! @r+n/i!/o, entur+, inon!,R+ol!, Li, %u+r +n oter!. &n eDpl+inin te iKeren/e et2een te oriin+l r+t +n te r++! +ene, (ele+te RoD+! !pe+in or te Spon!or!ip $oittee !+i7D D D D D D D D DSr. ROMAS. L+ ieren/i+, !eor 're!iente, /on!i!te !ol+ente en oi+r l+ oe/ion +punt++ por+rio! (ele+o! +l ee/to e Bue l+ prier+ /l+u!ul+ el draft Bue i/e7 C"e ele/tion!, return! +nBu+li/+tion! o te eer! o te N+tion+l A!!elyC p+re/e Bue + + l+ $oi!ion Ele/tor+l l++/ult+ e eterin+r t+ien l+ ele//ion e lo! iero! Bue no + !io prote!t+o! y p+r+oi+r e!+ i/ult+, /reeo! Bue l+ enien+ tien r+on en e!e !entio, !i enen+o! el draft ,e t+l oo Bue !e le+ /oo !iue7 CAll /+!e! /onte!tin te ele/tionC, e oo Bue lo! ue/e! e

l+ $oi!ion Ele/tor+l !e liit+r+n !ol+ente + lo! /+!o! en Bue +y+ +io prote!t+ /ontr+ l+!+/t+!.C Heore te +enent o (ele+te L+r+or 2+! ote upon te ollo2in interpell+tion+l!o too pl+/e7El Sr. $ONEJERO. Ante! e ot+r!e l+ enien+, Bui!ier+El Sr. 'RES&(EN"E. Pue i/e el $oiteIEl Sr. ROMAS. $on u/o u!to.El Sr. $ONEJERO. "+l /oo e!t+ el draft , +no tre! iero! + l+ +yori+, y otro! tre! + l+ inori+y tre! + l+ $orte Supre+, Pno /ree Su Seori+ Bue e!to eBui+le pr+/ti/+ente + e+r el +!unto +lo! iero! el "riun+l SupreoIEl Sr. ROMAS. Si y no. $reeo! Bue !i el triun+l o l+ $oi!!ion e!t+ /on!tituio en e!+ or+,t+nto lo! iero! e l+ +yori+ /oo lo! e l+ inori+ +!i /oo lo! iero! e l+ $orteSupre+ /on!ier+r+n l+ /ue!tion !ore l+ +!e e !u! erito!, !+ieno Bue el p+rtii!o no e!

!u/iente p+r+ +r el triuno.El Sr. $ONEJERO. P$ree Su Seori+ Bue en un /+!o /oo e!e, pori+o! +/er Bue t+nto lo! e l++yori+ /oo lo! e l+ inori+ pre!/inier+n el p+rtii!oIEl Sr. ROMAS. $reo Bue !i, porBue el p+rtii!o no le! +ri+ el triuno.D D D D D D D D D

"e +enent introu/e y (ele+te! L+r+or, Aoro +n oter! !eein to re!tore te po2eto e/ie /onte!t! rel+tin to te ele/tion, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+lA!!ely to te N+tion+l A!!ely it!el, 2+! ee+te y + ote o ninety-eit 98 ++in!t ty-!iD 56.&n te !+e !e!!ion o (e/eer 4, 1934, (ele+te $ru $. !out to +en te r+t yreu/in te repre!ent+tion o te inority p+rty +n te Supree $ourt in te Ele/tor+l$oi!!ion to t2o eer! e+/, !o +! to +//or ore repre!ent+tion to te +ority p+rty. "e

$onention ree/te ti! +enent y + ote o !eenty-!iD :6 ++in!t orty-!iD 46, tu!+int+inin te non-p+rti!+n /+r+/ter o te /oi!!ion.A! +pproe on J+nu+ry 31, 1935, te r+t 2+! +e to re+ +! ollo2!76 All /+!e! /onte!tin te ele/tion!, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o te %eer! o te N+tion+lA!!ely !+ll e ue y +n Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion, /opo!e o tree eer! ele/te y tep+rty +in te l+re!t nuer o ote! in te N+tion+l A!!ely, tree ele/te y te eer!o te p+rty +in te !e/on l+re!t nuer o ote!, +n tree u!ti/e! o te Supree $ourte!in+te y te $ie Ju!ti/e, te $oi!!ion to e pre!ie oer y one o !+i u!ti/e!.

"e Style $oittee to 2i/ te r+t 2+! !uitte rei!e it +! ollo2!7SE$. 4. "ere !+ll e +n Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion /opo!e o tree Ju!ti/e! o te Supree $ourte!in+te y te $ie Ju!ti/e, +n o !iD %eer! /o!en y te N+tion+l A!!ely, tree o2o !+ll e noin+te y te p+rty +in te l+re!t nuer o ote!, +n tree y te p+rty


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+in te !e/on l+re!t nuer o ote! terein. "e !enior Ju!ti/e in te $oi!!ion !+ll e it/+ir+n. "e Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion !+ll e te !ole ue o te ele/tion, return!, +nBu+li/+tion! o te %eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely.en te oreoin r+t 2+! !uitte or +ppro+l on @eru+ry 8, 1935, te Style $oittee,trou 're!ient Re/to, to eKe/tu+te te oriin+l intention o te $onention, +ree to in!ert tepr+!e CAll /onte!t! rel+tin toC et2een te pr+!e Cue oC +n te 2or! Cte ele/tion!C, 2i/2+! +//orinly +//epte y te $onention.

"e tr+n!er o te po2er o eterinin te ele/tion, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o te eer! ote lei!l+ture lon loe in te lei!l+tie oy, to +n inepenent, ip+rti+l +n non-p+rti!+n

triun+l, i! y no e+n! + ere eDperient in te !/ien/e o oernent.$u!in, in i! L+2 +n 'r+/ti/e o Lei!l+tie A!!elie! nint eition, /+pter &, p+e! 5:, 58,ie! + ii +//ount o te C!/+n+lou!ly notoriou!C /+n+!!in o ote! y politi/+l p+rtie! in tei!po!ition o /onte!t! y te #ou!e o $oon! in te ollo2in p+!!+e! 2i/ +re p+rtly Buotey te petitioner in i! printe eor+nu o %+r/ 14, 19367153. @ro te tie 2en te /oon! e!t+li!e teir rit to e te eD/lu!ie ue! o teele/tion!, return!, +n Bu+li/+tion! o teir eer!, until te ye+r 1::0, t2o oe! opro/eein pre+ile, in te eterin+tion o /ontroerte ele/tion!, +n rit! o eer!ip.One o te !t+nin /oittee! +ppointe +t te /oen/eent o e+/ !e!!ion, 2+!enoin+te te /oittee o priilee! +n ele/tion!, 2o!e un/tion! 2+! to e+r +nine!ti+te +ll Bue!tion! o ti! e!/ription 2i/ it e reerre to te, +n to report teirpro/eein!, 2it teir opinion tereupon, to te ou!e, ro tie to tie. en +n ele/tion

petition 2+! reerre to ti! /oittee tey e+r te p+rtie! +n teir 2itne!!e! +n otereien/e, +n +e + report o +ll te eien/e, toeter 2it teir opinion tereupon, in te oro re!olution!, 2i/ 2ere /on!iere +n +ree or i!+ree to y te ou!e. "e oter oe opro/eein 2+! y + e+rin +t te +r o te ou!e it!el. en ti! /ourt 2+! +opte, te /+!e2+! e+r +n e/ie y te ou!e, in !u!t+nti+lly te !+e +nner +! y + /oittee. "e/oittee o priilee! +n ele/tion! +ltou + !ele/t /oittee. "e /oittee o priilee!+n ele/tion! +ltou + !ele/t /oittee 2+! u!u+lly 2+t i! /+lle +n open one; t+t i! to !+y, inorer to /on!titute te /oittee, + Buoru o te eer! n+e 2+! reBuire to e pre!ent,ut +ll te eer! o te ou!e 2ere +t lierty to +tten te /oittee +n ote i tey ple+!e154. it te ro2t o politi/+l p+rtie! in p+rli+ent Bue!tion! rel+tin to te rit o eer!ipr+u+lly +!!ue + politi/+l /+r+/ter; !o t+t or +ny ye+r! preiou! to te ye+r 1::0,/ontroerte ele/tion! + een trie +n eterine y te ou!e o /oon!, +! ere p+rty

Bue!tion!, upon 2i/ te !trent o /ontenin +/tion! it e te!te. "u!, or ED+ple, in1:41, Sir Roert +lpole, +ter repe+te +tt+/! upon i! oernent, re!ine i! o=/e in/on!eBuen/e o +n +er!e ote upon te $ippen+ ele/tion. %r. #+t!ell re+r!, o te tri+l oele/tion /+!e!, +! /onu/te uner ti! !y!te, t+t CEery prin/iple o e/en/y +n u!ti/e 2erenotoriou!ly +n openly pro!titute, ro 2en/e te youner p+rt o te ou!e 2ere in!en!ily, utoo !u//e!!ully, inu/e to +opt te !+e li/entiou! /onu/t in ore !eriou! +tter!, +n inBue!tion! o ier iport+n/e to te puli/ 2el+re.C %r. Geore Grenille, + i!tinui!eeer o te ou!e o /oon!, unertoo to propo!e + reey or te eil, +n, on te :t o%+r/, 1::0, ot+ine te un+niou! le+e o te ou!e to rin in + ill, Cto reul+te te tri+l o/ontroerte ele/tion!, or return! o eer! to !ere in p+rli+ent.C &n i! !pee/ to eDpl+in i!pl+n, on te otion or le+e, %r. Grenille +llue to te eDi!tin pr+/ti/e in te ollo2in ter!7C&n!te+ o tru!tin to te erit! o teir re!pe/tie /+u!e!, te prin/ip+l epenen/e o ot

p+rtie! i! teir pri+te intere!t +on u!; +n it i! !/+n+lou!ly notoriou! t+t 2e +re +! e+rne!tly/+n+!!e to +tten in +or o te oppo!ite !ie!, +! i 2e 2ere 2olly !el-ele/tie, +n not ounto +/t y te prin/iple! o u!ti/e, ut y te i!/retion+ry ipul!e o our o2n in/lin+tion!; n+y, it i!2ell no2n, t+t in eery /onte!te ele/tion, +ny eer! o ti! ou!e, 2o +re ulti+tely to

ue in + in o ui/i+l /+p+/ity et2een te /opetitor!, enli!t te!ele! +! p+rtie! in te/ontention, +n t+e upon te!ele! te p+rti+l +n+eent o te ery u!ine!!, upon 2i/tey !oul eterine 2it te !tri/te!t ip+rti+lity.C155. &t 2+! to put +n en to te pr+/ti/e! tu! e!/rie, t+t %r. Grenille rout in + ill 2i/et 2it te +ppro+tion o ot ou!e!, +n re/eie te roy+l +!!ent on te 1


