CD 506, Dysfluency

Course Overview I. Knowledge of Content

• Definition• Etiology• Model• Stuttering Facts• Stuttering/Cluttering• Development of Stuttering and Spontaneous

Recovery• Childhood Stuttering • Theories of Development

Course Overview: Assessment

II. ASSESSMENT Children Adults

Historical Assessment Approaches

III. Overview: Intervention III. Overview: Intervention

Therapy Stages: E,T,M Approaches

• Traditional• Fluency Shaping• Extended Length of Utterance, ELU• Punishment• Counseling• Biofeedback

Famous People Who Stuttered Moses Demosthenes, Greek orator who used pebbles Vergil, Roman Poet Newton, Physicist, Law of Gravity Charles Darwin Cotton Mather, Puritan Leader and famous

Preacher Henry James, American Novelist Marilyn Monroe Winston Churchill King George VI

More Famous People Ron Harper, basketball star Bruce Willis, Actor Greg Luganis, Olympic diver Tommy John, former Yankee pitcher Dave Taylor, hockey star Lester Hayes, pro football Ken Venturi, golfer John Updike, novelist Mel Tillis Congressman Joseph Biden Bo Jackson, Pro football and baseball Peggy Lipton, actress

Background Information: Definitions Definition Range

• Problem: little agreement on what distinguishes stuttering from normally disfluent speech

Definition Range: • Symptomatic-NonSymptomatic

Symptomatic-Nonsymptomatic Continuum

Non-symptomaticNon-symptomatic

Symptomatic Symptomatic

Symptomatic Definitions Symptomatic-incidental to the ‘problem’

• equals a neurosis• Examples:

– Sheehan: Stuttering is a disorder of the social presentation of self

• stuttering is a conflict revolving around self and role, an identity problem

• do not identify types of behaviors that unambiguously identify a stuttered

Definitions: Non-Symptomatic

NonSymptomatic • reference to a specify behavior• Wingate: disruption in the fluency of verbal

expression, which is characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations in the utterance of short speech elements, namely: sound, syllables and words of one syllable. These disruptions usually occur frequently or are marked in character and are not readily controllable

Wingate’s Definition explained

A. disruption in the fluency of verbal expression, which is

B. characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations in

the utterance of short speech elements, namely: sound, syllables and

words of one syllable. C. These disruptions usually occur

frequently or are marked in character D. are not readily controllable

Van Riper’s Definition

A stuttering behavior consists of a word improperly patterned in time and the speaker’s reaction thereto.• Primarily a disorder of temporal aspects of

speech, not of the articulatory, phonatory or symbolic features

• an inability to perform the motor sequencing of a given word or syllable or words at a proper moment in time

Wendell Johnson, 1946

Stuttering was what the person does to avoid stuttering. It is anticipatory, apprehensive, hypertoninc avoidance reaction

Peters & Guitar’s Definition

Consult text, chapter 1

Coriat, 1943

Describes stuttering as a psychoneurosis, characterized by the persistence of early, pregenital oral nursing, oral sadistic and anal sadistic elements

Brutten & Shumaker,Two-factor theory Stuttering is a form of fluency failure that

results from conditioned negative emotion. classical and operant conditioned

behavior

Bloodstein’s Definition

Anticipatory-Struggle Hypothesis

Comment: “We can define stuttering in any way that we agree on, but the question of whether anything is ‘really’ stuttering or ‘really’ fluency is unanswerable.” 1987

Perkins’s Definition

Describes stuttering as a multifaceted disorder culminating in an individual's inability to control the neuromotor timing of syllables caused by yet undetected abnormal neurolinguistic problems that cause discoordination between various systems involved in speech

Culatta and Goldberg

Stuttering is a developmental disorder of childhood, the cause of stuttering is unknown, the individuals view communication differently from normal speakers, and individuals have abnormal overt or covert communication behaviors

World Health Organization

Disorders in the rhythm of speech in which the individual knows precisely what he wishes to say, but at the same time is unable to say it because of an involuntary, repetitive, prolongation or cessation of a sound• views stuttering as an impairment- disruption• views stuttering as involuntary

• most invariant fundamental characteristic

Symptomatic-Nonsymptomatic Continuum

Non-symptomaticNon-symptomatic

Symptomatic Symptomatic

End of Chapter Notes