ccu.ei.jrc.it/ccu/ accessed from the web about 2000 times

EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

(1)1

http://ccu.ei.jrc.it/ccu/accessed from the web about 2000 times

Jean-Philippe PutaudEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability

http://ccu.ei.jrc.it/ccu/


(2)2

Aim at fulfilling users’ needs

Aerosols and Health:Which physical or chemical PM characteristic is responsible for health effects?

Aerosols and Climate:It is expected that negotiations beyond the Kyoto Protocol will have to consider also the role of aerosols.

Aerosol ModelingModels need testing and validation against fundamental data such as aerosol particle size distributions and chemical compositions.


(3)3

Compilation of data-sets including:

• PM chemical compositionORparticle number size distribution

• + independent measurement of PM mass concentration

Beyond the current EMEP monitoring program

Data collected mainly from other scientific projects


(4)4

natural rural near-city urban kerbside

34 sites

full year data set seasonal data set


(5)5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jung

frauj

och

(CH

)

Sev

ettij

arvi

(FIN

)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N)

Asp

vret

en (S

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (E

)

Illm

itz (A

)

Har

wel

l (G

B)

Hoh

enpe

isse

nber

g (D

)

Mel

pitz

(D)

Ispr

a (I)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Zuer

ich

(CH

)

Bas

el (C

H)

Lond

on-B

(GB

)

Leip

zig

97-9

9 (D

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (E

)

Ber

n (C

H)

Lond

on-M

(GB

)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

2.5

(µg/

m³)

averagemedianUSA annual standard

PM

2.5

(µg/

m³)

What have we learned from 24 h-integrated measurements (1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Jung

frauj

och

(CH

)

Sev

ettij

arvi

(FIN

)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N)

Asp

vret

en (S

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (E

)

Illm

itz (A

)

Har

wel

l (G

B)

Hoh

enpe

isse

nber

g (D

)

Mel

pitz

(D)

Ispr

a (I)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Zuer

ich

(CH

)

Bas

el (C

H)

Lond

on-B

(GB

)

Leip

zig

97-9

9 (D

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (E

)

Ber

n (C

H)

Lond

on-M

(GB

)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

10 (µ

g/m

³)

average

median

EU 24-hr limit value

2005 EU annual standard

2010 EU annual standard

PM

10 (µ

g/m

³)



(6)6


PM2.5/PM10 ratio increases with PM10 except at kerbside sites


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Puy

de

Dom

e (F

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Waa

smun

ster

(B

)

Mel

pitz

96-

99 (

G)

Ispr

a (I

)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

PM

2.5/

PM

10

PM10<20 µg/m³

20<PM10<50 µg/m³

PM10>50 µg/m³

averagePM

2.5

/ PM

10 ra

tio


(7)7


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Sev

ettij

arvi

(FIN

)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (E

)

Illm

itz (A

)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Mel

pitz

96-

99 (D

)

Ispr

a (I)

Zuer

ich

(CH

)

Bas

el (C

H)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (E

)

Ber

n (C

H)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

10 c

ompo

sitio

n

BCOMunacc.NO3NH4nssSO4sea saltmin. dust

PM

10 c

ompo

sitio

n



(8)8

natural and ruralbackground

PM10 near-city and urban grd average

NH47%

NO313%

unacc.30%

OM19%

BC5%

nssSO412%

sea salt4%

min. dust10%

PM10 natural & rural grd average

nssSO419%

NH46%NO3

7%

OM16%

unacc.28%

BC6%

min. dust10%

sea salt8%

PM10 kerbside grd average

NH44%

NO310%unacc.

19%

OM22%

BC13%

nssSO410%

sea salt3%

min. dust19%

PM

10near-city and urban

backgroundkerbside

PM2.5 near-city and urban grd average

NH410%

NO317%

unacc.17%

OM23%

BC7%

nssSO417%

sea salt3%

min. dust6%

PM2.5 kerbside grd average

NH47%

NO311%

unacc.15%

OM28%

BC17%

nssSO413%

sea salt1%

min. dust8%

PM2.5 natural & rural grd average

nssSO427%

NH48%NO3

5%

OM22%

unacc.20%

BC8%

min. dust5% sea salt

5%

PM

2.5


(9)9

How well do these data represent what is actually in the air(1) Organic Matter

• Possible sampling artifacts• OC / EC determination• Organic Carbon Organic Matter conversion

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Sample #

µgC

/ m

³

Quartz from sampler (C,1)CIF from sampler (C,2)CIF from sampler (D)

µgC

/m³

0

5

10

15

20

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

µgC

/ m

³

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

ratio

Particulate OC (µgC/m³)positive artifact (µgC/m³)ratio

µgC

/m³

artifact / particulate OC

ratio

Ispra, Italy, 2000


(10)10

How well do these data represent what is actually in the air(2) (NH4)NO3

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 5 10 15 20

< 2020 - 25> 251:1 line

Whatman 41 (hno3 - corrected)NO3- from HNO3 corrected Whatman 41 (µg/m³)

NO

3- fro

m p

re-fi

red

Pal

lflex

Qua

rtz (µ

g/m

³)

Milano,Italy1998


(11)11

How well do these data represent what is actually in the air(3) water

y = 0.92xR2 = 0.99

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

PM2.5 @ 50% RH (µg/m³)

PM

2.5

@ 2

0% R

H (µ

g/m

³)

y = 0.92xR2 = 0.99

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

PM10 @ 50% RH (µg/m³)

PM

10 @

20%

RH

(µg

/m³)