10/71

t+t te +nitue o te eil, or te +pp+rent !u//e!! o te reey, +y +e le +ny o te/ontepor+rie! o te e+!ure to te inor+tion o + ueent, 2i/ 2+! not +/Buie!/e in y!oe o te le+in !t+te!en o te +y, +n +! not een entirely /onre y !u!eBuenteDperien/e. "e ill 2+! oe/te to y Lor Nort, %r. (e Grey, +ter2+r! /ie u!ti/e o te/oon ple+!, %r. Elli!, %r. (y!on, 2o + een /ler o te ou!e, +n %r. $+rle! J+e! @oD,/iey on te roun, t+t te introu/tion o te ne2 !y!te 2+! +n e!!enti+l +lter+tion o te/on!titution o p+rli+ent, +n + tot+l +ro+tion o one o te o!t iport+nt rit! +n

uri!i/tion! o te ou!e o /oon!.A! e+rly +! 1868, te #ou!e o $oon! in Enl+n !ole te prole o in!urin te non-

p+rti!+n !ettleent o te /ontroerte ele/tion! o it! eer! y +i/+tin it! prero+tie tot2o ue! o te QinF! Hen/ o te #i $ourt o Ju!ti/e !ele/te ro + rot+ in +//or+n/e 2itrule! o /ourt +e or te purpo!e. #+in proe !u//e!!ul, te pr+/ti/e +! e/oe ieein Enli! uri!pruen/e '+rli+ent+ry Ele/tion! A/t, 1868 >31 3< i/t. /. 14< 43 i/t. /. :5?, !. 46 4: i/t. /. 51;, !. :0; EDpirin L+2! $ontinu+n/e A/t,1911 >1 < Geo. 5, /.


11/71

te no2lee +n +ppre/i+tion o /ontepor+ry /on!titution+l pre/eent!, o2eer, +! te lon-elt nee o eterinin lei!l+tie /onte!t! eoi o p+rti!+n /on!ier+tion! 2i/ propte tepeople, +/tin trou teir ele+te! to te $onention, to proie or ti! oy no2n +! teEle/tor+l $oi!!ion. it ti! en in ie2, + /opo!ite oy in 2i/ ot te +ority +ninority p+rtie! +re eBu+lly repre!ente to oK-!et p+rti!+n inuen/e in it! elier+tion! 2+!/re+te, +n urter eno2e 2it ui/i+l teper y in/luin in it! eer!ip tree u!ti/e! ote Supree $ourt.

"e Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion i! + /on!titution+l /re+tion, ine!te 2it te ne/e!!+ry +utority in teperor+n/e +n eDe/ution o te liite +n !pe/i/ un/tion +!!ine to it y te $on!titution.

Altou it i! not + po2er in our trip+rtite !/ee o oernent, it i!, to +ll intent! +n purpo!e!,2en +/tin 2itin te liit! o it! +utority, +n inepenent or+n. &t i!, to e !ure, /lo!er to telei!l+tie ep+rtent t+n to +ny oter. "e lo/+tion o te proi!ion !e/tion 4 /re+tin teEle/tor+l $oi!!ion uner Arti/le & entitle CLei!l+tie (ep+rtentC o our $on!titution i! eryini/+tie. &t! /opo!ition! i! +l!o !ini/+nt in t+t it i! /on!titute y + +ority o eer! ote lei!l+ture. Hut it i! + oy !ep+r+te ro +n inepenent o te lei!l+ture.

"e r+nt o po2er to te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion to ue +ll /onte!t! rel+tin to te ele/tion, return+n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, i! intene to e +! /oplete +nunip+ire +! i it + re+ine oriin+lly in te lei!l+ture. "e eDpre!! loin o t+t po2er inte Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion i! +n iplie eni+l o te eDer/i!e o t+t po2er y te N+tion+lA!!ely. An ti! i! +! eKe/tie + re!tri/tion upon te lei!l+tie po2er +! +n eDpre!! proiitionin te $on!titution E' parte Le2i!, 45 "eD. $ri. Rep., 1; St+te #s.i!+n, 36 S.(.,


12/71

+n Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +n in ine!tin it 2it eD/lu!ie uri!i/tion in +ll /+!e! rel+tin to teele/tion, return!, +n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, te reey i! politi/+l,not ui/i+l, +n u!t e !out trou te orin+ry pro/e!!e! o eo/r+/y. All te po!!ile+u!e! o te oernent +re not intene to e /orre/te y te ui/i+ry. e eliee, o2eer,t+t te people in /re+tin te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion repo!e +! u/ /onen/e in ti! oy inte eD/lu!ie eterin+tion o te !pe/ie /+!e! +!!ine to it, +! tey +e ien to teSupree $ourt in te proper /+!e! entru!te to it or e/i!ion. All te +en/ie! o te oernent2ere e!ine y te $on!titution to +/iee !pe/i/ purpo!e!, +n e+/ /on!titution+l or+n2orin 2itin it! o2n p+rti/ul+r !pere o i!/retion+ry +/tion u!t e eee to e +ni+te

2it te !+e e+l +n one!ty in +//opli!in te re+t en! or 2i/ tey 2ere /re+te y t!oerein 2ill. "+t te +/tu+tion! o te!e /on!titution+l +en/ie! it le+e u/ to e e!irein ien in!t+n/e!, i! inerent in te pere/tion o u+n in!titution!. &n te tir pl+/e, ro te+/t t+t te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +y not e interere 2it in te eDer/i!e o it! leiti+tepo2er, it oe! not ollo2 t+t it! +/t!, o2eer ille+l or un/on!titution+l, +y not e /+llene in+ppropri+te /+!e! oer 2i/ te /ourt! +y eDer/i!e uri!i/tion.Hut inepenently o te le+l +n /on!titution+l +!pe/t! o te pre!ent /+!e, tere +re/on!ier+tion! o eBuit+le /+r+/ter t+t !oul not e oerlooe in te +ppre/i+tion o teintrin!i/ erit! o te /ontroer!y. "e $oon2e+lt Goernent 2+! in+uur+te on Noeer15, 1935, on 2i/ +te te $on!titution, eD/ept +! to te proi!ion! entione in !e/tion 6 oArti/le M tereo, 2ent into eKe/t. "e ne2 N+tion+l A!!ely /onene on Noeer


13/71

*ner te pr+/ti/e pre+ilin ot in te Enli! #ou!e o $oon! +n in te $onre!! o te*nite St+te!, /onr+tion i! neiter ne/e!!+ry in orer to entitle + eer-ele/t to t+e i! !e+t

"e return o te proper ele/tion o=/er! i! !u=/ient, +n te eer-ele/t pre!entin !u/ returnein! to enoy te priilee! o + eer ro te tie t+t e t+e! i! o+t o o=/e L+2! oEnl+n, ol. 1


14/71

h "+t te pre!ent $on!titution +! tr+n!erre +ll te po2er! preiou!ly eDer/i!e y telei!l+ture 2it re!pe/t to /onte!t! rel+tin to te ele/tion!, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o it!eer!, to te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion.i "+t !u/ tr+n!er o po2er ro te lei!l+ture to te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion 2+! ull, /le+r +n/oplete, +n /+rrie 2it it e' necesitate rei te iplie po2er inter alia to pre!/rie te rule!+n reul+tion! +! to te tie +n +nner o lin prote!t!. "+t te +o2e purpo!e in /re+tin te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion 2+! to +e +n inepenent/on!titution+l or+n p+!! upon +ll /onte!t! rel+tin to te ele/tion, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! oeer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, eoi o p+rti!+n inuen/e or /on!ier+tion, 2i/ oe/t

2oul e ru!tr+te i te N+tion+l A!!ely 2ere to ret+in te po2er to pre!/rie rule! +nreul+tion! re+rin te +nner o /onu/tin !+i /onte!t!.+ "+t !e/tion 4 o +rti/le & o te $on!titution repe+le not only !e/tion 18 o te Jone! L+2+in e+/ ou!e o te 'ilippine Lei!l+ture re!pe/tiely te !ole ue o te ele/tion!, return+n Bu+li/+tion! o it! ele/tie eer!, ut +l!o !e/tion 4:8 o A/t No. 338: epo2erin e+/ou!e to pre!/rie y re!olution te tie +n +nner o lin /onte!t! ++in!t te ele/tion o it!eer!, te tie +n +nner o notiyin te +er!e p+rty, +n on or on!, to e reBuire, +ny, +n to D te /o!t! +n eDpen!e! o /onte!t.l "+t /onr+tion y te N+tion+l A!!ely o te ele/tion i! /onte!te or not, i! not e!!enti+leore !u/ eer-ele/t +y i!/+re te utie! +n enoy te priilee! o + eer o teN+tion+l A!!ely.m "+t /onr+tion y te N+tion+l A!!ely o te ele/tion o +ny eer ++in!t 2o no

prote!t + een le prior to !+i /onr+tion, oe! not +n /+nnot eprie te Ele/tor+l$oi!!ion o it! in/ient+l po2er to pre!/rie te tie 2itin 2i/ prote!t! ++in!t te ele/tiono +ny eer o te N+tion+l A!!ely !oul e le.e ol, tereore, t+t te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion 2+! +/tin 2itin te leiti+te eDer/i!e o it!/on!titution+l prero+tie in +!!uin to t+e /oni+n/e o te prote!t le y te re!ponent'ero )n!u+ ++in!t te ele/tion o te erein petitioner Jo!e A. An+r+, +n t+t te re!olution ote N+tion+l A!!ely o (e/eer 3, 1935 /+n not in +ny +nner toll te tie or lin prote!t!++in!t te ele/tion!, return! +n Bu+li/+tion! o eer! o te N+tion+l A!!ely, nor preentte lin o + prote!t 2itin !u/ tie +! te rule! o te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion it pre!/rie.&n ie2 o te /on/lu!ion re+/e y u! rel+tie to te /+r+/ter o te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +! +/on!titution+l /re+tion +n +! to te !/ope +n eDtent o it! +utority uner te +/t! o te pre!en/ontroer!y, 2e ee it unne/e!!+ry to eterine 2eter te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion i! +n inerior

triun+l, /orpor+tion, o+r or per!on 2itin te purie2 o !e/tion!


15/71

"e $on!titution o te *nite St+te! /ont+in! + proi!ion !iil+r to te t+t oun in Arti/le &,!e/tion 4, o te $on!titution o te 'ilippine!. Arti/le &, !e/tion 5, o te $on!titution o te *niteSt+te! proie! t+t e+/ ou!e o te $onre!! !+ll e te ue o te ele/tion!, return!, +nBu+li/+tion! o it! o2n eer!. Not2it!t+nin ti! proi!ion, te $onre!! +! +!!ue tepo2er to reul+te te tie in 2i/ noti/e o + /onte!te ele/tion +y e ien. "u! !e/tion


16/71

#+in een le 2itin te tie De y it! re!olution!, te Ele/tor+l $oi!!ion +! uri!i/tionto e+r +n eterine te /onte!t le y te re!ponent 'ero )n!u+ ++in!t te petitioner Jo!eA. An+r+.

'RO@. RAN(OL@ S. (A&(, LORENO "ATA(A &&&,RONAL( LLA%AS, #. #ARR) L. RO*E, JR., JOELR*& H*"*)AN, ROGER R. RA)EL, GAR) S.

%ALLAR&, RO%EL REGALA(O HAGARES,$#R&S"O'#ER @.$. HOLAS"&G, 'etitioner!,

- er!u! -

GLOR&A %A$A'AGAL-ARRO)O, AS'RES&(EN" AN( $O%%AN(ER-&N-$#&E@,EME$*"&E SE$RE"AR) E(*AR(O ER%&"A,#ON. AEL&NO $R* &&, SE$RE"AR) O@NA"&ONAL (E@ENSE, GENERAL GENEROSOSENGA, $#&E@ O@ S"A@@, AR%E( @OR$ES O@

"#E '#&L&''&NES, (&RE$"OR GENERAL AR"*ROLO%&HAO, $#&E@, '#&L&''&NE NA"&ONAL 'OL&$E,

Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------DN&TE $A$#O-OL&ARES AN( "R&H*NE'*HL&S#&NG $O., &N$.,

'etitioner!,

- er!u! -

#ONORAHLE SE$RE"AR) E(*AR(O ER%&"A AN(#ONORAHLE (&RE$"OR GENERAL AR"*RO $.LO%&HAO,

Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------D@RAN$&S JOSE'# G. ES$*(ERO, JOSE'# A.SAN"&AGO, "EO(ORO A. $AS&NO, AGA'&"O A.A*&NO, %AR&O J. AG*JA, SA"*R $. O$A%'O,%*J& S. #A"A%AN, J*AN E(GAR(O ANGARA,

"EO@&S"O (L. G*&NGONA &&&, E%%AN*EL JOSEL J. &LLAN*EA, L&A L. %AA, &%EE R. %AR$OS,RENA"O H. %AG"*HO, J*S"&N %AR$ SH.$#&'E$O, RO&LO GOLE, (ARLENE AN"ON&NO-$*S"O(&O, LORE""A ANN '. ROSALES, JOSEL G.&RA(OR, RA@AEL . %AR&ANO, G&LHER" $.

RE%*LLA, @LOREN$&O G. NOEL, ANA "#ERES&A#ON"&EROS-HARA*EL, &%EL(A $. N&$OLAS,%AR&$ %..@. LEONEN, NER& JA&ER$OL%ENARES, %OE%EN" O@ $ON$ERNE($&"&ENS @OR $&&L L&HER"&ES RE'RESEN"E( H)A%A(O GA" &N$&ONG,

'etitioner!,

- er!u! -

E(*AR(O R. ER%&"A, EME$*"&E SE$RE"AR),AEL&NO J. $R*, JR., SE$RE"AR), (N(

G.R. No. 1:1396 're!ent7

'ANGAN&HAN, C.!., U'*NO, *&S*%H&NG, )NARES-SAN"&AGO, SAN(OAL-G*"&ERRE, $AR'&O, A*S"R&A-%AR"&NE, $ORONA, $AR'&O %ORALES, $ALLEJO, SR., A$*NA, "&NGA, $#&$O-NAAR&O, GAR$&A, +n ELAS$O, !!. 'roul+te7

%+y 3,


17/71

RONAL(O . '*NO, SE$RE"AR), (&LG,GENEROSO SENGA, A@' $#&E@ O@ S"A@@,AR"*RO LO%&HAO, $#&E@ 'N',

Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------DQ&L*SANG %A)O *NO, RE'RESEN"E( H) &"S$#A&R'ERSON EL%ER $. LAHOG AN(SE$RE"AR) GENERAL JOEL %AGL*NSO(,NA"&ONAL @E(ERA"&ON O@ LAHOR *N&ONS VQ&L*SANG %A)O *NO NA@L*-Q%*,

RE'RESEN"E( H) &"S NA"&ONAL 'RES&(EN", JOSEL&"O . *S"ARE, AN"ON&O $. 'AS$*AL,SALA(OR ". $ARRANA, E%&L&A '. (A'*LANG,%AR"&N $*S"O(&O, JR., AN( RO*E %. "AN,

'etitioner!,

- er!u! -

#ER EM$ELLEN$), 'RES&(EN" GLOR&A%A$A'AGAL-ARRO)O, "#E #ONORAHLEEME$*"&E SE$RE"AR), E(*AR(O ER%&"A, "#E$#&E@ O@ S"A@@, AR%E( @OR$ES O@ "#E'#&L&''&NES, GENEROSO SENGA, AN( "#E 'N'(&RE$"OR GENERAL, AR"*RO LO%&HAO,

Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------DAL"ERNA"&E LA GRO*'S, &N$. ALG,

'etitioner,- er!u! -

EME$*"&E SE$RE"AR) E(*AR(O R. ER%&"A, L".GEN. GENEROSO SENGA, AN( (&RE$"ORGENERAL AR"*RO LO%&HAO,

Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------D

JOSE ANSEL%O &. $A(&, @EL&$&ANO %.HA*"&S"A, RO%*LO R. R&ERA, JOSE A%OR %.A%ORA(O, AL&$&A A. R&SOS-&(AL, @EL&%ON $.AHEL&"A &&&, %AN*EL '. LEGAS'&, J.H. JO) $.HERNAHE, HERNAR( L. (AG$*"A, ROGEL&O .GAR$&A AN( &N"EGRA"E( HAR O@ "#E'#&L&''&NES &H',

'etitioner!,

- er!u! -

#ON. EME$*"&E SE$RE"AR) E(*AR(OER%&"A, GENERAL GENEROSO SENGA, &N #&S$A'A$&") AS A@' $#&E@ O@ S"A@@, AN((&RE$"OR GENERAL AR"*RO LO%&HAO, &N #&S$A'A$&") AS 'N' $#&E@, Re!ponent!.D-------------------------------------------------DLOREN H. LEGAR(A,

'etitioner,

G.R. No. 1:1483

G.R. No. 1:1400


18/71

- er!u! -

GLOR&A %A$A'AGAL-ARRO)O, &N #ER $A'A$&")AS 'RES&(EN" AN( $O%%AN(ER-&N-$#&E@;AR"*RO LO%&HAO, &N #&S $A'A$&") AS(&RE$"OR-GENERAL O@ "#E '#&L&''&NENA"&ONAL 'OL&$E 'N'; GENEROSO SENGA, &N

#&S $A'A$&") AS $#&E@ O@ S"A@@ O@ "#EAR%E( @OR$ES O@ "#E '#&L&''&NES A@'; AN(E(*AR(O ER%&"A, &N #&S $A'A$&") ASEME$*"&E SE$RE"AR),

Re!ponent!.

G.R. No. 1:1489

G.R. No. 1:14


19/71

On/e ++in, te $ourt i! +/e 2it +n +e-ol ut per!i!tently oern prole. How does th

Constitution of a free people combine the de$ree of liberty ( without which( law becomes tyranny( with th

de$ree of law( without which( liberty becomes licenseI>3?

On @eru+ry


20/71

/on!pir+/y, oer + ro+ ront, to rin o2n te uly-/on!titute Goernent ele/te in %+y


21/71

NO, !"#$#%O$#, I, 5.O$I& 6&&'&5&.-&$$O7O, 're!ient o te Repuli/ o te 'ilippine!, y irtue o te po2er! e!te in e y l+2, erey declare that the stateof national emergency has ceased to exist

&n teir pre!ent+tion o te +/tu+l +!e! o '' 101: +n G.O. No. 5, re!ponent! !t+te t+t t

proDi+te /+u!e ein te eDe/utie i!!u+n/e! 2+! te /on!pir+/y +on !oe ilit+ry o=/er!, leti

in!urent! o te Ne2 'eopleW! Ary N'A, +n !oe eer! o te politi/+l oppo!ition in + plot to un!e+

or +!!+!!in+te 're!ient Arroyo.>4? "ey /on!iere te +i to ou!t or +!!+!!in+te te 're!ient +n t+e-ote rein! o oernent +! + /le+r +n pre!ent +ner.

(urin te or+l +ruent! el on %+r/ :,


22/71

On @eru+ry


23/71

te $ouni!t '+rty o te 'ilippine! orerin it! ront or+ni+tion! to oin 5,000 %etro %+nil+ r+i/+l! +n

10?

Hy init o @eru+ry


24/71

eitori+l +n u!ine!! o=/e! o te ne2!p+per; 2ile poli/een ro te %+nil+ 'oli/e (i!tri/t 2e

!t+tione out!ie te uilin.>13?

A e2 inute! +ter te !e+r/ +n !eiure +t te 1aily &ribune o=/e!, te poli/e !urroune t

prei!e! o +noter pro-oppo!ition p+per, %+l+y+, +n it! !i!ter puli/+tion, te t+loi A+nte.

"e r+i, +//orin to 're!ienti+l $ie o St+K %i/+el (een!or, i! =meant to show a Bstron presence(5 to tell media outlets not to conni#e or do anythin$ that would help the rebels in brin$in$ down th

$o#ernment.< "e 'N' 2+rne t+t it 2oul t+e oer +ny ei+ or+ni+tion t+t 2oul n

ollo2 =standards set by the $o#ernment durin$ the state of national emer$ency.< (ire/tor Gener+l Loi+

!t+te t+t =if they do not follow the standards and the standards are 6 if they would contribute to instabilit

in the $o#ernment( or if they do not subscribe to what is in General Order o. D and Proc. o. :F we wi

recommend a Bta+eo#er.5


25/71

Let it e !tre!!e +t ti! point t+t te +llee iol+tion! o te rit! o Repre!ent+tie! Heltr+n, S+tu

O/+po, et al., +re not ein r+i!e in te!e petition!.

On %+r/ 3, it i! + !uterue to +oi te /on!titution

reBuireent! or te ipo!ition o +rti+l l+2; +n =:> it iol+te! te /on!titution+l u+r+ntee! o reeo

te pre!!, o !pee/ +n o +!!ely.