Ispra, Italy, 2000


(12)12

How well do these data represent what is actually in the air(4) Elemental Carbon

0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01

b V

DI 1

/DM

F

10 T

OT

11 T

OT

10 T

OT

16 T

C/B

C

12 T

OT

3 b

VD

I2/D

MF

13 T

OR

1 V

DI 1

8 TM

S f

7 TM

S f

14 T

2S

3 V

DI 2

4 V

DI 2

3 b

VD

I2/D

MF

9 TL

T

6 V

DI 2

2 V

DI 1

15 T

2S

5 V

DI 2

sample 11 EC/TC

average

EC

/TC


(13)13

What have we learned from continuous measurementsof number size distribution

Near-City

Free Troposphere

X axis particle diameter between 0.001 and 1 micrometerY axis number concentration as dN/dlog(Dp) between 1.E+2 and 1.E+5 cm-3

morning trafficafternoonnight

Fig. 6a: summer

Natural Rural Urban Kerbside

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Melpitz (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Aspvreten (S)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

J ungfraujoch (CH)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Leipzig 99-01 (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Marylebone (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Harw ell (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Hohenpeissenberg (D)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Bloomsbury (GB)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Ispra (I)

1. E+02

1. E+03

1. E+04

1. E+05

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Bresso (I)


(14)14

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Jung

frauj

och

(CH

)

Asp

vret

en (S

)

Har

wel

l (G

B)

Hoh

enpe

isse

nber

g(D

)

Mel

pitz

(D)

Ispr

a (I)

Lond

on-B

(GB

)

Leip

zig

(D)

Mila

no-B

ress

o (I)

Lond

on-M

(GB

)parti

cle

volu

me

conc

entra

tion

(µm

³/cm

³)

morningafternoonnight

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Jung

frauj

och

(CH

)

Asp

vret

en (S

)

Har

wel

l (G

B)

Hoh

enpe

isse

nber

g(D

)

Mel

pitz

(D)

Ispr

a (I)

Lond

on-B

(GB

)

Leip

zig

(D)

Mila

no-B

ress

o (I)

Lond

on-M

(GB

)

parti

cle

num

ber c

once

ntra

tion

(#/c

m³)

morningafternoonnight

Natural Rural Near-city Urban Kerbside


(15)15


0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60PM2.5 , µg/m³

Par

ticle

num

ber (

Dp>

10 n

m),

#/cm

³What suite of measurements are needed ?

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60PM2.5, µg/m³

Par

ticle

num

ber (

Dp>

100

nm),

#/cm

³


(16)16

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0.05-0.09 0.09-0.16 0.16-0.30 0.30-0.60 0.60-1.0 1.0-1.8 1.8-3.1 3.1-6.2 6.2-9.9

aerodynamic diameter (µm)

dM/d

Log

Dp

(µg/

m³)

BCOMunacc.NH4nssSO4sea saltmin. dust

Gent, Belgium

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.06-0.13 0.13-0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 4.0-8.0 8.0-16


dM/d

LogD

p (µ

g/m

³)

BCOMunkNO3NH4nssSO4sea saltmin dust

Marseille, France

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0.05-0.14 0.14-0.42 0.42-1.2 1.2-3.5 3.5-10


dM/d

LogD

p (µ

g/m

³)


Bologna, Italy


(17)17

Concluding comments

• The over-determination of the PM mass concentration is a useful tool to check for data consistency at a single site, but

• The lack of harmonisation in sampling and analytical techniques makes comparisons between sites difficult.

• However, a set of observations are quite robust, such as:1. regional background significantly affects PM at urban sites2. diurnal variations in number (and volume) concentrations,3. predominance of carbonaceous species at most sites, specially in the smallest size fractions


(18)18 natural rural near-city urban kerbside

annual average

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Illm

itz (

A)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Mel

pitz

96-

99(D

)

Ispr

a (I

)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

10 (µ

g/m

³)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Illm

itz (

A)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Mel

pitz

96-

99(D

)

Ispr

a (I

)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

10-P

M2.

5 (µ

g/m

³)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sev

ettij

arvi

(F

IN)

Skr

eada

len

(N)

Birk

enes

(N

)

Cha

umon

t (C

H)

Mon

agre

ga (

E)

Illm

itz (

A)

Waa

smun

ster

(B)

Mel

pitz

96-

99(D

)

Ispr

a (I

)

Zue

rich

(CH

)

Bas

el (

CH

)

Gen

t (B

)

Bol

ogna

(I)

Bar

celo

na (

E)

Ber

n (C

H)

Wie

n (A

)

PM

2.5

(µg/

m³)


PM

2.5

µg/m

³ A world wide aerosol phenomenology ?

Bei

jing

2000

Cha

ngsu

(Zha

ng e

t al,

2002

)

EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004 (18)


(19)19

EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004 (19)

[email protected]

http://rea.ei.jrc.it/netshare/wilson/WDCA/


(20)20

WMO/GAW network

WMO/GAWWorld Data Centre for Aerosols

Researchprojects

AEROCEACE’s

COSAMAEROCOMCREATEACCENT

compilations

EMEPnetwork

IMPROVEnetwork

CAPMONnetwork

IMPROVEData Centre

NatChemData Centre

EMEPCCC

PFRnetwork

IMPROVE network

PMODWRRC


(21)21

Urs BaltenspergerErika BrüggemannStefano DecesariM.-Cristina FacchiniSandro FuzziRobert GehrigHans-C. HanssonRoy M. HarrisonAlan M. JonesPaolo LajWilly MaenhautNikolaos MihalopoulosKonrad Müller

Finn PalmgrenXavier QuerolSergio RodriguezGerald SpindlerHarry ten BrinkPeter TunvedRita Van DingenenBirgit WehnerErnest WeingartnerAlfred WiedensohlerPeter WåhlinandFrank Raes

MANY THANKSto


(22)22


(23)23

Documents

ccu.ei.jrc.it/ccu/ accessed from the web about 2000 times