&n 5$ No )*)?8;, petitioner! Nine $+/o-Oli+re! +n &ribune 'uli!in $o., &n/. /+llene t

$&(GW! +/t o r+iin te 1aily &ribune o=/e! +! + /le+r /+!e o X/en!or!ipY or Xprior re!tr+int.Y "ey +l

/l+ie t+t te ter Xeeren/yY reer! only to t!un+i, typoon, urri/+ne +n !iil+r o//urren/e

en/e, tere i! Xabsolutely no emer$ency Y t+t 2+rr+nt! te i!!u+n/e o '' 101:.

&n 5$ No )*)?@9( petitioner! erein +re Repre!ent+tie @r+n/i! Jo!ep G. E!/uero, +n t2enty on

tey +rro+te unto 're!ient Arroyo te po2er to en+/t l+2! +n

e/ree!; =+> teir i!!u+n/e 2+! 2itout +/tu+l +!i!; +n =:> tey iol+te reeo o eDpre!!ion +n t

rit o te people to pe+/e+ly +!!ele to rere!! teir rie+n/e!.

&n 5$ No )*)?88( petitioner Altern+tie L+2 Group!, &n/. ALG& +llee t+t '' 101: +n G.O. N

5 +re un/on!titution+l e/+u!e tey iol+te =a> Se/tion 4>15? o Arti/le &&, =b> Se/tion! 1,>16? 1:? +n 4>18?

Arti/le &&&, =c> Se/tion 19? o Arti/le &, +n =d> Se/tion 1:>


26/71

powers without con$ressional appro#al.Y &n +ition, petitioner! +!!erte t+t '' 101: X$oes beyond th

nature and function of a proclamation as de*ned under the Re#ised /dministrati#e Code.


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attempt, and thus to vindicate and preserve inviolate the will of the people asexpressed in the onstitution !his power the courts exercise !his is the beginningand the end of the theory of judicial review.>


28/71

o te peopleW! +!i/ rit! to reeo o eDpre!!ion, o +!!ely +n o te pre!!. %oreoer, te $ourt +

te uty to orul+te uiin +n /ontrollin /on!titution+l pre/ept!, o/trine! or rule!. &t +! te !yo

un/tion o eu/+tin te en/ +n te +r, +n in te pre!ent petition!, the military and the police, o

te eDtent o te prote/tion ien y /on!titution+l u+r+ntee!.>35? An l+!tly, re!ponent!W /onte!te +/tion

+re /+p+le o repetition. $ert+inly, te petition! +re !ue/t to ui/i+l reie2.

&n teir +ttept to proe te +llee ootne!! o ti! /+!e, re!ponent! /ite $ie Ju!ti/e Arteio '+n+ni+nW! Sep+r+te Opinion in Sanla+as #. E'ecuti#e Secretary .>36? #o2eer, tey +ile to t+e in

+//ount te $ie Ju!ti/eW! ery !t+teent t+t +n oter2i!e XootY /+!e +y !till e e/ie X pro#ided th

party raisin$ it in a proper case has been andJor continues to be preudiced or dama$ed as a direct result o

its issuance.Y "e pre!ent /+!e +ll! rit 2itin ti! eD/eption to te ootne!! rule pointe out y te $i

Ju!ti/e.

II- Legal Standing

&n ie2 o te nuer o petitioner! !uin in +riou! per!on+litie!, te $ourt ee! it iper+tie t

+e + ore t+n p+!!in i!/u!!ion on le+l !t+nin or locus standi.

3ocus standi i! ene +! X+ rit o +ppe+r+n/e in + /ourt o u!ti/e on + ien Bue!tion.Y>3:? &n pri+

!uit!, !t+nin i! oerne y te Xre+l-p+rtie!-in intere!tY rule +! /ont+ine in Se/tion 40? XIn matter of mer

public right, howeverFthe people are the real partiesFIt is at least the right, if not the duty, o

every citizen to interfere and see that a public o4ence be properly pursued and punished, an

that a public grievance be remedied.Y it re!pe/t to t+Dp+yerW! !uit!, &err #. !ordan>41? el t+t Xth

right of a citizen and a taxpayer to maintain an action in courts to restrain the unlawful use o

public funds to his injury cannot be deniedY

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#o2eer, to preent u!t +out +ny per!on ro !eein ui/i+l intereren/e in +ny o=/i+l poli/y or +

2it 2i/ e i!+ree 2it, +n tu! iner! te +/tiitie! o oernent+l +en/ie! en+e in pul

!eri/e, te *nite St+te Supree $ourt l+i o2n te ore !trinent Xdirect injuryY test in E' Parte 3e#it>4


30/71

Hy 2+y o !u+ry, te ollo2in rule! +y e /ulle ro te /+!e! e/ie y t

$ourt. "+Dp+yer!, oter!, /on/erne /itien!, +n lei!l+tor! +y e +//ore !t+nin to !ue, proie t

te ollo2in reBuireent! +re et7

=)> te /+!e! inole /on!titution+l i!!ue!;

=+> or taxpayers, tere u!t e + /l+i o ille+l i!ur!eent o puli/ un! or t+t t

t+D e+!ure i! un/on!titution+l;

=:> or voters, tere u!t e + !o2in o oiou! intere!t in te +liity o te ele/tio

l+2 in Bue!tion;

=?> or concerned citizens, tere u!t e + !o2in t+t te i!!ue! r+i!e +re

tr+n!/enent+l iport+n/e 2i/ u!t e !ettle e+rly; +n

=9> or legislators, tere u!t e + /l+i t+t te o=/i+l +/tion /opl+ine o inrine

upon teir prero+tie! +! lei!l+tor!.

Sini/+ntly, re/ent e/i!ion! !o2 + /ert+in touenin in te $ourtW! +ttitue to2+r le

!t+nin.

&n @ilosbayan( ,nc. #. 4orato,>56? te $ourt rule t+t te !t+tu! o @ilosbayan +! + peopleW! or+ni+tio

oe! not ie it te reBui!ite per!on+lity to Bue!tion te +liity o te on-line lottery /ontr+/t, ore !o 2e

it oe! not r+i!e +ny i!!ue o /on!titution+lity. %oreoer, it /+nnot !ue +! + t+Dp+yer +!ent +ny +lle+tio

t+t puli/ un! +re ein i!u!e. Nor /+n it !ue +! + /on/erne /itien +! it oe! not +llee +ny !pe/i

inury it +! !uKere.

&n &elecommunications and roadcast /ttorneys of the Philippines( ,nc. #. Comelec,>5:? te $ou

reiter+te te Xire/t inuryY te!t 2it re!pe/t to /on/erne /itien!W /+!e! inolin /on!titution+l i!!ue!.

el t+t Xtere u!t e + !o2in t+t te /itien per!on+lly !uKere !oe +/tu+l or tre+tene inur

+ri!in ro te +llee ille+l o=/i+l +/t.Y

&n 3acson #. Pere2 ,>58? te $ourt rule t+t one o te petitioner!, 3aban n$ 1emo+rati+on

Pilipino L(', i! not + re+l p+rty-in-intere!t +! it + not eon!tr+te +ny inury to it!el or to it! le+er!eer! or !upporter!.

&n Sanla+as #. E'ecuti#e Secretary ,>59? te $ourt rule t+t only te petitioner! 2o +re eer!

$onre!! +e !t+nin to !ue, +! tey /l+i t+t te 're!ientW! e/l+r+tion o + !t+te o reellion is

usurpation of the emergency powers of ongress, thus impairing their legislative powers. A!

petitioner! Sanla+as( Partido 4an$$a$awa( and Social !ustice Society , te $ourt e/l+re te to e eo

o !t+nin, eBu+tin te 2it te L(' in 3acson.

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31/71

No2, te +ppli/+tion o te +oe prin/iple! to te pre!ent petition!.

"e locus standi o petitioner! in 5$ No )*):;


32/71

"riun+l i! lie2i!e o no rele+n/e. Se +! not !u=/iently !o2n t+t '' 101: 2ill +Ke/t te pro/eein!

re!ult o er /+!e. Hut /on!ierin on/e ore te tr+n!/enent+l iport+n/e o te i!!ue inole, ti! $ou

+y rel+D te !t+nin rule!.

&t u!t +l2+y! e orne in in t+t te Bue!tion o locus standi i! ut /oroll+ry to te i

Bue!tion o proper eDer/i!e o ui/i+l po2er. "i! i! te unerlyin le+l tenet o te Xlier+lity o/trineY o

le+l !t+nin. &t /+nnot e oute t+t te +liity o '' No. 101: +n G.O. No. 5 i! + ui/i+l Bue!tio2i/ i! o p+r+ount iport+n/e to te @ilipino people. "o p+r+pr+!e Ju!ti/e L+urel, te 2ole o 'ilippin

!o/iety no2 2+it! 2it +te re+t te rulin o ti! $ourt on ti! ery /riti/+l +tter. "e petition! tu! /+

or te +ppli/+tion o te Xtranscendental importanceY o/trine, + rel+D+tion o te !t+nin reBuireen

or te petitioner! in te X'' 101: /+!e!.Y

"i! $ourt ol! t+t +ll te petitioner! erein +e locus standi.

&n/ient+lly, it i! not proper to iple+ 're!ient Arroyo +! re!ponent. Settle i! te o/trine t+t t

're!ient, urin i! tenure o o=/e or +/tu+l in/uen/y, >6:? +y not e !ue in any /iil or /riin+l /+!

+n tere i! no nee to proie or it in te $on!titution or l+2. &t 2ill er+e te inity o te i o=/e

te 're!ient, te #e+ o St+te, i e /+n e r+e into /ourt liti+tion! 2ile !erin +

!u/. @urterore, it i! iport+nt t+t e e ree ro +ny or o +r+!!ent, inr+n/e or i!tr+/tion

en+le i to ully +tten to te peror+n/e o i! o=/i+l utie! +n un/tion!. *nlie te lei!l+tie +n

ui/i+l r+n/, only one /on!titute! te eDe/utie r+n/ +n +nytin 2i/ ip+ir! i! u!eulne!! in t

i!/+re o te +ny re+t +n iport+nt utie! ipo!e upon i y te $on!titution ne/e!!+rily ip+i

te oper+tion o te Goernent. #o2eer, ti! oe! not e+n t+t te 're!ient i! not +//ount+le t

+nyone. Lie +ny oter o=/i+l, e re+in! +//ount+le to te people>68?

ut e +y e reoe ro o=/only in te oe proie y l+2 +n t+t i! y ipe+/ent.>69?

C (AC(!&N!ID#

I. Review o !actual "ases

'etitioner! +int+in t+t '' 101: +! no +/tu+l +!i!. #en/e, it 2+! not Xne/e!!+ryY or 're!ie

Arroyo to i!!ue !u/ 'ro/l++tion.

"e i!!ue o 2eter te $ourt +y reie2 te +/tu+l +!e! o te 're!ientW! eDer/i!e o

$o+ner-in-$ie po2er +! re+/e it! i!tille point - ro te inulent +y! o arcelon

a+er >:0? +n 4ontene$ro #. Castaneda>:1? to te ol+tile er+ o 3ansan$ #. Garci>:


33/71

uni!on in e/l+rin t+t te authority to decide whether an exigency has arisen belongs to th

'resident +n his decision is 1nal and conclusive on the courts . 3ansan$ too te oppo!ite ie2

"ere, te eer! o te $ourt 2ere un+niou! in te /oni/tion t+t te $ourt +! te +utority to inBui

into te eDi!ten/e o +/tu+l +!e! in orer to eterine teir /on!titution+l !u=/ien/y. %rom the princip

of separation of powers, it shifted the focus to the system of checks and balances, Hunder whic

the 'resident is supreme, x x x only i and w#en he acts within the sphere allotted to him by th

Casic .aw, and the authority to determine whether or not he has so acted vested in the Kudicial /epartment, w#ic# in t#is respect , is, in tur

constitutionally supreme.Y>:6? &n 19:3, te un+niou! $ourt o 3ansan$ 2+! iie in /)uino #. Enril>::? "ere, te $ourt 2+! +lo!t eenly iie on te i!!ue o 2eter te +liity

te ipo!ition o %+rti+l L+2 i! + politi/+l or u!ti/i+le Bue!tion.>:8? "en /+e Garcia6Padil

#. Enrile 2i/ re+tly ilute 3ansan$. &t e/l+re t+t tere i! + nee to re-eD+ine te l+tter /+!e

r+tio/in+tin t+t Xin times of war or national emergency, the 'resident must be given absolut

control for the very life of the nation and the government is in great peril !he 'resident,

intoned, is answerable only to his conscience, the 'eople, and 5od.Y>:9?

"e ,nte$rated ar of the Philippines #. Mamora>80? 66 + re/ent /+!e o!t pertinent to te!e /+!e! +

+r -- e/oe + prin/iple !iil+r to 3ansan$. ile te $ourt /on!iere te 're!ientW! X/+llin-outY po2

+! + i!/retion+ry po2er !olely e!te in i! 2i!o, it !tre!!e t+t Xthis does not prevent a

examination of whether such power was exercised within permissible constitutional limits o

whether it was exercised in a manner constituting grave abuse of discretion .Y "i! rulin i! +in

+ re!ult o te $ourtW! reli+n/e on Se/tion 1, Arti/le &&& o 198: $on!titution 2i/ ortie! te +utority o t

/ourt! to eterine in +n +ppropri+te +/tion te +liity o te +/t! o te politi/+l ep+rtent!. *ner t

ne2 enition o ui/i+l po2er, te /ourt! +re +utorie not only Xto !ettle +/tu+l /ontroer!ie! inolinrit! 2i/ +re le+lly e+n+le +n enor/e+le,Y ut +l!o Xto determine whether or not there ha

been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of an

branch or instrumentality of the government.Y "e l+tter p+rt o te +utority repre!ent! + ro+enin

o ui/i+l po2er to en+le te /ourt! o u!ti/e to reie2 2+t 2+! eore + orien territory, to 2it, t

i!/retion o te politi/+l ep+rtent! o te oernent.>81? &t !pe+! o ui/i+l prero+tie not only

ter! o power ut +l!o o duty.>8


34/71

'etitioner! +ile to !o2 t+t 're!ient ArroyoW! eDer/i!e o te /+llin-out po2er, y i!!uin '' 101

i! tot+lly eret o +/tu+l +!i!. A re+in o te Soli/itor Gener+lW! $on!oli+te $oent +n

%eor+nu !o2! + et+ile n+rr+tion o te eent! le+in to te i!!u+n/e o '' 101:, 2it !upportin

report! orin p+rt o te re/or!. %entione +re te e!/+pe o te %++lo Group, teir +u+/iou! tre

o te 4a$dalo 161ay , te ee/tion! in te ilit+ry, p+rti/ul+rly in te 'ilippine %+rine!, +n te reproin

!t+teent! ro te /ouni!t le+er!. "ere 2+! +l!o te %inute! o te &ntellien/e Report +n Se/urit

Group o te 'ilippine Ary !o2in te ro2in +lli+n/e et2een te N'A +n te ilit+ry. 'etitionepre!ente notin to reute !u/ eent!. "u!, +!ent +ny /ontr+ry +lle+tion!, te $ourt i! /onin/e t

te 're!ient 2+! u!tie in i!!uin '' 101: /+llin or ilit+ry +i.

&nee, uin te !eriou!ne!! o te in/ient!, 're!ient Arroyo 2+! not eDpe/te to !iply ol e

+r! +n o notin to preent or !uppre!! 2+t !e eliee 2+! l+2le!! iolen/e, in+!ion o

reellion. #o2eer, te eDer/i!e o !u/ po2er or uty u!t not !tie lierty.

II. $onstitutionality o PP %&%' and .). *o. +

/octrines of (everal 'olitical !heorists

on the 'ower of the 'residentin !imes of #mergency

"i! /+!e rin! to ore + /ontentiou! !ue/t -- te po2er o te 're!ient in tie! o eeren/y.

lip!e +t te +riou! politi/+l teorie! rel+tin to ti! !ue/t proie! +n +eBu+te +/rop or ou

en!uin i!/u!!ion.

Jon Lo/e, e!/riin te +r/ite/ture o /iil oernent, /+lle upon te Enli! o/trine

prero+tie to /ope 2it te prole o eeren/y. &n tie! o +ner to te n+tion, po!itie l+2 en+/te

y te lei!l+ture it e in+eBu+te or een + +t+l o!t+/le to te proptne!! o +/tion ne/e!!+ry t

+ert /+t+!trope. &n te!e !itu+tion!, te $ro2n ret+ine + prero+tie Xpower to act according t

discretion for the public good, without the proscription of the law and sometimes even agains

it.Y>84? Hut Lo/e re/onie t+t ti! or+l re!tr+int it not !u=/e to +oi +u!e o prero+ti

po2er!. ho shall judge the need for resorting to the prerogative and how may its abuse b

avoidedE #ere, Lo/e re+ily +itte ee+t, !ue!tin t+t Hthe people have no other remedy i

this, as in all other cases where they have no judge on earth, but to appeal to "eaven.Y>85?

Je+n-J+/Bue! Rou!!e+u +l!o +!!ue te nee or tepor+ry !u!pen!ion o eo/r+ti/ pro/e!!e!

oernent in tie o eeren/y. A//orin to i7

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"e ineDiility o te l+2!, 2i/ preent! te ro +optin te!ele! to/ir/u!t+n/e!, +y, in /ert+in /+!e!, rener te i!+!trou! +n +e te rin +out, +t +tie o /ri!i!, te ruin o te St+te\

&t i! 2ron tereore to 2i! to +e politi/+l in!titution! +! !tron +! to rener it

ipo!!ile to !u!pen teir oper+tion. Een Sp+rt+ +llo2e it! l+2 to l+p!e... & te peril i! o !u/ + in t+t te p+r+pern+li+ o te l+2! +re +n o!t+/le to teir

pre!er+tion, te eto i! to noin+te + !upree l+2yer, 2o !+ll !ilen/e +ll te l+2! +n!u!pen or + oent te !oerein +utority. &n !u/ + /+!e, tere i! no out +out te

ener+l 2ill, +n it /le+r t+t te peopleW! r!t intention i! t+t te St+te !+ll not peri!.>86?

Ro!!e+u i not e+r te +u!e o te eeren/y i/t+tor!ip or Xsupreme magistracyY +!

tere it. @or i, it 2oul ore liely e /e+pene y Xini!/reet u!e.Y #e 2+! un2illin to rely upon +

Xappeal to heaven.Y &n!te+, e relie upon + tenure o o=/e o pre!/rie ur+tion to +oi perpetu+tio

o te i/t+tor!ip.>8:?

Jon Stu+rt %ill /on/lue i! +rent een!e o repre!ent+tie oernent7 XI am far fro

condemning, in cases of extreme necessity, the assumption of absolute power in the form of

temporary dictatorship.Y>88?

Ni/ollo %+/i+elliW! ie2 o eeren/y po2er!, +! one eleent in te 2ole !/ee o liite

oernent, urni!e +n ironi/ /ontr+!t to te Lo/e+n teory o prero+tie. #e re/onie +n +ttepte

to rie ti! /+! in eo/r+ti/ politi/+l teory, tu!7

No2, in + 2ell-orere !o/iety, it !oul neer e ne/e!!+ry to re!ort to eDtr+ V/on!titution+l e+!ure!; or +ltou tey +y or + tie e ene/i+l, yet te pre/eent i!

perni/iou!, or i te pr+/ti/e i! on/e e!t+li!e or oo oe/t!, tey 2ill in + little 2ile ei!re+re uner t+t preteDt ut or eil purpo!e!. "u!, no repuli/ 2ill eer e pere/t i !e +! not y l+2 proie or eerytin, +in + reey or eery eeren/y +n Derule! or +pplyin it.>89?

%+/i+elli V in /ontr+!t to Lo/e, Ro!!e+u +n %ill V !out to in/orpor+te into te /on!titution

reul+rie !y!te o !t+ny eeren/y po2er! to e inoe 2it !uit+le /e/! +n /ontrol! in tie

n+tion+l +ner. #e +ttepte ortritly to eet te prole o /oinin + /+p+/iou! re!ere o po2

+n !pee +n ior in it! +ppli/+tion in tie o eeren/y, 2it eKe/tie /on!titution+l re!tr+int!.>90?

$ontepor+ry politi/+l teori!t!, +re!!in te!ele! to te prole o re!pon!e to eeren/y

/on!titution+l eo/r+/ie!, +e eploye te o/trine o /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip.>91? @reeri/ %. +tin

!+2 Xno reason why absolutism should not be used as a means for the defense of liber

institutions,Y proie it Xserves to protect established institutions from the danger of permanen

injury in a period of temporary emergency and is followed by a prompt return to the previou

forms of political life.Y>9


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executive, while at the same time Himposing limitation upon that power.Y>93? +tin! pl+/e i! re

+it in + !/ee o /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip. "e!e +re te /onition! o !u//e!! o !u/

i/t+tor!ip7 H!he period of dictatorship must be relatively shortF/ictatorship should always b

strictly legitimate in characterF%inal authority to determine the need for dictatorship in an

given case must never rest with the dictator himself \Y>94? +n te oe/tie o !u/ +n eeren/

i/t+tor!ip !oul e Xstrict political conservatism.Y

$+rl J. @rieri/ /+!t i! +n+ly!i! in ter! !iil+r to to!e o +tin!.>95? X&t i! + prole

/on/entr+tin po2er V in + oernent 2ere po2er +! /on!/iou!ly een iie V to /ope 2it\ !itu+tion

o unpre/eente +nitue +n r+ity. "ere u!t e + ro+ r+nt o po2er!, !ue/t to eBu+lly !tron

liit+tion! +! to 2o !+ll eDer/i!e !u/ po2er!, 2en, or o2 lon, +n to 2+t en.Y>96? @rieri/, to

oKere /riteri+ or uin te +eBu+/y o +ny o !/ee o eeren/y po2er!, to 2it7 H!he emergenc

executive must be appointed by constitutional means 0 ie, he must be legitimate2 he should no

enjoy power to determine the existence of an emergency2 emergency powers should be exercise

under a strict time limitation2 and last, the objective of emergency action must be the defense o

the constitutional order.Y>9:?

$linton L. Ro!!iter, +ter !ureyin te i!tory o te eployent o eeren/y po2er! in Gre+

Hrit+in, @r+n/e, ei+r, Ger+ny +n te *nite St+te!, reerte to + e!/ription o + !/ee

X/on!titution+l i/t+tor!ipY +! !olution to te eDin prole! pre!ente y eeren/y. >98? Lie +tin! +n

@rieri/, e !t+te a priori te /onition! o !u//e!! o te X/on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip,Y tu!7

)> No ener+l reie or p+rti/ul+r in!titution o /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip !oule initi+te unle!! it i! ne/e!!+ry or een ini!pen!+le to te pre!er+tion o te St+te+n it! /on!titution+l orer\

+> \te e/i!ion to in!titute + /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip !oul neer e in te

+n! o te +n or en 2o 2ill /on!titute te i/t+tor\ :> No oernent !oul initi+te + /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip 2itout +in

!pe/i/ proi!ion! or it! terin+tion\ ?> \+ll u!e! o eeren/y po2er! +n +ll re+u!tent! in te or+ni+tion o

te oernent !oul e eKe/te in pur!uit o /on!titution+l or le+l reBuireent!\ 9> \ no i/t+tori+l in!titution !oul e +opte, no rit in+e, no reul+r

pro/eure +ltere +ny ore t+n i! +!olutely ne/e!!+ry or te /onBue!t o tep+rti/ul+r /ri!i! . . .

"e e+!ure! +opte in te pro!e/ution o te + /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip

!oul neer e per+nent in /+r+/ter or eKe/t\ *> "e i/t+tor!ip !oul e /+rrie on y per!on! repre!ent+tie o eery p+rt

o te /itienry intere!te in te een!e o te eDi!tin /on!titution+l orer. . . @> *lti+te re!pon!iility !oul e +int+ine or eery +/tion t+en uner +

/on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip. . .

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;> "e e/i!ion to terin+te + /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip, lie te e/i!ion toin!titute one !oul neer e in te +n! o te +n or en 2o /on!titute tei/t+tor. . .

)8> No /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip !oul eDten eyon te terin+tion o te

/ri!i! or 2i/ it 2+! in!titute\ ))> \te terin+tion o te /ri!i! u!t e ollo2e y + /oplete return +!

po!!ile to te politi/+l +n oernent+l /onition! eDi!tin prior to te initi+tion o te /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip\>99?

Ro!!iter +//ore to lei!l+ture + +r re+ter role in te oer!it eDer/i!e o eeren/y po2er! t+n

+tin!. #e 2oul !e/ure to $onre!! n+l re!pon!iility or e/l+rin te eDi!ten/e or terin+tion o +

eeren/y, +n e pl+/e! re+t +it in te eKe/tiene!! o /onre!!ion+l ine!ti+tin /oittee!. >100?

Scott +n Cotter , in +n+lyin te +oe /ontepor+ry teorie! in lit o re/ent eDperien/e, 2ere on

in !+yin t+t, Xthe suggestion that democracies surrender the control of government to a

authoritarian ruler in time of grave danger to the nation is not based upon sound constitution

theory.Y "o +ppr+i!e eeren/y po2er in ter! o /on!titution+l i/t+tor!ip !ere! erely to i!tort t

prole +n iner re+li!ti/ +n+ly!i!. &t +tter! not 2eter te ter Xi/t+torY i! u!e in it! nor+l !en!

+! +pplie to +utorit+ri+n ruler! or i! eploye to er+/e +ll /ie eDe/utie! +ini!terin eeren/

po2er!. #o2eer u!e, X/on!titution+l i/t+tor!ipY /+nnot e ior/e ro te ipli/+tion o !u!pen!ion

te pro/e!!e! o /on!titution+li!. "u!, tey +ore in!te+ te X/on/ept o /on!titution+li!Y +rti/ul+te

y $+rle! #. %/&l2+in7 A /on/ept o /on!titution+li! 2i/ i! le!! i!le+in in te +n+ly!i! o prole! o

eeren/y po2er!, +n 2i/ i! /on!i!tent 2it te nin! o ti! !tuy, i! t+t orul+te y$+rle! #. %/&l2+in. ile it oe! not y +ny e+n! ne/e!!+rily eD/lue !oe ineterin+teliit+tion! upon te !u!t+ntie po2er! o oernent, ull ep+!i! i! pl+/e

upon procedural limitations, +n political responsibility. %/&l2+in /le+rly re/onie tenee to repo!e +eBu+te po2er in oernent. An in i!/u!!in te e+nin o /on!titution+li!, e in!i!te t+t te historical and proper test of constitutionalism wasthe existence of adeJuate processes for keeping government responsible. #e reu!eto eBu+te /on!titution+li! 2it te eneelin o oernent y +n eD+er+te ep+!i!upon !ep+r+tion o po2er! +n !u!t+ntie liit+tion! on oernent+l po2er. #e oun t+tte re+lly eKe/tie /e/! on e!poti! +e /on!i!te not in te 2e+enin o oernentut, ut r+ter in te limiting of it; et2een 2i/ tere i! + re+t +n ery !ini/+ntiKeren/e. In associating constitutionalism with Hlimited as distinguished fromHweak government, 6cIlwain meant government limited to the orderly procedureof law as opposed to the processes of force !he two fundamental correlativeelements of constitutionalism for which all lovers of liberty must yet 1ght are thelegal limits to arbitrary power and a complete political responsibility of government

to the governed.

>101?

&n te n+l +n+ly!i!, te +riou! +ppro+/e! to eeren/y o te +oe politi/+l teori!t! V- ro

Lo/W! Xteory o prero+tie,Y to +tin!W o/trine o X/on!titution+l i/t+tor!ipY +n, eentu+lly, t

%/&l2+inW! Xprin/iple o /on!titution+li!Y --- ulti+tely +i to !ole one re+l prole in eeren/

oern+n/e, i.e., that of allotting increasing areas of discretionary power to the hief #xecutive

while insuring that such powers will be exercised with a sense of political responsibility an

under e4ective limitations and checks

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Our $on!titution +! +irly /ope 2it ti! prole. @re! ro te etter! o + repre!!ie reie, t

1986 $on!titution+l $oi!!ion, in r+tin te 198: $on!titution, ene+ore to /re+te + oernent in t

/on/ept o Ju!ti/e J+/!onW! X+l+n/e po2er !tru/ture.Y>10


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been curtailed when invoked against ordinary criminal laws that are sought to be applied t

protected conduct.Y>106? #ere, te in/ontroertile +/t re+in! t+t '' 101: pert+in! to + !pe/tru

o conduct, not ree !pee/, 2i/ i! +nie!tly !ue/t to !t+te reul+tion.

Second( +/i+l in+li+tion o l+2! i! /on!iere +! Xmanifestly strong medicine,Y to e u!e

Xsparingly and only as a last resort ,Y +n i! Xgenerally disfavored;Y>10:? "e re+!on or ti! i! oiou

Eee in te tr+ition+l rule! oernin /on!titution+l +ui/+tion i! te prin/iple t+t + per!on to 2o

+ l+2 +y e +pplie 2ill not e e+r to /+llene + l+2 on te roun t+t it +y /on/ei+ly e +pplie

un/on!titution+lly to oter!, i.e., in other situations not before the ourt>108? A 2riter +n !/ol+r

$on!titution+l L+2 eDpl+in! urter7

!he most distinctive feature of the overbreadth techniJue is that it marks an

exception to some of the usual rules of constitutional litigation Ordinarily, aparticular litigant claims that a statute is unconstitutional as applied to him or her2if the litigant prevails, the courts carve away the unconstitutional aspects of the lawby invalidating its improper applications on a case to case basis 6oreover,

challengers to a law are not permitted to raise the rights of third parties and canonly assert their own interests In overbreadth analysis, those rules give way2challenges are permitted to raise the rights of third parties ; +n te /ourt in+li+te!te entire !t+tute Xon it! +/e,Y not erely X+! +pplie orY !o t+t te oerro+ l+2 e/oe!unenor/e+le until + properly +utorie /ourt /on!true! it ore n+rro2ly. "e +/tor t+toti+te! /ourt! to ep+rt ro te nor+l +ui/+tory rule! i! te /on/ern 2it te X/illin;Yeterrent eKe/t o te oerro+ !t+tute on tir p+rtie! not /our+eou! enou to rin!uit. "e $ourt +!!ue! t+t +n oerro+ l+2W! Xery eDi!ten/e +y /+u!e oter! not eorete /ourt to rer+in ro /on!titution+lly prote/te !pee/ or eDpre!!ion.Y An oerre+trulin i! e!ine to reoe t+t eterrent eKe/t on te !pee/ o to!e tir p+rtie!.

&n oter 2or!, + +/i+l /+llene u!in te oerre+t o/trine 2ill reBuire te $ourt to eD+ine '101: +n pinpoint it! +2! +n ee/t!, not on te +!i! o it! +/tu+l oper+tion to petitioner!, ut on t

+!!uption or prei/tion t+t it! ery eDi!ten/e +y /+u!e others not before the ourt to rer+in ro

/on!titution+lly prote/te !pee/ or eDpre!!ion. &n Youn$er #. Harris,>109? it 2+! el t+t7

>"?e t+! o +n+lyin + propo!e !t+tute, pinpointin it! e/ien/ie!, +n reBuirin/orre/tion o te!e e/ien/ie! eore te !t+tute i! put into eKe/t, i! r+rely i eer +n+ppropri+te t+! or te ui/i+ry. "e /oin+tion o te relative remoteness of thecontroversy, te impact on the legislative process of the relief sought, +n +oe+ll the speculative and amorphous nature of the reJuired line-by-line analysis of detailed statutes,...orin+rily re!ult! in + in o /+!e t+t i! wholly unsatisfactory ore/iin /on!titution+l Bue!tion!, 2i/eer 2+y tey it e e/ie.

An third( + +/i+l /+llene on te roun o oerre+t i! te o!t i=/ult /+llene to oun

!u//e!!ully, !in/e te /+llener u!t e!t+li! t+t there can be no instance when the assailed la

may be valid. #ere, petitioner! i not een +ttept to !o2 2eter ti! !itu+tion eDi!t!.

'etitioner! lie2i!e !ee + +/i+l reie2 o '' 101: on te roun o +uene!!. "i!, too,

un2+rr+nte.

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Rel+te to te Xoerre+tY o/trine i! te Xoi or +uene!! o/trineY 2i/ ol! t+t Xa law

facially invalid if men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and di4er a

to its applicationY>110? &t i! !ue/t to te !+e prin/iple! oernin oerre+t o/trine. @or one, it i! +l

+n +n+lyti/+l tool or te!tin Xon teir +/e!Y statutes in free speech cases. An lie oerre+t, it i! !+

t+t + liti+nt +y /+llene + !t+tute on it! +/e only i it i! vague in all its possible application

&gain, petitioners did not even attempt to show that '' )8)* is vague in all its application "e

+l!o +ile to e!t+li! t+t en o /oon intellien/e /+nnot uner!t+n te e+nin +n +ppli/+tion o'' 101:.

b onstitutional Casis of '' )8)*

No2 on te /on!titution+l oun+tion o '' 101:.

"e oper+tie portion o '' 101: +y e iie into tree iport+nt proi!ion!, tu!7

!irst provision,

Xy irtue o te po2er e!te upon e y Se/tion 18, Artil/e && \ o erey/o+n te Are @or/e! o te 'ilippine!, to +int+in l+2 +n orer trouout te'ilippine!, preent or !uppre!! +ll or! o l+2le!! iolen/e +! 2ell +ny +/t o in!urre/tion orreellionY

Second provision,

X+n to enor/e oeien/e to +ll te l+2! +n to +ll e/ree!, orer! +n reul+tion!proul+te y e per!on+lly or upon y ire/tion;Y

#ird provision,

X+! proie in Se/tion 1:, Arti/le M&& o te $on!titution o erey e/l+re + St+te o

N+tion+l Eeren/y.Y

!irst Provision, $alling-out Power

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"e r!t proi!ion pert+in! to te 're!ientW! /+llin-out po2er. &n Sanla+as #. E'ecuti#e Secretar>111? ti! $ourt, trou %r. Ju!ti/e (+nte O. "in+, el t+t Se/tion 18, Arti/le && o te $on!titutio

reprou/e +! ollo2!7

(ec )@ "e 're!ient !+ll e te $o+ner-in-$ie o +ll +re or/e! o te'ilippine! +n whenever it becomes necessary, he may call out such armed forces toprevent or suppress lawless violence, invasion or rebellion. &n /+!e o in+!ion orreellion, 2en te puli/ !+ety reBuire! it, e +y, or + perio not eD/eein !iDty +y!,!u!pen te priilee o te 2rit o habeas corpus or pl+/e te 'ilippine! or +ny p+rt tereo uner +rti+l l+2. itin orty-eit our! ro te pro/l++tion o +rti+l l+2 or te!u!pen!ion o te priilee o te 2rit o habeas corpus, te 're!ient !+ll !uit + report inper!on or in 2ritin to te $onre!!. "e $onre!!, otin ointly, y + ote o +t le+!t ++ority o +ll it! %eer! in reul+r or !pe/i+l !e!!ion, +y reoe !u/ pro/l++tion or!u!pen!ion, 2i/ reo/+tion !+ll not e !et +!ie y te 're!ient. *pon te initi+tie o te're!ient, te $onre!! +y, in te !+e +nner, eDten !u/ pro/l++tion or !u!pen!ion or+ perio to e eterine y te $onre!!, i te in+!ion or reellion !+ll per!i!t +n puli/!+ety reBuire! it.

"e $onre!!, i not in !e!!ion, !+ll 2itin t2enty-our our! ollo2in !u/pro/l++tion or !u!pen!ion, /onene in +//or+n/e 2it it! rule! 2itout nee o + /+ll.

"e Supree $ourt +y reie2, in +n +ppropri+te pro/eein le y +ny /itien, te!u=/ien/y o te +/tu+l +!e! o te pro/l++tion o +rti+l l+2 or te !u!pen!ion o tepriilee o te 2rit or te eDten!ion tereo, +n u!t proul+te it! e/i!ion tereon 2itintirty +y! ro it! lin.

A !t+te o +rti+l l+2 oe! not !u!pen te oper+tion o te $on!titution, nor !uppl+nt

te un/tionin o te /iil /ourt! or lei!l+tie +!!elie!, nor +utorie te /onerent o uri!i/tion on ilit+ry /ourt! +n +en/ie! oer /iili+n! 2ere /iil /ourt! +re +le to un/tion,nor +uto+ti/+lly !u!pen te priilee o te 2rit.

"e !u!pen!ion o te priilee o te 2rit !+ll +pply only to per!on! ui/i+lly/+re or reellion or oKen!e! inerent in or ire/tly /onne/te 2it in+!ion.

(urin te !u!pen!ion o te priilee o te 2rit, +ny per!on tu! +rre!te or et+ine

!+ll e ui/i+lly /+re 2itin tree +y!, oter2i!e e !+ll e rele+!e.

r+nt! te 're!ient, +! $o+ner-in-$ie, + X!eBuen/eY o r+u+te po2er!. @ro te o!t to te le+

enin, te!e +re7 te /+llin-out po2er, te po2er to !u!pen te priilee o te 2rit o habeas corpus, +n

te po2er to e/l+re %+rti+l L+2. $itin ,nte$rated ar of the Philippines #. Mamora,>11


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&t i! pertinent to !t+te, o2eer, t+t tere i! + i!tin/tion et2een te 're!ientW! +utority to e/l+r

+ X!t+te o reellionY in Sanla+as +n te +utority to pro/l+i + !t+te o n+tion+l eeren/y. i

're!ient ArroyoW! +utority to e/l+re + X!t+te o reellionY e+n+te! ro er po2er! +! $ie EDe/utie

te !t+tutory +utority /ite in Sanla+as2+! Se/tion 4, $+pter


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Ju!ti/e %eno+ +l!o !t+te t+t '' 101: i! not + e/l+r+tion o %+rti+l L+2. &t i! no ore t+n + /+

y te 're!ient to te +re or/e! to preent or !uppre!! l+2le!! iolen/e. A! !u/, it /+nnot e u!e

u!tiy +/t! t+t only uner + +li e/l+r+tion o %+rti+l L+2 /+n e one. &t! u!e or +ny oter purpo!e i!

perer!ion o it! n+ture +n !/ope, +n +ny +/t one /ontr+ry to it! /o+n i! ultra #ires.

Ju!ti/e %eno+ urter !t+te t+t !pe/i/+lly, + +rre!t! +n !eiure! 2itout ui/i+l 2+rr+nt!; +n on puli/ +!!elie!; / t+e-oer o ne2! ei+ +n +en/ie! +n pre!! /en!or!ip; +n i!!u+n/

o 're!ienti+l (e/ree!, +re po2er! 2i/ /+n e eDer/i!e y te 're!ient +! $o+ner-i

$ie only 2ere tere i! + +li e/l+r+tion o %+rti+l L+2 or !u!pen!ion o te 2rit o habeas corpus.

H+!e on te +oe i!Bui!ition, it i! /le+r t+t '' 101: i! not + e/l+r+tion o %+rti+l L+2. It

merely an exercise of 'resident &rroyo3s calling-out power or te +re or/e! to +!!i!t er

preentin or !uppre!!in l+2le!! iolen/e.

Second Provision, a/e $are0 Power

"e !e/on proi!ion pert+in! to te po2er o te 're!ient to en!ure t+t te l+2! e +itul

eDe/ute. "i! i! +!e on Se/tion 1:, Arti/le && 2i/ re+!7

(# )*. "e 're!ient !+ll +e /ontrol o +ll te eDe/utie ep+rtent!, ure+u!,+n o=/e!. "e shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.

A! te EDe/utie in 2o te eDe/utie po2er i! e!te, >115? te pri+ry un/tion o te 're!ient i! t

enor/e te l+2! +! 2ell +! to orul+te poli/ie! to e eoie in eDi!tin l+2!. #e !ee! to it t+t +ll l+2

+re enor/e y te o=/i+l! +n eployee! o i! ep+rtent. Heore +!!uin o=/e, e i! reBuire to t+

+n o+t or +=r+tion to te eKe/t t+t +! 're!ient o te 'ilippine!, e 2ill, +on oter!, XeDe/ute it

l+2!.Y>116? &n te eDer/i!e o !u/ un/tion, te 're!ient, i neee, +y eploy te po2er! +tt+/e to

o=/e +! te $o+ner-in-$ie o +ll te +re or/e! o te /ountry,>11:? in/luin te 'ilippine N+tion

'oli/e>118? uner te (ep+rtent o &nterior +n Lo/+l Goernent.>119?

'etitioner!, e!pe/i+lly Repre!ent+tie! @r+n/i! Jo!ep G. E!/uero, S+tur O/+po, R++el %+ri+n

"eooro $+!io, Li+ %++, +n Jo!el ir+or +rue t+t '' 101: i! un/on!titution+l +! it +rro+te upo

're!ient Arroyo te po2er to en+/t l+2! +n e/ree! in iol+tion o Se/tion 1, Arti/le & o te $on!titution

2i/ e!t! te po2er to en+/t l+2! in $onre!!. "ey +!!+il te /l+u!e Xto enforce obedience to all th

laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations promulgated by me personally or upon m

direction.Y

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]

'etitioner!W /ontention i! uner!t+n+le. A re+in o '' 101: oper+tie /l+u!e !o2! t+t it 2+

lite>1


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Se/. :. General or Special Orders. A/t! +n /o+n! o te 're!ient in i!/+p+/ity +! $o+ner-in-$ie o te Are @or/e! o te 'ilippine! !+ll e i!!ue +!ener+l or !pe/i+l orer!.

're!ient ArroyoW! orin+n/e po2er i! liite to te oreoin i!!u+n/e!. Se /+nn

i!!ue decrees !iil+r to to!e i!!ue y @orer 're!ient %+r/o! uner '' 1081. 're!ienti+l (e/ree! +

l+2! 2i/ +re o te !+e /+teory +n inin or/e +! !t+tute! e/+u!e tey 2ere i!!ue y te 're!ie

in te eDer/i!e o i! lei!l+tie po2er urin te perio o %+rti+l L+2 uner te 19:3 $on!titution.>1


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or ire/t te oper+tion o +ny pri+tely-o2ne puli/ utility or u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/intere!t.

Lhat could be the reason of President /rroyo in in#o+in$ the abo#e pro#ision when she issued P

:FN

"e +n!2er i! !iple. (urin te eDi!ten/e o te !t+te o n+tion+l eeren/y, '' 101: purport! tr+nt te 're!ient, 2itout +ny +utority or ele+tion ro $onre!!, to t+e oer or ire/t te oper+tion o

+ny pri+tely-o2ne puli/ utility or u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t.

"i! proi!ion 2+! r!t introu/e in te 19:3 $on!titution, +! + prou/t o te X+rti+l l+2Y tinin

o te 19:1 $on!titution+l $onention.>1


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're!ient te +utority to e/l+re + X!t+te o n+tion+l eeren/yY pur!u+nt to Se/tion 18, Arti/le && /+llin

out po2er +n r+nt it to $onre!! lie te e/l+r+tion o te eDi!ten/e o + !t+te o 2+r, ten te @r+e

/oul +e proie !o. $le+rly, tey i not inten t+t $onre!! !oul r!t +utorie te 're!ient eo

e /+n e/l+re + X!t+te o n+tion+l eeren/y.Y "e loi/+l /on/lu!ion ten i! t+t 're!ient Arroyo /ou

+lily e/l+re te eDi!ten/e o + !t+te o n+tion+l eeren/y een in te +!en/e o + $onre!!ion

en+/tent.


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Hut te exercise o eeren/y po2er!, !u/ +! te t+in oer o pri+tely o2ne puli/ utility o

u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t, i! + iKerent +tter. "i! reBuire! + ele+tion ro $onre!!.

$ourt! +e oten !+i t+t /on!titution+l proi!ion! in pari materia +re to e /on!true

toeter. Oter2i!e !t+te, iKerent /l+u!e!, !e/tion!, +n proi!ion! o + /on!titution 2i/ rel+te to t

!+e !ue/t +tter 2ill e /on!true toeter +n /on!iere in te lit o e+/ oter. >1 "e ele+tion u!t e or + limited period only. =:> "e ele+tion u!t e subject to such restrictions as the ongress may

prescribe.=?> "e eeren/y po2er! u!t e eDer/i!e to carry out a national policy e/l+re

y $onre!!.>11


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power as such to take possession of private property in order to keep labor disputesfrom stopping production !his is a job for the nation3s lawmakers, not for itsmilitary authorities

Nor can the seizure order be sustained because of the several constitutional

provisions that grant executive power to the 'resident In the framework of ouronstitution, the 'resident3s power to see that the laws are faithfully executedrefutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker !he onstitution limits his functions inthe lawmaking process to the recommending of laws he thinks wise and the vetoingof laws he thinks bad &nd the onstitution is neither silent nor eJuivocal about

who shall make laws which the 'resident is to execute !he 1rst section of the 1rstarticle says that H&ll legislative 'owers herein granted shall be vested in a ongressof the Anited (tates. . .Y>1


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%R. "&NGSON. %+y & +! te /oittee i Xn+tion+l eeren/yY reer! to militarynational emergency or /oul ti! e economic emergencyIY

%R. &LLEGAS. )e!, it /oul reer to both military or economic dislocations

%R. "&NGSON. "+n you ery u/.>133?

&t +y e +rue t+t 2en tere i! n+tion+l eeren/y, $onre!! +y not e +le to /onene +n

tereore, un+le to ele+te to te 're!ient te po2er to t+e oer pri+tely-o2ne puli/ utility o

u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t.

&n /raneta #. 1in$lasan,>134? ti! $ourt ep+!ie t+t lei!l+tie po2er, trou 2i/ eDtr+orin+r

e+!ure! +re eDer/i!e, re+in! in $onre!! een in tie! o /ri!i!.

XD D D

Ater +ll te /riti/i!! t+t +e een +e ++in!t te e=/ien/y o te !y!te

o te !ep+r+tion o po2er!, te +/t re+in! t+t te $on!titution +! !et up ti! oro oernent, 2it +ll it! ee/t! +n !ort/oin!, in preeren/e to te /oinlino po2er! in one +n or roup o en. "e @ilipino people y +optin p+rli+ent+ryoernent +e ien noti/e t+t tey !+re te +it o oter eo/r+/y-loinpeople! in ti! !y!te, 2it +ll it! +ult!, +! te ie+l. "e point i!, uner ti!r+e2or o oernent, lei!l+tion i! pre!ere or $onre!! +ll te tie, noteD/eptin perio! o /ri!i! no +tter o2 !eriou!. Neer in te i!tory o te *niteSt+te!, te +!i/ e+ture! o 2o!e $on!titution +e een /opie in our!, +e !pe/i/un/tion! o te lei!l+tie r+n/ o en+/tin l+2! een !urrenere to +noterep+rtent V unle!! 2e re+r +! lei!l+tin te /+rryin out o + lei!l+tie poli/y+//orin to pre!/rie !t+n+r!; no, not een 2en t+t Repuli/ 2+! tin + tot+l2+r, or 2en it 2+! en+e in + lie-+n-e+t !trule to pre!ere te *nion. "etrut i! t+t uner our /on/ept o /on!titution+l oernent, in tie! o eDtree peril!

ore t+n in nor+l /ir/u!t+n/e! [te +riou! r+n/e!, eDe/utie, lei!l+tie, +n ui/i+l,W ien te +ility to +/t, +re /+lle upon [to peror te utie! +n i!/+rete re!pon!iilitie! /oitte to te re!pe/tiely.Y

@ollo2in our interpret+tion o Se/tion 1:, Arti/le M&&, inoe y 're!ient Arroyo in i!!uin '' 101:

ti! $ourt rule! t+t !u/ 'ro/l++tion oe! not +utorie er urin te eeren/y to tepor+rily t+e oe

or ire/t te oper+tion o +ny pri+tely o2ne puli/ utility or u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t 2itou

+utority ro $onre!!.

Let it e ep+!ie t+t 2ile te 're!ient +lone /+n e/l+re + !t+te o n+tion+l eeren/

o2eer, 2itout lei!l+tion, e +! no po2er to t+e oer pri+tely-o2ne puli/ utility or u!ine

+Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t. "e 're!ient /+nnot e/ie 2eter eD/eption+l /ir/u!t+n/e! eDi

2+rr+ntin te t+e oer o pri+tely-o2ne puli/ utility or u!ine!! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t. N

/+n e eterine 2en !u/ eD/eption+l /ir/u!t+n/e! +e /e+!e. Lie2i!e, without legislation( t

're!ient +! no po2er to point out te type! o u!ine!!e! +Ke/te 2it puli/ intere!t t+t !oul e t+e

oer. &n !ort, te 're!ient +! no +!olute +utority to eDer/i!e +ll te po2er! o te St+te uner Se/tio

1:, Arti/le && in te +!en/e o +n eeren/y po2er! +/t p+!!e y $onre!!.

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c H&( &''.I#/ "&..#N5#

One o te i!ortune! o +n eeren/y, p+rti/ul+rly, t+t 2i/ pert+in! to !e/urity, i! t+t ilit+r

ne/e!!ity +n te u+r+ntee rit! o te iniiu+l +re oten not /op+tile. Our i!tory ree+l! t+t

te /ru/ile o /oni/t, +ny rit! +re /urt+ile +n tr+ple upon. #ere, te right again

unreasonable search and seizure2 the right against warrantless arrest2 +n the freedom o

speech, of expression, of the press, and of assembly uner te Hill o Rit! !uKere te re+te!t lo2

O te !een : petition!, tree 3 ini/+te Xire/t inury.Y

&n 5$ No )*):;136? "e +liity o + !t+tute or orin+n/e i! to e eterine ro it! ener+l purpo!e +n it! e=/ien/y +//opli! te en e!ire, not from its e4ects in a particular case.>13:? '' 101: i! erely +n ino/+tio

o te 're!ientW! /+llin-out po2er. &t! ener+l purpo!e i! to /o+n te A@' to !uppre!! +ll or!

l+2le!! iolen/e, in+!ion or reellion. &t + +//opli!e te en e!ire 2i/ propte 're!ie

Arroyo to i!!ue '' 10


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No2, +y ti! $ourt +ue + l+2 or orin+n/e un/on!titution+l on te roun t+t it! ipleento

/oitte ille+l +/t!I "e +n!2er i! no. "e /riterion y 2i/ te +liity o te !t+tute or orin+n/e i! t

e e+!ure i! te e!!enti+l +!i! or te eDer/i!e o po2er, and not a mere incidental result arisin

from its exertion.>138? "i! i! loi/+l. Ju!t i+ine te +!urity o !itu+tion! 2en l+2! +ye e/l+re

un/on!titution+l u!t e/+u!e te o=/er! ipleentin te +e +/te +ritr+rily. & ti! 2ere !o, uin

ro te luner! /oitte y poli/een in te /+!e! p+!!e upon y te $ourt, +ority o te proi!iono te Rei!e 'en+l $oe 2oul +e een e/l+re un/on!titution+l + lon tie +o.

're!ient Arroyo i!!ue G.O. No. 5 to /+rry into eKe/t te proi!ion! o '' 101:. Gener+l orer! +

X+/t! +n /o+n! o te 're!ient in i! /+p+/ity +! $o+ner-in-$ie o te Are @or/e! o t

'ilippine!.Y "ey +re intern+l rule! i!!ue y te eDe/utie o=/er to i! !uorin+te! pre/i!ely o

te proper +n eGcientadministration of law Su/ rule! +n reul+tion! /re+te no rel+tion eD/e

et2een te o=/i+l 2o i!!ue! te +n te o=/i+l 2o re/eie! te. >139? "ey +re +!e on +n +re t

prou/t o, + rel+tion!ip in 2i/ po2er i! teir !our/e, +n oeien/e, teir oe/t.>140?

@or te!e re+!onone reBuireent or te!e rule! to e +li i! t+t tey u!t e reasonable, not arbitrary or capricious

G.O. No. 5 +n+te! te A@' +n te 'N' to iei+tely /+rry out te X necessary and appropriat

actions and measures to suppress and prevent acts of terrorism and lawless iolen/e.Y

*nlie te ter Xl+2le!! iolen/eY 2i/ i! un+ru+ly eDt+nt in our !t+tute! +n te $on!titution, +n

2i/ i! in+ri+ly +!!o/i+te 2it Xin+!ion, in!urre/tion or reellion,Y te pr+!e X+/t! o terrori!Y i! !t

+n +orpou! +n +ue /on/ept. $onre!! +! yet to en+/t + l+2 enin +n puni!in +/t! o terrori!

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn139http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn139http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn140http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn140http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn141http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn139http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn140http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.htm#_ftn141


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&n +/t, ti! Xen

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